Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/96458
題名: 兒童氣質.父母教養方式與兒童社會能力關係之研究
作者: 王珮玲
貢獻者: 吳靜吉<br>林邦傑
王珮玲
關鍵詞: 兒童氣質
兒童社會能力
父母教養方式
教育
日期: 1992
上傳時間: 11-May-2016
摘要: 本研究之主要目的係在探討兒童氣質、父母教養方式與兒童社會能力之關係。\r\n本研究之自變項係指兒童氣質(活動量、適應度、趨避度、情緒強度、注意力分散度、堅持度)與父親及母親教養方式(保護、愛護、命令、拒絕、忽視、精神獎勵、物質獎勵、精神懲罰、物質懲罰);依變項則為兒童社會能力,包括教師所評量之社會能力與兒童同儕所評量之社會能力,教師所評量之社會能力是:工作能力、主動性、了解人己關係、禮貌、陌生及公共場合之反應、語言能力,而兒童同儕所評量之社會能力則分為五組:受歡迎組、被排斥組、被忽視組、受爭論組及一般組。\r\n本研究所使用的研究工具計有社經地位調查表、兒童氣質量表、父親教養方式問卷、母親教養方式問卷、加州學前兒童社會能力量表與照片式社會計量工具。研究樣本計1267人,係取自台北市公私立幼稚園十二個行政區之46所幼稚園。研究所得的資料,係以皮爾森積差相關、單因子單變量變異數分析、單因子多變量變異數分析、典型相關分析、多元區別分析以及逐步多元迴歸分析等方法進行處理。\r\n茲將本研究之主要研究發現歸納如下:\r\n一、兒童氣質、父母教養方式與兒童社會能力之一般狀況:\r\n男生在活動量,情緒強度及注意力分散度較女生高;女生在適應度及堅持度較男生高,其社會能力也較男生好。而在注意力分散度,中社經較高,堅持度,高社經較高;在教養方式,高社經較中低社經較中低社經採積極教養方式;此外,高社經在語言能力較好。\r\n二、兒童氣質與父母教養方式之相關:\r\n活動量大,適應性差,情緒強度激型,注意力分散度大,堅持度低的兒童,相對的,父親或母親稍會採命令、忽視和懲罰等消極的教養方式。\r\n三、兒童氣質與兒童社會能力之關係:\r\n1 兒童氣質之適應性好,注意力分散度低,堅持度高的孩子,則其社會能力愈好。此外,活動量愈大、情緒強度愈高的孩子,則其工作能力愈不好;但趨避度愈高的孩子,除主動性外,其他社會能力也愈好。\r\n2 不同程度的兒童氣質在教師評量之兒童社會能力上皆有顯著差異存在。\r\n3.受爭論的兒童比受歡迎的兒童注意力分散度高、活動量大、堅持度低、適應度差、趨避度低。但也比被忽視的兒童趨避度高、活動量大、適應度好、堅持度低。\r\n四、父母教養方式與兒童社會能力之關係:\r\n1 父親愈採拒絕、命令、忽視、物質懲罰的教養方式時,相對的,兒童的社會能力也愈不好。而母親愈採忽視和物質懲罰教養方式,則兒童的禮貌愈不好。\r\n2 不同程度的父母教養方式在教師所評量之兒童社會能力上無顯著差異存在。\r\n3.被排斥的兒童比被忽視的兒童,母親比較會採愛護、命令、拒絕、忽視、物質獎勵的教養方式。但比受爭論兒童,母親比較會採愛護、命令、拒絕、忽視、物質獎勵的教養方式。\r\n五、兒童氣質、父母教養方式與兒童社會能力的關係:\r\n1 兒童氣質與父母教養方式對教師所評量兒童社會能力的的預測力,以兒童氣質變項的聯合預測力最大,其中尤以堅持度、活動量和趨避度三者,解釋力最大。\r\n2 兒童氣質與父母教養方式對兒童同儕所評量社會能力區別作用,以兒童氣質對兒童同儕所評量社會能力較具顯著區別作用。\r\n研究者根據研究發現,提出以下建議:\r\n一、研究結果在教育輔導的應用\r\n1、明瞭兒童氣質的重要性:氣質對親子關係的建立;氣質對師生關係的影響;氣質在同儕所扮演的角色;氣質對兒童社會能力發展的重要性。\r\n2、瞭解兒童氣質的方法,國內有臺大醫院兒童心理衛兒中心,榮總醫院兒童青少年精神科,臺北婦幼醫院兒童心智科,臺北馬偕醫院家庭醫學科,皆有門診安排施測。此外,也可使用適齡的兒童氣質量表。\r\n3、根據孩子活動量、趨避度、適應度、情緒強度、注意力分散度、堅持度的氣質特性,因材施教。\r\n此外,建議在親職教育中,加強氣質觀念並再肯定父親角色地位。\r\n二、對未來研究的建議\r\n進一步探討兒童氣質與父母教養方式之間的相關性;進一步擴大研究樣本的年齡層次;進一步將孩子的氣質歸類,以個案的方式探討;進一步探討兒童氣質與父母教養方式之間,產生最佳社會能力的配合度;採取其他方法續做探討。
參考文獻: 參考文獻\r\n一、中文部分\r\n王雅琴、李淑娟(民76) :高雄市三民區幼兒氣質特徵之研究。高雄醫\r\n學雜誌,第3卷,第2期,第111-132 頁。\r\n采瑞玲(民75) :青少年心目中的父母教養方式。畫灣社會與文化變遷\r\n(下冊)。中央研究院民族學研究所專刊乙種第十六號。 第591-\r\n628 頁。\r\n朱瑞玲(民78) :親子關係:子女的知覺與解釋及其影響。 伊慶春、朱\r\n瑞玲主編,臺灣社會現象的分析。中央研究院三民主義研究所叢\r\n刊二十五,第181-246頁。\r\n江淑惠(民74) :父母教養態度與幼兒焦慮之相關研究。 國立政治犬學\r\n教育研究所碩士論文。\r\n何秀枝(民74) :兒童知覺到的父母管方式與父母自覺管教態度研究。\r\n新竹師範專科學報,第十二期,第97-123頁。\r\n吳正桓(民78) :雙親傳統性及現代佳,管教方式,與兒童自我控制發\r\n展之相關研究。 行政院國科會專題研究計畫成果報告。\r\n林正文(民70) :父母教養態度與少年犯行為困擾之研究。台南師專學\r\n報,第十四期,第12-59頁。\r\n林玉葉、鄒國蘇(民77) :高度養育困難幼兒之特質及篩檢。台北市立\r\n婦幼醫院兒童心智科。\r\n林瑞發(民77) :學前見童行為與主要照顧者氣質特徵之相關研究。弘\r\n立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。\r\n洪奇昌(民67) :嬰幼兒的氣質評估。國立臺灣大學醫學院公共衛生研\r\n究所碩士論文。\r\n柯華葳(民72) :中國兒童社會行為研究。 台北:台灣省國民學校教師\r\n研習會。\r\n徐綺穗(民79) :角色取替能力、溝通能力與幼兒同儕地位關係之研究。\r\n國立臺灣師範大學家政研究所碩士論文。\r\n徐澄清(民68) :對我國嬰幼兒氣質特徵之初步研究。國科會補助研究\r\n論文。\r\n徐澄清口述徐梅屏撰文(民79) :因材施教一從出生的第一天開始。\r\n健康世界雜誌社。\r\n陳小娥、蘇建文(民66) :父母教養行為與少年生活適應。教育心理學\r\n報,第十期,第91-106頁。\r\n梁志宏(民73) :父母管教態度對子女人格發展的影響調查研究。 私立\r\n中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。\r\n梁瑪琍(民76) :學前兒童社會能力之家庭相關因素研究。國立臺灣師\r\n範大學心理研究所碩士論文。\r\n陳玉華(民70) :台北市中山區及台北縣泰山鄉三歲至七歲兒童氣質特\r\n徵之初步研究。國立臺灣大學醫學院公共衛生研究所碩士論文。\r\n陳秀蓉(民75) :父母親管教子女的行為:認知互動模式之探討。 國立\r\n臺灣大學家政研究所碩士論文。\r\n郭孝貞(民77) :父母婚姻關係、親子關係與其幼兒社會行為之相關研\r\n究一以托見所幼兒為調查對象。 私立中國文化大學見童福利研\r\n究所碩士論文。\r\n張美麗(民80) :臺灣中部地區嬰幼兒氣質特徵與智力動作發展及其變\r\n項之相關研究。 精華出版社。\r\n鄒國蘇 采曉慧 陳美吟 黎曉鶯 徐澄清 (民76) :幼兒氣質特徵之初步\r\n研究。 中華精神醫學。 第一卷,第二期,第123-133頁。\r\n詹馨(民72 年) :美術特殊才能兒童父母管教態度與人格適應。 新竹\r\n師範專科學報,第九期,第249-278頁。\r\n楊國樞(民70) :中國人的性格與行為:形成及蛻變。 中華心理學刊,\r\n第23卷,第一期,第39-55頁。\r\n楊國樞(民75) :家庭因素與子女行為:畫灣研究的評析。 中華心理學\r\n刊,第28卷,第一期,第7-28頁。\r\n楊憲明(民77) :國中學生家庭社經地位、父母管教方式及學業成就與\r\n師生互動關係之研究。 國立高雄師範學院教育研究所碩士論文。\r\n葛應欽 莊義利 許重勝 葉紅村 陳金樹 許重慶 (民70) :臺灣南部嬰兒\r\n氣質特徵之研究。 科學發展月刊,第九卷,第三期,第270-280\r\n頁。\r\n蔣惠珍(民75) :學前友伴關係的相關因素研究。 國立臺灣師範大學家\r\n政研究所碩士論文。\r\n蔡延治(民73) :學前兒童同儕關係之研究。 私立中國文化大學兒童福\r\n利研究所碩士論文。\r\n簡淑真(民74) :學前兒童社會能力與其同儕團體社會地位之研究。國\r\n立臺灣師範大學家政研究所碩士論文。\r\n蘇建文、侯碧慧(民72) :嬰見年齡,性別,出生序,母親照顧方式,\r\n母親年齡與親子互動關係之研究。家政教育,第9卷,第1 期,第\r\n16-30頁。\r\n\r\n二、英文部分\r\nAllert, A. (1982). Temperament and early parent-child interactions :\r\nchanges from infancy to toddlerhood. Unpublished doctoral\r\ndissertation, III inois Institute of Technology.\r\nAlpern, G., Boll, T., & Shearer, M. (1980).Developmental Profi\r\nIe I I. Aspen, Co: Psychological Development Publ ication.\r\nAnderson,S., & Messick, 5.(1974). Social competence in young\r\nchildren. Developmental Psychology,...0 282-293.\r\nArcus, D. M. (1987). Temperamental stability as a function of\r\nchange in birth order status. ERIC ED287579.\r\nAsher, S. R. (1983). Social competence and peer status: recent\r\nadvances and future directions. Child Development, 54,1427-1434.\r\nAsher, S. R., & Hymel, 5.(1981). Children`s social competence\r\nIn peer relations: A critique of the rate of interation\r\napproach to assessment. Child Development,~,1239-1245.\r\nAsher, S. R., Oden, S. L., & Gottman, J. M.(l977).Children`s\r\nfriendships in school settings. In L. G. Katz (Ed.),\r\nCurrrent topics in early childhood education . Vol.I.\r\nNorwood,NJ: Ablex.\r\nAsher, S. R., & Renshaw P.D. (l981).Children without friend:\r\nsocial knowledge and social skill training. In S. R.\r\nAsher & J. M. Gottman (Eds.), The development of children`s\r\nfriendship. New York: Cambridge University Press.\r\nAusubel, D. P., & Sullivan, E. V. (1970). Theory and Problems\r\nof Chi ld Development . }iew York: Grune & Stratton .\r\nBailey, D. B., & Simeonsson, R. J. (1985) . A functional model\r\nof social competence. Topic 1n Early Childhood Special\r\nEducation, -.1 .,20-3l.\r\nBates, J. E. (1980). The concept of difficult temperament.\r\nMerrill-Palmer Quarterly, ~ 299-319.\r\nBates, J. E. (1989). Concept and measurement of temperament.\r\nIn G.A. Kohnstamm,J .E. Bates,M.K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament\r\nin Childhood. John Wiley & Sons.\r\nBates, J. E., Olson, S. L., Pettit, G. S., & Bayles, K.(1982).\r\nDimentions of individuality in the mother-infant relation-\r\n/ ship at six months of age.Child Development,53,446-461 \r\nBaumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three\r\npatternsof preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology\r\nMonographs, 75, 43-88.\r\nBaumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority .\r\nDevelopmental Psychology ~onographs, ±ill.\r\nBaumrind, D. (1973) . The development of instrumental competence I\r\nthrough socialization. In A. D. Pick (Ed.), Minnesota\r\nSymposium on Child Psychology. (vol .7). Minneapolis:\r\nUnivrsity of Minnesota Press.\r\nBaumrind, D. (1980). New directions In socialization research.\r\nAmerican Psychologist,35(7), 639-652 \r\nBecker, W. C. (1964). Consequences of different kinds of parental\r\ndiscipline . In M. L. Hoffman and L. W. Hoffman\r\n(Eds.), Rev i ew of Ch i I d Deve I opment. New York: Russe II\r\nSaga Foundation.\r\nBelsky, J. (1980). Mother-father-infant interaction: a naturalistic\r\nobservational study. Developmental Psychology, 16,\r\n291-311 \r\nBerger, M. (1982). Personality development and temperament. In\r\nR. Porter & G. M.Col I ins (Eds.),Temperamental differences\r\nIn infants and young children (Ciba Foundation Symposium\r\n89). London :Pitman.\r\nBillman, j., & ~{cDevitt, S. C. (1980) .Convergence of parent\r\nand observer ratings of temperament with observations of\r\npeer interaction in nursery school . Chi ld Development,\r\n~395-400 .\r\nBlurton-Jones, N. (1972) . Categories of child-child interaction.\r\nIn N. Blurton-Jones (Ed.), Ethological studies of child\r\nbehavior. London: Cambridge University Press.\r\nBornstein, M., Bel lack, A.S., & Hersen, M. (1977). Social skil Is\r\ntraining for unassertive children: A multiplebaseline\r\nanalysis.journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10,183-195 .\r\nBreeding, J. , Miller, P.A., & Porterfield, C. (1982). An analySIS\r\nof the structure of preschool social social competence.\r\nPapaer presented at the annual meeting of the southwesten\r\nPsychological Association.\r\nBright, M. C. & Stockdale, D. F.(1984). Mothers`, fathers` and\r\npreschool children`s interactive behaviors in a play\r\nsetting. The journal of Genetic Psychology, 144, 219-232 \r\nBrim, O. G.,Jr., & Kagan, J. (l980). Constancy and change in\r\nhuman development. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.\r\nBrody, G., Stoneman,Z., & MacKinnon, C.(1987).Child temperaments,\r\nmaternal differential behavior,and sibling relationship.\r\nDevelopmental Psychology,ll,354-362 \r\nBronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development.\r\nCambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.\r\nBuss, A.H., & Plomin, R.A.(1975). A temperament theory of\r\npersonal ity development. New york:Wiley.\r\nBuss, A. H., & Plomin, R.(1984). Temperament; Early developing\r\npersonality traits. Hillsdale, NJ;Erlbaum.\r\nCameron, J. R. (l978).Parental treatment, children`s temperament,\r\nand the risk of childhood behavioral disorders.\r\nAmerican Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48 (1), 140-147.\r\nCarey, W. B.,Fox, M., & McDevitt, S. C. (l977).Temperament as\r\na factor in early school adjustment. Pediatrics, 60, 621-624.\r\nCarey, W. B., Liption, W. L. & Meyers, R. A. (l974). Temperament\r\nin adopted and foster babies.Child Welfare,..Q..;L 352-359.\r\nCarey, W. B., & McDevitt, S. C. (l978). Stability and change\r\nin individual temperament diagnoses from infancy to early\r\nchildhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry,\r\n17,331-337.\r\nCarey, W. B., & 1kDevitt, S. C. (1980). Commentary: measuring\r\ninfant temperament. Journal of Pediatrics, 96,423-424.\r\nCarson,D. K. (1984). Temperament and social competence of chi 1-\r\ndren one to three years of age. Unpublished doctoral dissertation\r\n, Texas Tech Uniuersity.\r\nChanlder,~. J. (1977). Social cognition: A selective review\r\nof current review. In W.F.Overton & J.M.Gallagher (Eds.),\r\nKnowledge and development. (Vol.l). New York: Plenum.\r\nCharlesworth,R., & Hartup, W.W.(1967).Positive reinforcement\r\nIn a nursery school peer group. Child Development, 38,993-1002 \r\nChristopoulos, C. & Dell, S .B. (1989). Dimensions of the mother\r\n-chi ld as predictors of social competence. ERIC, ED308008.\r\nClarke-Stewart, K. A. (1977). Chi ld care in the fami ly: a review\r\nof research and some propositions for policy. New Yowk: Academic Press.\r\nCohn, D.A. (1990). Child-mother attachment of six-year-olds\r\nand social competenct at school. Child Development, 61,152-162 \r\nCoie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A., & Coppotelli, H. (1982). Dimensions\r\nand type of social status: A cross-age perspective. Developmental\r\nPsychology, ~ 557-571 \r\nCutrona, C. E., & Troutman, B. R.(l986). Social Support, infant\r\ntemperament,and parenting self-efficacy: a mediational\r\nmodel of postpartum depression. Chi ld Development, 57,1507-1518 .\r\nDiamond, S.(1957). Personality and Temperament.New York: Harper.\r\nDixon, S. D., Yogman, . M., Tronick, E., Adamson, S. , Als,R.,\r\n& Brazelton, T. B. (1981). Early infant interation with\r\nparents and strangers . Journal of the American Academy\r\nof Chi ld Psychiatry, 20, 32-52 \r\nDodge, K. A. (1985). Facets of social interaction and the assessment\r\nof social competence in children. In B.H .\r\nSchneider, K.H. Rubin,& J.E.Ledingham(Eds.),Children`s\r\npeer relation: Issues in assessment and intervention.\r\nNew York:Springer-Verlag.\r\nDowrick, P. W. (1986) . Social survival for children. New York:\r\nBrunnr /Maze I.\r\nDunn, J . , & Kendrick, C. (1980). Studying temperament and parent\r\n-child interation: comparison of interview and direct observation.\r\nDevelopmental Medicine and Child Neurology,fL 484-496 .\r\nEarls, F. (1981). Temperament characteristics and behavior\r\nproblems in three-year-old children.Journal of Nervous\r\nand Mental Disease, 169(6), 367-373.\r\nEdmonson, B. (1974). Arguing for a concept of competence. Mental\r\nRetardation, n, 14-15.\r\nElder, G. H.(1962). Structural variations In the chi ld-rearing\r\nrelationship.Sociometry, 25, 241-262 \r\nEliasz, A., (1980). Temperament and perceived family enviroment.\r\nDissertation Abstracts International,46, 3590 .\r\nEndler, N. S., & Magnusson, D. (1978). But interactionists do\r\nbelieve in people: Response to Kranskopf. Psychological\r\nBu II e tin, 85, 590-592 \r\nField, T. , & Greenberg, R. (1982). Temperament rating by parents\r\nand teachers of infants, todders, and preschool children.\r\nChi Id Development, 53, 160-163.\r\nFinch, M., & Hops, H. (1985). Social competence and skill : a\r\nreassessment. In B. H. Schneider, K. H. Rubio, & J. E.\r\nLendingham .. Children`s peer relations: issues in assessment\r\nand intervention. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.23-40.\r\nFlavell, J . H. (1985) . Cognitive development. Englewood Cliffs,\r\nNJ: Prentice Hall .\r\nFoote. N.N., & Cottrel, L. S. (1955) Identity and interpersonal\r\ncompetence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .\r\nFoster, S. L., & Ritchy, W. L. (1979). Issues in assessment of\r\nsocial competence in children. Journal of Applied Behavior\r\nAnalysis, 12, 625-638.\r\nFreedman, D. G., (1974). Human Infancy: evolutionry perspective\r\nNey York: Erlbaum .\r\nFurman, W.,Rahe, D F.,& Hartup, W.W. (1979). Rehabilitation of\r\nsocially withdrawn preschool children. Child Development,50, 915-922 \r\nGarrison, W. T. (1990).Assessment of temperament and behavioral\r\nstyle. In J. H. Johnson & J. Goldman(Eds.), Developmental\r\nassessment in cl inical child psychology.Pergamon Press.\r\nGarside, R., Birch, H., Scott, D., Chambers,S., Kolvin, I.,\r\nTweddle, E., & Barber, L. (1975).Dimensions of temperament\r\nin infant school children. Journal of Child Psychology\r\nand Psychiatry and Applied Disciplines, 16(3),219-213 .\r\nGibbin, P. T., Starr, R. H., & Agronow, S. J. (1984). Affective\r\nbehavlor of abused and control children: comparisons\r\nof parent - child interactions and the influence of home\r\nenvironment variables. The Journal of Genetic Psychology,\r\n144, 69-82 .\r\nGladwin, T. (1967). Social competence and clinical practice.\r\nPsychiatry, ~ 30-34.\r\nGoldberg, S. (1977). Social competence In infancy: A model of\r\nparent-infant interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 23(3),163-177.\r\nGoldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. K.,\r\nThomas, A. , & Chess, S. (1987). What is temperament?\r\nFour approaches. Child Development, 58, 505-529.\r\nGoldsmith, H. H., & Campos, J. J. (1982). Toward a thory of infant\r\ntemperament. In R. N. Emde & R. J. Harmon(Eds.) The\r\ndevelopment of attachment and affiliative systems. New\r\nYork: Plenum Press.\r\nGoldsmith, H. H., & Gottesman,!` I. (1981). Origins of vaflation\r\nin behavioral style: a longitudinal study of temperament\r\nin young twins. Child Development, 52, 91-103.\r\nGoldsmith, H. H., & Rothbart,\\{. K. (1988). The Laboratory Temperament\r\nAssessment Battery: Locomotor version. Unpublish,\r\nDepartment of Psychology, University of Oregon.\r\nGordon, B. N. (1983) . Maternal perception of child temperament\r\nand observed mother-child interaction. Child Psychiatry\r\nand Human Development, 13(3), 153-167.\r\nGottman, J. M. (l977).Toward a definition of social isolation\r\nIn children. Child Development, JiL. 513-517.\r\nGottman, J. M., Gonso,J., & Rasmussen, B.(1975). Social\r\ninteraction, social competence, and friendship in children.\r\nChild Development, ~ 709-718.\r\nGraham, P., Rutter, M. & George, S. (1973). Temperamental\r\ncharacteristics as predictors of behavior disorder in\r\nchildren. American Journal of Orthpsychiatry, 43, 328-339.\r\nGreen, K. D., Forehand, R., Beck, S. J. & Vosk, B. (1980). An\r\nassessment of the relationship among measure of children`s\r\nsocial competence and children`s academic achievement.\r\nChild Development, 2L 1149-1156.\r\nGreenspan, S.(1981a) Defining childhood social competence: A\r\nproposed working model. In B. K. Keogh (ed.), Advances\r\nin special education (Vol.3). Greenwich. CT:JAI Press.\r\nGreenspan, S. (l981b) . Social competence and handicapped\r\nindividuals:Practical implications of a proposed model.\r\nIn B. K. Keogh (ed.), Advances in special education(Vol .\r\n12 Greenwich. CT:JAI Press.\r\nGreenspan, S., (1981). Defining chi Idhood social competence:\r\nA proposed working model. In B. K. Keogh (Ed.) Advances\r\nin special education. Greenwich, CT:JAI Press .\r\nGresham, F .M. (1986). Conceptual issues in the assessment of\r\nsocial competence in children. In P.S. Strain, M. J.\r\nGuralnick, & H.M. Walker (Eds.), Children`s social\r\nbehavior: Development, assessment, and modification. New\r\nYork: Academic Press.\r\nGuilford, J.P. (1959).Personality, Mcgrow Hill.\r\nHagekull, B., Lindhagen, K., & Bohl in, G. (1980) .Behavioral\r\ndimensions in one-year-olds and dimensional stability in\r\ninfancy . International Journal of Behavioral Development,3, 351-364.\r\nHagekull, B., & Bohlin, G.(1986).Mother-lnfant interation and\r\nperceived infant temperament . International Journal of\r\nBehavioral Development,~, 297-313.\r\nHarter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children.\r\nChi Id Development, 53, 87-97.\r\nHartup, W. VI., Glazer, J. A., & Charlesworth, R. (1967). Peer\r\nreinforcement and sociometric status. Child Development,38, 1017-1024.\r\nHartup, W. W. (1977). Perspectives on child and family interaction\r\n:past, present, future. [n R. M. Lerner & G. B. Spanier\r\n(Ed.). Child influences on marital and family Interaction.\r\nNew York: Academic Press.\r\nHenderson, L. J.(1913) The fitness of the enviroment. Macmillian,\r\nNew York.\r\nHertzig, M. E. & Mittleman, M. (1982). Temperament 1n low\r\nbirthweight children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30(2),201-211 \r\nHinde, R. A., Easton, D. F., Meller, R. E., & Tamplin, A. M.\r\n(1982). Temperamental characteristics of 3-4 year-olds\r\nand mother-child interaction. In R. Porter, & G. M.\r\nCollins (Eds.), Temperamental differences in infants and\r\nyoung children (Ciba Foundation Symposium 89). London:Pitman.\r\nHoffman, L. W. (1977). Changes in family roles, socialization,\r\nand sex differences. American Psychologist, 32, 644-657.\r\nJohnson, ){. (1963). Sex-role learing in the nuclear fami ly.\r\nCh i I d Deve I opment, 34, 319-333.\r\nKhan, A. N., & Hoge, R.D.(1983). A teacher-judgement measure\r\nof social competence: validity data. Journal of Consulting\r\nand Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 809-814.\r\nKaufman, T. B.(1982). The effect of temperament of mother father\r\nand chi ld on each parent`s perception of early parenting\r\nstress. Abstracts International, 43(6).\r\nKent, M. W. & Rolf, J. E.(Eds). (1979). Social competence 1n\r\nchi ldren. NH: University Press of New England.\r\nKent, M. W. & Rolf, J. E.(Eds). (1986). The assessment of child\r\n& adolescent personality . New York: Guilford Press.\r\nKeogh, B. K. & Burstein, N. 0.(1988). Relationship of temperament\r\nto preschools` interactions with peers and teachers.\r\nExceptional Chi Idren, 54(5), 456-46l.\r\nKeogh, B.K., Pullis, M. E., & Cadwell, J., (1980). A short form\r\nof the teacher temperament questionnaire. Journal of\r\nEducational Measurement, 19(4), 323-329.\r\nKlein, H. A. (l987).Temperament and adjustment relationship\r\nIsraeli and American preschoolers. ERIC ED289606.\r\nKlein, H. A., & Ballantine, J. H. (l988) .The Relationship of\r\ntemperament to adjustment in British infant schools. The\r\nJournal of Social Psychology, 128(5), 585-595\r\nKirk, C. 0.(1984).Temperament and the social competence of children\r\none to three years of age.Unpubl ished doctoral\r\ndisseration, Texas Tech University.\r\nKohn, M. (1977). Social competence, symptoms, and underchievement\r\nin childhood: A longitudal perspective. Washington O.C. :Winston.\r\nKohn, K., & Rosman, B. L., (1972). Social competence scale and\r\nsymptom checkl ist for the preschool chi Id: Factor\r\ndimensions, their cross-instrumental generality, and\r\nlongitudinal persistence. Developmental Psychology, 6,430-444.\r\nKorn, S. J. (1984). Continuities and discontinuities in difficult/\r\neasy temperament: infancy to young adulthood.Merri II\r\n-Palmer Quarterly, 30(2), 189-199.\r\nKury, H.(1980). The personality structure of popular and unpopular\r\nschool chi ldren. Psychology Abstract, 63, 600 .\r\nLamb, M. E. (1981). The role of the father in child development.\r\nNew York: Wiley.\r\nLamb, M. E., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (1981).Individual differences\r\nin parental sensitivity: origin,compenents and consequences.\r\nIn ~f.E. Lamb & L. R. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social `cognition:\r\ntheoretical and empirical considerations . Hi llsdale,NJ: Erlbaum.\r\nLambert, N. M., & Windmiller, M. (1977). An exploratory study\r\nof temperament traits In a population of children at\r\nrisk. The Journal of Special Education, 11(1)\" 37-47.\r\nLawton, J. T., Schuler, S. G., Fowell, N. & ~adsen, M. K. (19\r\n84). Parent`s perceptions of actual and ideal childrearing\r\npractices. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 4S, 71-87 .\r\nLee, C.L. (1981). Perceived difficult temperament and mothertoddler\r\ninteraction sequences. Paper presented at the meeting\r\nof the Society of Research in Child Development, Boston.\r\nLerner, R. M. (1978).Nature,nurture,and dynamic interactionism.\r\nHuman Deve I opment, 1L 1-20.\r\nLerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (1982). Temperament and adaptation\r\nacross life: Theoretical and empirical issues. In\r\nP. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr.(Eds.),Life-span development\r\nand behavior (Vol.S) . New York: Academic Press.\r\nLerner, R. M., Palermo, M. , Spiro, A. & Nesselroade, J. R. (1\r\n982). Assessing the dimensions of temperamental individuality\r\nacross the life span: the dimensions of temperament\r\nsurvey (DOT). Child Development, 53, 149-159 .\r\nLerner, R. M., & Spanier, G. B. (1978). A dynamic interactional\r\nview of child and family development. In R. M. Lerner\r\n& G. B. Spanier (Eds.), Child influences on marital and\r\nfamily interation: A life-span perspective. New York:Academic Press.\r\nLewis, J . (1977). The relation of individual temperament to initial\r\nsocial behavior, In R. C. Smart & M. S. Smart\r\n(Eds . ),Reading in child development and relationships .\r\nNew York: Macmillan.\r\nLewis, ~., Young, G., Brooks, J. , & Michalson, L. (1975). The\r\nbeginning of friendship . In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum\r\n(Eds.),Friendship and peer relations. New York: Wiley .\r\nList, K. R. (1981). Temperament and behavior problems in\r\npreschool, the faculty of the graduate school of arts\r\nand science, University of Denver . Unpublish Dissertation.\r\nMacDonald, K., & Parke, R. D. (1984). Bridging the gap: parent\r\n-child play interation and peer interactive competence.\r\nChi ld Development, 55, 1265-1277 .\r\nMaccoby,E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex\r\ndifferences. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.\r\nMaccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983) . Socialization in the\r\ncontex of the family:parent-child relation. In P. H.\r\n~1ussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology :Vol . 4 .\r\nSocial ization ,Personal ity,and social development.New York:Wiley.\r\nMaccoby, E. E., Snow, M. E., & Jackline, C. N. (1984). Children`s\r\ndispositions and mother-child interation at 12 and 18\r\nmoths: A short term longitudinal study.Developmental Psychology,\r\n20(3), 459-472 \r\nMacDonald, K., & Parke, R. (1984).Bridging the gap: parentchi\r\nId play interaction and peer interactive competence.\r\nChild Development, 55, 1265-1277 .\r\nR. P. (1988). The Temperament Assessment Battery for\r\nChildren. Clinical Psychology Publishing Co., Inc .\r\nMartin , R. P. (1988). Child temperament and educational outcomes .\r\nIn A. D. Pellegrini(Ed.),Psychological Bases for Early\r\nEducation .John Wiley & Sons Ltd.\r\nMatheny, A. P., Wilson, R. S., Dolan, A. B., & Krantz, J. (19\r\n81). Behavioral contrasts in twinships: stability and\r\npatterns of differences In childhood. Child Development,52, 579-588.\r\n~iatheny, A. P., Wi ison, R. S., & Thoben, A. S. (1987). Home\r\nand mother: relation with infant temperament. Developmental\r\nPsychology , JLL, 486-494.\r\nMatson, J. L. , & Ollendick, T. H. (1988). Enhancing children`s\r\nsocial ski lis: assessment and training. New York:Pergamon Press.\r\nMcdevitt, S. C.(1976). A longitudinal assessment of continuity\r\nand stability In temperamental characteristic from infancy\r\nto early childhood. Doctoral dissertation, Temple University .\r\nMcdevitt, S. C. & Carey W. C. (1978). The measurement of temperament\r\nin 3-7 year old chi Idren. Journal of Chi ld Psychology\r\nand Psychiatrics, JJG 245-253.\r\n~{ead, D. E. (1976) . Six approachs to child rearing. Prevo.\r\nUtah. : Brigan University Press.\r\nMedinnus, G. R. (1961). The relation between several parent\r\nmeasure and the childrens` early adjustment to school.\r\nJournal of Educational Psychology, 52, 1153-1156.\r\nMedinnus, G. R. (1967). Reading in the psychology of parentchild\r\nrelations. New York: John Wily & Sons.\r\n)[ichelson, L., Sugai, D. P., Wood, R. P. & Kazdin, A. E.(198\r\n3). Social skill assessment and training with children.\r\nNew York: Plenum Press.\r\nMillion, J. (1978). Relationship between perceived child temperament\r\nand maternal hehaviors. Child Development, 49,\r\n1255-1257.\r\nNelson, J . A. N. & Simmerer, N. J. (1984). A correlational\r\nstudy of chi ldren`s temperament and parent behavior.\r\nEarly Child Develo pment and Care, ]iL, 231-250.\r\nOdom, S. L., & McConnell, S. R., (1985) . A performance- basedconceptualization\r\nof social competence of handicapped\r\npreschool children: Implications for assessment. Topic\r\nIn Early Chi ldhood Special Education, J..., 20-3l.\r\nPutallaz, M., & Gottman, J. M. (1981) .An interation al mode I\r\nof children`s entry into peer groups. Child Development,\r\nR, 986-994.\r\nPutallaz, M. (1987). Maternal behavior and children`s sociometric\r\nstatus. Child Development, ~, 324-340.\r\nRathjen, D. P. (1980). An overview of social competence. In\r\nRathjen, D. P., & Foreyt, J. P. (Eds.) Social Competence\r\nIntervention for Children and Adults. Pergamon Press\r\nInc.\r\nRinn, R. C. & Markle, A.(1979). Modification of social skill\r\ndeficits in children. In A. S. Bellack, & M. Hersen\r\nj (Eds.), Research and practice In social skill training\r\n.New York: Plenum Press.\r\nie, A., & Siegelman, (1963). A parent-child relations Questionnaire.\r\nChild Development, 34, 355-369.\r\nRoistacher, R. C. (1974). A microecomonic model of sociometric\r\nchoice. Sociometry, 37, 219-238.\r\nRorthbart, M. K., (1981). Measurement of temperament In infancy.\r\nCh i I d Deve I opment, g 569-578.\r\nRorthbart, M. K., (1988). Temperament and the development of\r\nInhibited Approach.Child Development, 59, 1241-1250.\r\nRorthbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual\r\ndifferences in temperament. In M. E.Lamb & A. L.\r\nBrown (Eds.) Advances in developmental psychology, (vol.\r\n1). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.\r\nRubin, K. H. (1971). Egocentric in early and middle childhood:\r\na factor analytic i nvestigation. Unpublished doctoral\r\ndissertation,Pennsylvania State University .\r\nRutter, M. (1982). Temperament: concepts, issues and problems.\r\nIn R. Porter & M. Collins (Eds.), Temperament differences\r\nin infants and young children. London; Pitman.\r\nRutter, M. (1989). Temperament: conceptual issues and clinical\r\nimplications. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, M. K.\r\nRothbart (Eds.). Temperament in Childhood. John Wiley &\r\nSons ..\r\nRutter , M., Korn, S., & Birch, H. G. (1963). Genetic and\r\nenviromental factors in the development of primary reaction\r\npatterns . British Journal of C!inicial and Sricial\r\nPsycho logy,.l, 161 .\r\nSameroff, A.J., Seifer, R., & Elias, P. K.(1982). Sociocultural\r\nvariability in infant temperament ratings . Child Development,\r\n~ 164-173 .\r\nScarr, S., (1969). Social introversion-extraversion as a heritable\r\nresponse. Child Development, 40, 823-832 \r\nSchaefer, E. S. (1965).Children`s reports of parental behavior\r\n: a inventory.Child Development, 36, 413-424.\r\nSchaefer, E. S. (1978). Factors that in impede the process of\r\nsocialization. In M. J. Bejab and S. A. Richardson\r\n(Eds.), The Mentally Retarded and Society : A Social Science\r\nPerspective. Baltimore: University Parks Press.\r\nSchaefer, E. S. , & Bell, R. Q.(l958) .Development of a parent\r\nattitude research instrument. Child Development,...fiL 339-361 \r\nSchneider, B. H., Rubin, K. H., & Ledingham,J. E.(Eds . ).(1985)\r\nChi ldren`s peer relations: Issues in assessment and\r\nintervention. New York: Springer-Verlag .\r\nScholom, A., & Koller, T. J. (1980). Relating infant temperament\r\nto mother-infant and father-infant interaction.\r\nPaper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological\r\nConvention, Montreal .\r\nScholom, A., & Schiff, G.(1980) .Relating infant temperament to\r\nlearning disabilities. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,\r\n8(1), 127-132 \r\nSears, R. R. , & Maccoby, E. E. (1957). Patterns of Child Rearing.\r\nNew York: Harper & Row.\r\nSelman, R.L. (1976). Toward a structual analysis of developing\r\ninterpersonal relations concepts: Research with normal\r\nand disturbed preadolescent boys . In A. Pick (Ed.),\r\nAnnual Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology. Minneapolis :\r\nUniversity of Minnesota Press.\r\nShantz, C. U. (1983) . Social cognition. In P.R. Mussen (Ed.),\r\nHandbook of child psychology: Vol.3. Cognitive development.\r\nNew York: Wiley.\r\nSheldon , W. (1942) . The Varieties of Temperament: A Psychology\r\nof Constitutional Differences. New York: Harper.\r\nSmith,G. (1950). Sociometric study of best-liked and least\r\nI iked chi ldren. Elementary School Journal, ~ 77-85.\r\nSobesky, W., List, K., Holden, D., & Braucht, N. (1981) Dimensions\r\nof chi ld temperament in school settings. Presented at\r\nthe Biennial conference of the Society for Research on\r\nChild Development, Boston.\r\nSostek, A. J. & Wyatt, R. J.(1981). The chemistery of cranki`\r\nness. Psychology Today, 15(10), 120.\r\nStanhope, L., Bell, R. Q., & Parker-Cohen, N. Y. (1987). Temperament\r\nand helping behavior in preschool children. Developmental\r\nPsychology, 23(3), 347-353.\r\nStevenson-Hinde, J., & Simpson, A. E. (1982). Temperament and\r\nrelationshops. In R. Porter & G. M. Collins (Eds.), Temperamental\r\ndifferences in infants and young children(Ciba\r\nFoundation Symposium 89). London: Pitman.\r\nStevenson-Hinde, J., & Graham, P. (1982). Temperament: A consideration\r\nof concepts and methods. In R. Porter & G. M.\r\nCollins (Eds.), Temperamental differences in infants\r\nand young chi Idren (Ciba Foundation Symposium 89). London:\r\nPitman Books.\r\nTerman L. M., & Tyler, L. E. (1954). sychological sex difference.\r\nIn L. Carmichael (Ed.). ~anual of child psychology.\r\nNew York: Wiley.\r\nThomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and Development.\r\nBrunner-Ma~el, New York.\r\nThomas, A., & Chess, S. (1981). The role of temperament ln the\r\ncontribution of individuals to their development. In R.\r\nM. Lerner & Busch-Rossnagel(Eds.), Individuals as pro-\r\nducer of their development: A life-span perspective.New\r\nYork: Academic Press.\r\nThomas, A., Chess, S. , & Birch, H. G. (1968). Temperament and\r\nbehavior disorders in chi ldren. New York: New York University Press.\r\nThomas, A., Chess, S. , Birch, H. G. , Hertzig, Korn, S. (1963) .\r\nBehavioral individuality in early childhood . New York:\r\nNew York Univrsity Press .\r\nThomas, A., & Chess, S. (1989) . Temperament and Personality,\r\nIn G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, M. K. Rothbart, (Eds.),\r\nTemperament in childhood . John Wiley & Sons.\r\nThompson, R. A. , & Lamb, ~. E. (1982) . Stranger sociabi Ii ty\r\nand its relationship to temperament and social experience\r\nduring . the second year. Infant Behavior and Development,2 , 277-288.\r\nTorgerson A. M. (1973). Temperamental di fferences in infants:\r\ntheir cases as shown through twin studies . Doctoral dissertation,\r\nUniversity of Oslo, Norway.\r\nTorgerson A. M., & Kringlen, E., (1978). Genetic aspects of\r\ntemperament differences in infants. Journal of the American\r\nAcademy of Child Psychiatry, ~ 433-449 .\r\nTurner, P. H. & Harris, M. B. (1984) . Parental attitudes and\r\npreschool chi ldrens` social competence. The Journal of\r\nGenetic Psychology, 144, 105-113.\r\nVan Hasselt, V. B. ,Hersen, M., Whitehill M. B. & Bellack A. S.\r\n(1979) . Social ski II assessment and training for chi 1-\r\ndren : An eva I uat i ve rev I ew. Behav i or Research & Therapy\r\n,17 ,413-437.\r\nVictor, J. B., Halverson, C. F., & Wampler, K. S.(1988).\r\nFami lyschool : Parent and teacher agreement on chi ld temperament.\r\nJournal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,56(4), 573-577.\r\nWachs,T. D., & Gruen, G. E.(1982). Early experience and human\r\ndevelopment. New York: Plenum Press.\r\nWeston, M. J. (1982). The effects of gender, sex-role type and\r\ntemperament on the play behavior of parents and infants.\r\nDissertation Abstracts International, 43(11), 3755.\r\nWhite, R.W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of\r\ncompetence. Psychological Review, 66, 297-333.\r\nWilliams, W. C. (l958).The PAIS Test: a technique for children\r\nto evaluate both parents . Journal of Consulting Psychology,22, 487-495.\r\nWirth, S. & Pease, D.(1983). Convergent and discriminant validity\r\nof the Iowa Social competence scale for preschool\r\nchildren.Educational Psychological Measurement, 43, 305-314.\r\nWood,E. L.(1976).The relationship between sociometric status\r\nand social competence in preschool children.Unpublished\r\ndoctoral dissertation,Uniuersity of Taxas at Austin.\r\nWright, M.J. (1980). Measuring the social competence of preschool\r\nchi ldren. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 17-32 .\r\nYarrow, M. R., Waxler, C. Z., & Scott, P. M. (1971). Child effects\r\non adult behavior. Development Psychology, 300-31l.\r\nZigler,E., & Trickett, P. K. (1978). IQ, social competence,\r\nand evaluation of early chi Idhood intervention programs.\r\nAmerican Psychologist, 33, 789-798.
描述: 博士
國立政治大學
教育學系
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G91NCCV7352012
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

Files in This Item:
File SizeFormat
index.html115 BHTML2View/Open
Show full item record

Google ScholarTM

Check


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.