日本矯正機構民營化之現況、課題與啟示

Abstract

超額收容可以說是目前各國矯正機構所面臨的共通課題，藉由民間企業化的行動不但可使矯正機構的供需達到平衡，還可以快速有效地擴大監禁的容量。為了緩和超收情形，增建矯正機構自然被視是首要的解決方案，但是興建過程中所需的花費，卻又會使各國艱困的財政雪上加霜，因此乃意識到若能透過民營化或民間投資提案（Private Finance Initiative, PFI）的方式，導入民間的資金與專業，應可以有效協助解決超額收容的問題。\\r 基於上述，本文旨在探討日本矯正機構民營化所代表的意義與面臨之課題，以及可以作為我國參考與借鏡之處。研究結果發現，矯正機構民營化所代表的意義有四，分別是（1）機構問題得以暫時獲得解決；（2）「區域共生」經營理念的實踐；（3）活用民間專業技術打造新的矯正機構；（4）透過公私協力降低財政風險，達到財務平準化之目的。然而，在民營化實施的過程中卻也面臨不同組織文化和指揮命令系統衝突、責任範圍難以清楚劃分、不完全競爭市場，以及服務供給的不穩定等多項課題。作者認為，在參酌日本經驗後，我國應可以從民間參與矯正機構經營的可能性、理念的再思與經營之定位等三大面向獲得啟示與借鏡。

Overcrowding of correctional institutes could be stated as the common problem faced around the world. The privatization of prisons not only strikes a balance between supply and demand, it also expands the rooms for prisoners effectively. In order to reduce prisons overcrowding, the first solution plan that the governors have in mind is to build more institutes, however, the expenses and costs would worsen states financial problem. It is up until then, that governors around the world realized that by privatization and PFI, making use of the money and professional talents of private sectors could help solve the problem of prisons overcrowding. Follow from the discussions above; this study aims to discuss the meanings and challenges of the privatization of correctional institutes in Japan, and to provide some references and lessons for Taiwan. Study shows that the privatization of correctional institutes means: (1) the problems of overcrowding could be temporarily solved; (2) the realization of “regional coexistence” ideal; (3) to adopt professional skills from private sectors flexibly to build new correctional institutes; (4) lower financial crisis through public-private partnership in order to achieve the goal of financial equilibrium. However, in the process of privatization, the governors are to cope with different organization cultures and command systems that contradict with each other, the ambiguity as to the extent of ones’ responsibility, imperfectly competitive market, and the instability of the service system, etc. The author holds that, after observing Japan’s experience, Taiwan could gain some inspirations and references from their examples as to the feasibility of letting private sectors to manage correctional institutes, to rethink the ideal, and the repositioning of management.