從國際法觀點評析布希政府反擴散戰略

Abstract

鑑於布希政府二○○二年提出《對抗大規模毀滅性武器的國家戰略》作為反擴散戰略指導方針，並將先制攻擊作為美國反擴散戰略的重要工具之一，本文擬以該文件及美國相關政策論述與實踐作為基礎，檢視美國各項反擴散戰略之國際法適法性。文章首先回顧當前美國反擴散戰略相關政策與實踐，包括反擴散三支柱與相對應之具體策略。其次，從國際法上禁止使用武力的原則出發，討論反擴散戰略的國際法基礎，分析重點將置於自衛權概念的擴張和安理會之授權，以及「先制自衛」與「預防性戰爭」之區分。本文認為，為避免霍布斯世界之負面建構，並維繫當前國際法的秩序，區分先制自衛與預防性戰爭，謹慎使用前者習慣國際法權利，避免後者，並加強非武力手段的國際合作，仍是美國國家安全與國際和平的最大公約數。

The Bush administration of the United States publicized its “Na-tional Security Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction” in 2002 as its guideline of counter-proliferation, with the option of a preemptive strike[ul]. This article aims to analyze the legality of the counter-proliferation strategy based on this document and related Amer-ican policy statements and practices. First, it will review related U.S. policy statements and practices, including all three pillars of the strategy and corresponding concrete measures. Second, it will scrutinize the legality of the strategy according to the principle of non- use of force; the focuses will be the expansionary interpretation of the right to self-defense,authorization by the UN Security Council and the distinction between preemption self-defense and preventive war. This study concludes that in order to prevent constructing an unex-pected Hobbesian world and to maintain international law and order, it is important to distinguish “preemptive self-defense” from “preventive war,” exercise the customary right of preemptive self-defense with caution, avoid preventive wars, and strengthen interna-tional cooperation.