晉方言元音高化的類型

Abstract

通過對處於「孤立區域模式」的晉方言的元音高化類型的分析，認為晉方言存在音系單側元音高化和音系雙側元音高化兩種類型。音系單側元音高化又可分為元音前高化和元音後高化兩種類型。音系雙側元音高化又可進一步分為音系雙側元音多項高化和音系雙側元音強勢高化兩種類型。從地理分佈來看，地處晉南中原官話區的汾河片方言多數屬於音系單側元音後高化型，這顯然與官話方言一致。音系單側元音前高化型都屬於晉方言。晉方言多數點屬於音系雙側元音多項高化型。處於方言交接地帶的汾西、興縣、五臺則屬於音系雙側元音強勢高化型。元音後高化是官話方言的特徵，大多數漢語北部方言的元音高化也都體現為這一特徵，元音前高化是晉方言的創新特徵，這在北部方言中是獨樹一幟的。晉方言地處北部山地，而表現出與一些南部方言一致的特點，其原因值得深入觀察和探討。晉方言鼻音韻尾的弱化甚至脫落與陰聲韻合流是導致晉方言元音高化的根本原因，這一因素刺激了原有的元音高化的基因，使得晉方言元音高化現象異常突出。就晉方言元音高化的規律來說，顎化音節的元音傾向於前高化，非顎化音節的元音傾向於後高化。韻尾的舌位對元音高化方向的影響與顎化介音對元音高化的影響程度不同，前者的強度大於後者。

The paper, based on the analysis of vowel-raising of Jin Dialects belonging to the isolating mode, holds that two types of vowel-raising exist in Jin Dialect, which are unilateral vowel-raising and bilateral vowel-raising. To be specific, the unilateral vowel-raising can be divided into front vowel-raising and back vowel-raising; and the bilateral vowel-raising consists of multiple vowel-raising and emphatic vowel-raising. As far as the geographic distribution is concerned, most of the dialects lying in Fenhe River Area belong to the unilateral back vowel-raising, which is identical to the Mandarin, while the rest in this area being of the front vowel-raising belongs to Jin Dialects. The most sub-dialects of the Jin Dialect belong to bilateral multiple vowel-raising, while the dialects of Fenxi, Xingxian and Wutai, which locate in the intersections of different dialects, belong to bilateral emphatic vowel-raising. Generally speaking, back vowel-raising is one of the features of Mandarin and the most of the dialects in northern China have this feature. Front vowel-raising in Jin Dialect is unique in the northern dialects. Although located in the mountainous area in northern China, the Jin Dialects possess some identical features with some southern dialects, which is open to exploration and discussion. The paper thinks the key factor is the reduction or even the loss of the nasal- ending merges with the yin rhyme category and the merging stimulates the basics of vowel-raising and makes the vowel-raising outstanding. As for the principles of vowel-raising in Jin Dialects, the palatalized vowels tend to be front raised while the non-palatalized vowels tend to back raised. On the other hand, the tongue position of the syllable ending plays a relatively more active role than the palatalized onset.