生存條件與生存權—中國人權史研究之三

Abstract

四、人、環境選擇、生產型態與技術對生產力都有交互影響的作用，中國先民們在歷史上遭遇生存問題時，都得在這幾個重要因素內謀求改進與轉型，企求在這幾個因素間取得基本的均衡。

In order to survive, ancient Chinese made their choices and improvements in terms of the way of living and the location of dwelling under the natural environment. In ancient China, each mode of production, whether hunting, fishing, pasturing, or farming, was aimed at improving productivity. To achieve this goal, people transformed one mode of production to another or just made improvement within it. For example, Tong-hu, people with multi-mode of production had opportunities to obtain larger area to live. Meanwhile, people could easily melt with other people, such as Hsien-pei of Wei-Chin Nan-Pei Chao and To-Pa Kingdom, Liao-Jin of Sungs, and Man of Ching Dynasty, who used different mode of production. There was a big difference between pasturing and farming that caused peoples that used these two modes conflict rather melting. The mode of production had effect on the right of survival. It was the major factor to determine whether people could melt or not. Under the natural environment, the most important factor to improve living condition was the skill of production. The Chinese territory has had not expanded during the past two thousand years, but the usage of iron instruments, cattle farming, irrigation, the expansion of dry land, terraced fields, and embanked fields has maximized agricultural production had fed numerous people. Since the middle of Ching Dynasty, agricultural production has not caught with the growth of population. The volume of production in terms of acre has decreased and the quality of people’s life, declined. Such factors as people, choice of environment, mode of production, and technology interacted with each other and then had an impact on productivity. When ancient Chinese encountered difficulty to survive, they tried to improve and make chandes aiming at balance these important factors.