金代流外職及其人員資格

Abstract

本文將整理金代流外職及其任職人員資格的相關規範，並得出下列三點結論。第一，金朝設置了大量的有品流外職，於是職務的流內、流外屬性判別標準已非品秩有無，而是官吏之別，凡為吏職者，即便有品，仍屬流外。第二，金代流外職人員的資格與職務屬性間的對位關係頗為複雜，有品流外職乃是專任「品官」，至於無品流外職，部分的高階職務將制度性地以「品官」充任，並對初任的無散官人員設定散官授予辦法。第三，原在北宋本為分類官員身份的「有出身」、「無出身」資格，在金代將轉為分類中央吏員或宮中承應人能否出職的身份資格，此時金朝將擁有大量的「有出身」、帶散官的未出職人。

This article mainly discusses the Liu-wai (流外) in the Jin Dynasty. Beginning in the Sui period, the positions and personnel of the government were sorted by a sequence. The positions and personnel were divided into two classes: Liu-nei (流內) and Liuwai. The positions and personnel of the Liu-nei were graded into a nine-ranked (Jiu-pin, 九品) system, and Liu-nei personnel were ranked officials (品官). Compared with the Liu-nei, for the most part, none of the Liu-wai positions had their own ranks, and almost all of the Liu-wai personnel were not ranked officials. Lastly, the classes and the positions of appointees were constantly aligned, so the Liu-nei personnel would never be assigned to the Liu-wai posts. But during the Jin period, the regulations of the class system were different. First, there were many Liu-wai positions that had their own rank, and the boundary between the Liu-nei and Liu-wai was not ranked and non-ranked. Second, many ranked-officials were assigned to the ranked or the high level non-ranked Liuwai positions institutionally, and the Jin court would grant the appointees of the high level non-ranked Li-wai positions the qualification of You-chu-shen (有出身), which was originally an official qualification in the Sung dynasty.