從當代刑法論唐律中的 「錯誤」規範及其法理

Abstract

從當代刑法學的觀點，「錯誤」者，係指行為人主觀上所認識的內容與客觀上存在的事實不一致而言。認識如有錯誤，行為人的意思責任即生影響。蓋認識乃故意的成立要件，預有認識，而決意使之發生，法律因之予以處罰。因此，行為人的認識、決意與客觀所生的事實，三者之間，具有密切的關係。如主觀之認識與客觀之事實不相符合，往往影響行為人的決意，當即影響其刑事責任。\\r 其實，從法制歷史的角度看，關於「錯誤」的規範及其法理，傳統中國淵源已長，本文擬以《唐律》為中心，考察《唐律》律本文及《疏議》中有關「事實錯誤」（構成要件錯誤）及「法律錯誤」（違法性認識錯誤）的立法內涵，進而探討其如何落實於個案當中。此外，也要旁及它對後世乃至當今詮釋「錯誤法理」的影響，以明其歷史與時代的深遠意義。

From the point of view of modern criminal law, “error” means that subjective recognition is different from objective reality. The erpetrator’s blame will be influenced by the error. Recognition is the element of an intention. The law punishes the behavior that intends to make it happen after gaining recognition. So the perpetrator’s recognition, intention and objective reality are closely related to each other. It often influences the perpetrator’s intention if subjective recognition is different from objective reality, and so the perpetrator’s blame will be affected. In fact, from the aspect of legal history, the legal theory of “error” has a long history in Ancient China. This essay will introduce readers to the legislative meaning of the “error facti” and the “error juris” in the Tang Code; then it will explore its actual uses in cases. Furthermore, the essay will discuss its influence on legal history and modern criminal law in order to get to know its meaning in legal history.