以專利衡量研發創新投入之資源錯置問題 - 以中國內外資製造業廠商為例

Abstract

創新能力是近年產業發展的趨勢，過去文獻常只單用專利數量來衡量研發效率，方法直觀卻無法真實反應專利價值。本研究嘗試利用專利數量及專利價值指數一起衡量廠商研發投入與產出間的效率，研究對象為2005年至2007年間中國規模水準以上廠商，利用其專利總價值指數與該公司所投入的資本要素與勞動要素探討該公司資源錯置的現象。有鑑於中國積極引進外資企業進駐中國，本研究依公司註冊登記類型將公司分為國有企業、民營企業及外資企業三大類，藉以研究中國經濟發展政策對此三類企業研發效率發展的影響。結果顯示，國有企業的研發效率優於民營企業與外資企業。因為政府積極實施產業政策以促進國內研發創新能力，給予國有企業相當多的政策優惠，故國有企業擁有較高的研發生產力；而民營企業因核心技術的不足，多以替國外大廠代工為主要經營模式，研發創新能力較低。中國改革開放後，積極引進外資企業進駐中國，而當時外資企業看中的是中國低廉的勞動成本與廣大的潛在市場，核心研發技術並未引進中國，導致外資企業研發能力在資料區間內呈現最為低落的情形。

Innovation has become the trend for the industrial development nowadays. In the past, little research can measure the industrial outcome due to inadequate knowledge on patent value index. In this paper, I compute the patent value index based on the surveyed data of the manufacturing firms in China from 2005 to 2007. The misallocation between research output and input is computed as the major result. Based on firm registration data, I divided firms into three categories, state-owned firms, private firms and foreign firms. Our result shows that state-owned firms have higher innovation efficiency than others. The high research efficiency belonging to state-owned firms benefited from many industrial policies and preferential policy implemented by government. Due to the lack of innovation technology characterized by OEM (Original equipment manufacturer) model, private firms record lower research performance. Other than domestic firms, foreign firms simply utilize cheap production inputs and the larger market size as a base for process trade. Innovation activities are only conducted by parent companies. That is why foreign firms’ record lower innovation efficiency in this research.