Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/98667
題名: 能源安全對美國中東外交政策工具選擇之影響-以美國石油產量為例
The impact on energy security of US Middle East foreign policy tool of choice-A Case Study of American Oil Production
作者: 邱信國
Chiu, Hsin Kuo
貢獻者: 平思寧
Ping, Szu Ning
邱信國
Chiu, Hsin Kuo
關鍵詞: 頁岩油
能源安全政策
外交政策工具
能源危機
軍事干預
Shale oil
Energy security policy
Foreign policy tool
Energy crisis
Military intervention
日期: 2016
上傳時間: 1-Jul-2016
摘要: 美國擁有豐富的石油儲量,目前已探明的石油儲量即達到 485 億桶,居世界\n第 9 位;同時也於 2014 年追過沙烏地阿拉伯,以平均每日 1164 萬桶的產量成為\n世界上最大石油生產國。但另一方面,美國每日的石油消耗量,更大於歐洲及歐\n亞大陸內 29 個國家的每日消耗量的總合,成為世界上最大的石油消費國。身為\n世界上最大的能源消費國及戰後世界秩序的主導者,同時歷經一、二次世界大戰\n及石油危機的重大衝擊後,深知能源的穩定供應是國家安全的重要基礎,美國必\n須盡全力透過外交甚至軍事手段以確保能源的安全,所以歷屆政府都以能源安全\n作為國家安全及外交政策的重點。 \n中東是目前全球己探明石油儲量最大的地區,也是全球石油產量最大的地區,\n是以美國以能源戰略為導向的外交政策(簡稱能源外交)傳統上是以中東石油為\n重心,美國也將中東地區的均勢與穩定、確保石油運輸通道的安全等視為其最根\n本的國家利益之一。二次世界大戰之後,美國為了擴張或鞏固其在中東地區的影\n響力而投入了大量的資源進行政治、經濟及軍事的干預。而頁岩油的出現使得美\n國石油自給率大幅提高,對中東地區石油的依賴也迅速下滑。 \n頁岩油的出現是否會讓美國改變其向中東傾斜的外交政策,進一步將其全球\n戰略部署重心進行調整至快速崛起的亞洲地區,值得我們觀察與探討。本論文以\n文獻研究之方式,透過分析美國對石油進口的依賴程度與其在中東發生軍事衝突\n時所採用的外交政策工具之間的關聯,嘗試探討在頁岩油革命大幅提高美國能源\n自給率後,是否會影響美國對中東地區事務的干預程度。 \n本研究發現,石油進口比例的確影響了美國在中東地區所運用的外交政策工\n具。石油進口比例高時,美國面對中東的跨國軍事衝突時傾向採取強度較高的外\n交政策工具;石油進口比例低時,則採取干預強度較低的外交政策工具。是以本\n研究認為,在頁岩油革命使美國進一步降低對進口石油的依賴後、將使中東這個\n提供美國主要石油來源的地區的重要性降低。但另一方面,中東除了提供美國重\n要的石油來源,亦是全球的石油供應中心,美國對中東地區的影響力不僅關係到\n美國的能源安全,亦關係到美國全球霸權的地位。
United States has abundant oil reserves that reserves reached 485 billion barrels, ranking No. 9 in the world; and also chase in 2014 over Saudi-Arabia, to 1164 million barrels of production per day on average to become the world largest oil producer. On the other hand, the US daily oil consumption, the greater the total combined daily consumption in Europe and Eurasia in the 29 countries, the world`s largest oil consumer. As the world`s largest energy consumer and the postwar world order leader, after a while, after the Second World War and the significant impact of the oil crisis, we know that stable supply of energy is an important basis for the national security of the United States must do efforts through diplomatic and even military means to guarantee energy security, the successive governments have focused on energy security as national security and foreign policy. The Middle East is currently the world`s largest oil reserves in the region have been proven, is the world`s largest oil production area, based on the US foreign policy-oriented energy strategy (referred to energy diplomacy) is traditionally focus on Middle East oil, the United States will in the Middle East balance and stability in the region, to ensure the safety of oil transport corridor, etc. regarded as one of the most fundamental interests of their country. After World War II, the United States in order to expand or consolidate its influence in the Middle East and put a lot of resources, political, economic, and military intervention. The emergence of shale oil self-sufficiency rate of such a substantial increase in US oil dependence on Middle East oil is also declining rapidly. Shale oil occurs whether the United States will change its foreign policy towards the Middle East tilt further its global strategic center of gravity to adjust to the rapid rise of Asia, we should observe and discuss. In this paper, after the manner of literature, through the analysis of foreign policy tools related U.S. dependence on oil imports and its military conflict in the Middle East used between attempts to discuss a substantial increase in US energy self-sufficiency rate in shale oil revolution, whether the United States will affect the level of intervention in the Middle East affairs. The study found that the proportion of imported oil does affect US foreign policy tool in the Middle East by the use of. A high proportion of oil imports, the United States when faced with cross-border military conflict in the Middle East tends to take a higher intensity of a foreign policy tool; low proportion of imported oil, then take a low intensity intervention foreign policy tool. The present study is that in the US shale oil revolution to further reduce the importance of post-import dependence on oil, the Middle East, will provide the main source of US oil region is reduced. On the other hand, the Middle East and the United States in addition to providing an important source of oil, is also a center of global oil supplies, the US forces in the Middle East not only to America`s energy security, but also related to the status of US global hegemony.
參考文獻: 一、中文部份 \n(一)專書 \n王波,2008,《美國石油政策研究》,北京:世界知識出版社。 \n周琪,2012,《美國能源安全政策與美國對外戰略》,北京:中國社會科學出版社。 \n張士智、趙慧杰,1993,《美國中東關係史》,北京:中國社會科學出版社。 \n倪健民、郭云濤,2009,《能源安全》,浙江:浙江大學出版社。 \n余胜海,2012,《能源戰爭》,北京:北京大學出版社。 \n周煦,2001,《冷戰後美國的中東政策:1989-2000》,臺北:五南 圖書公司。 \n劉月琴,2010,《 伊拉克:伊甸園的故鄉》,香港:香港城市大學出版社。 \n(二)學位論文 \n陳可乾,2003,〈霸權爭奪石油與國際衝突(1973-2003 年)〉,臺北:國立政治大學國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班碩士論文。 \n鍾家安,2001,〈從 1973-1991 年美國石油安全問題看經濟安全概念〉,臺北:國立政治大學外交研究所碩士論文。 \n盧永榮,2012,〈中、美石油戰略競合之研究-兼論對我國國家安全的影響〉,臺北:國立政治大學戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班碩士論文。 \n崔冠仁,2013,〈中美能源戰略之探討-以雙方在非洲石油競爭為例〉,嘉義:國立中正大學戰略暨國家安全碩士在職專班碩士論文。 \n張鴻俊,2010,〈從地緣戰略論中國對中亞國家能源外交〉,臺北:國立政治大學國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班碩士論文。 \n蔡文傑,2013,〈 能源供應與能源外交:以歐盟與俄羅斯能源戰略為例〉,嘉義:國立中正大學政治學系碩士論文。 \n樊為之,2009,〈第二次世界大戰後的美國中東政策研究〉,陝西:西北大學博士論文。 \n黃浩,2005,〈 兩次波斯灣危機中布希政府危機處理之比較〉,臺北:國立政治大學外交研究所碩士論文。 \n(三)期刊 \n平思寧,2015,〈自然資源與國內衝突:權力轉移理論的應用〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》,27(3): 471-506。 \n侯典芹,2006,〈論戰後初期美國中東政策的多重目標〉,《臨沂師範學院學報》,28(5): 76-80。 \n吳榮華、吳桂燕,2014,〈美國能源自主對全球能源市場的影響〉,《能源報導》,1(7 月號):37。 \nBP,2015,「 BP 世界能源統計年鑑 2015 年 6 月」,1:8。 \nHSBC,2013,〈美國能源革命-頁岩油開採將帶來經濟繁榮〉,《投資策略》,1:810。 \nINE,2013,〈 國際石油戰略格局〉,《 原油期貨問答系列 3》, 4-5。 \n黃武良、 劉淑蓉,2015,〈巧奪下一代資源的科技 ─頁岩氣的開發〉,《 科學發展》, 510:58-65。 \n施正鋒,2012,〈 以色列的獨立建國 ─美國的承認〉,《 台灣國際研究季刋》,8(1): 13-54。 \n陳天社,2008,〈 約旦對巴勒斯坦問題的政策及影響〉,《鄭州大學學報》,41(4):154-159。 \n李衛華、焦玉奎,〈美國中東政策的緣起—羅斯福對戰後中東的構想及其影響〉,《阿拉伯世界》,2004(5): 7-10。 \n郝齋田,2007,〈論杜魯門政府的巴勒斯坦政策(1945.4—1948.5)〉 ,《 河南師範大學學報:哲社版》, 2007(1): 66-70。 \n嚴潤成,2009,〈 六五戰爭中阿拉伯國家石油禁運失敗的原因〉,《 綿陽師範學院學報》, 2009(28): 90-93。 \n劉合波,2011,〈 試 析 尼 克 松 政 府 對 1970 年 約 旦 危 機 的 政 策〉,《歷史教學》,2011(14): 62-67。 \n吳東林,2012,〈 以色列國防軍與中東安全〉,《台灣國際研究季刊》,2012(8)1:149-176。 \n葉書宗,2002,〈 蘇聯出兵阿富汗 30 年祭〉,《探索與爭鳴》,2009(12)72-79。 \n詹世亮,2004,〈記 1958 年伊拉克革命勝利與艾森豪威爾主義破產〉,2004(5)28-30。 \n謝奕旭,2014,〈 非戰爭性軍事行動的重新審視與分析〉,《 National Defense Journal》2014(29)6。 \n(四)網路 \n \n王台生,「關於以巴衝突的回應」, http://www.luke54.org/view/1060/5233.html,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 11 月 28 日。 \n中國石油,「人類什麼時候開始發現和使用石油」,http://www.cnpc.com.cn/syzs/sysh/201308/1e986b8f367b4e7c89d7760db77988f4.shtml,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 11 月 7 日。 \n陳鳳翔,「從布希『用油成癮』談話說起」,https://www.fhl.net/main/netopics/netopics1021644.html,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 10 月 10 日。 \n張至函,「歐巴馬政府對烏克蘭危機的政策回應」, http://140.119.184.164/view_ pdf/159.pdf,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 12 月 20 日。 \n新華網,「美國主導世界石油市場百年 繼續為石油糾結」,http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2013-05/09/c_124685582.htm,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 10 月 9 日。 \n國政研究報告,「背景分析-石油與國際危機的關聯」, http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SD/090/SD-R-090-036.htm,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 7 月 27 日。 \n財經知識庫,「IEA:美國 2015 年成為全球石油一哥,2035 年能源自主」, http://www.moneydj.com/KMDJ/News/NewsViewer.aspx?a=d364a482-e62c47b2-9015-5a82b56a4ce8&c=MB07#ixzz3h97cYv7U,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 7月 27 日。 \n自動化在線,「世界資源戰略和資源形勢」,http://www.autooo.net/utf8classid144-id26003.html,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 7 月 28 日。 \n能源知識庫,「頁岩氣革命影響全球能源布局」,http://km.twenergy.org.tw/KnowledgeFree/knowledge_more?id=455,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 7 月 28 日。 \n台灣醒報,「美伊協議後 中東新權力平衡」, https://anntw.com/articles/20131204Dc0M,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 7 月 30 日。 \n中國經濟史論壇,「“歐洲中心論”與世界史研究——兼論世界史研究的“中國學派”問題」,http://economy.guoxue.com/?p=846,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年9 月 19 日。 \n崔守軍,「國際能源格局的變化及對中國能源外交的影響」,http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2014/0916/c68742-25671117.html,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 11 月 7 日。 \n趙家緯,「歐巴馬總統最新國情咨文對美國能源政策之影響 ─強調全方位能源政策對創造就業機會及提高能源安全的貢獻」, http://km.twenergy.org.tw/Read File/?p=Reference&n=2014123111855.pdf,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 11 月 14日。 \n林博文,「 六日戰爭 改變中東歷史走向」, http://www.coolloud.org.tw/node/3430,最後瀏覽日期:2015 年 12 月 5 日。 \n華夏經緯網,「 美國調整打擊“伊斯蘭國”戰略 首提遏制域外擴張」,http://big5.huaxia.com/thjq/jswz/2015/11/4639121.html,最後瀏覽日期:2015年 12 月 23 日。 \n二、外文部份: \n(一)專書 \nAbdullah, Thabit. 2003. A short history of Iraq: from 636 to the present. London,Pearson Longman. \nDaniel Yergin. 2012. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. New York, NY: Free Press. \nGeorge Lenczowski. 1990. American Presidents and the Middle East. North Carolina , NC: Duke University Press. \nFawaz A. Gerges. 2012. The End of America’s Moment? Obama and the Middle East. \nNew York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. \nHarvey O`Connor. 1955. The Empire of Oil. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press. \nWright. 2012. Oil: Demand, Supply and Trends in the United States, term paper of CITRIS Center:2. \nMichael A Palmer. 1999. Guardians of the Gulf: a history of America`s expanding role in the Persian Gulf, 1833-1992 . New York, NY: Free Press. \nGary M. Boutz and Kenneth H. Williams. 2015. U.S. Relations with Iraq From the Mandate to Operation Iraqi Freedom. AirForce History and Museums Program. \nJeremy M. Sharp. 2015. Yemen: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service. \n(二)期刋 \nBillard, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. 2010. “Operation Cyclone: How the United States Defeated the Soviet Union”. Undergraduate Research Journal at UCCS 3.2:25-41. \nEugene Gholz, Daryl G. Press. 2010. ” Protecting “The Prize”: Oil and the U.S. National Interest”. Security Studies 19(3):453-485. \nNeelesh Nerurkar, CRS Report for Congress. 2012. “U.S. Oil Imports and Exports” . Congressional Research Service 7-5700:1-30. \nMark J. Gasiorowski, Cambridge University Press. “The 1953 Coup D`etat in Iran”. \nInternational Journal of Middle East Studies 19(3):261-286. \nArshin Adib-Mbghaddam. Oxford University. “Inventions of the Iran–Iraq War”. \nCritique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 16(1):63-83. \n(三)網路 \nAmal Hamdan. 2003. “Afghanistan: The Soviet Union`s Vietnam”. http://www.aljazeera. \ncom/archive/2003/04/2008410113842420760.html(NOV 12, 2015). \nIran Chamber Society. 2001. “History of Iran, Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988”. http://www.iranchamber.com/history/iran_iraq_war/iran_iraq_war1.php \nJones. 2013. “America, Oil, and War in the Middle East.” \nhttp://jah.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/1/208.full(July 27, 2015). \nGurbanov. 2013. “ENERGY SECURITY DIMENSION IN FOREIGN POLICY.” \nhttp://www.strategicoutlook.org/philosophy/news-energy-security-dimension-in foreign-policy.html(July 27, 2015). \nHeinz. 2012. “Henry Kissinger: If You Can’t Hear the Drums of War You Must Be Deaf.” http://www.globalresearch.ca/accurate-satire-henry-kissinger-if-you-can-t-hear the-drums-of-war-you-must-be-deaf/28610(July 27, 2015). \nEIA. 2012. “Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2011.” \nhttp://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/showtext.cfm?t=ptb0507(July 27, 2015). \nEIA. 2015. “How much petroleum does the United States import and from where?” http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=727&t=6(July 26, 2015). \nEIA. 2014. ”China is now the world’s largest net importer of petroleum and other liquid fuels.” http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=15531(July 26, 2015). \nEIA. 2012. “Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2011.” http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/showtext.cfm?t=ptb0507(July 28, 2015). \nMike Corones. “A relationship beyond Obama and Netanyahu.” http://blogs.reuters.com/data-dive/2015/03/02/a-relationship-beyond-obama-and-netanyahu/(Dec 5, 2015). \nCohen. 2015. “Asia Pivot: Obama’s Ticket out of Middle East?” http://www.brookings. edu/research/opinions/2013/08/21-asia-pivot-obama-middle-east-cohen-ward (July 28, 2015). \nHerz. 2012. “THE MANDATE FOR PALESTINE STILL MATTERS 90 YEARS LATER.” http://www.mandateforpalestine.org/(Nov 28, 2015). \nReuters. 2015. “Kerry says agreed with Russia over U.N. resolution on Syria chemical weapons.” http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-un-draftid USKCN0QB0D920150806(Dec 21, 2015). \nReuters. 2015.” Obama Won`t Send Ground Troops to Fight ISIS.” http://www.news week.com/obama-wont-send-ground-troops-fight-isis-395249(Dec 21, 2015). \nSvetlana Savranskaya. 2001. “THE SOVIET EXPERIENCE IN AFGHANISTAN: RUSSIAN DOCUMENTS AND MEMOIRS.” http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/ soviet.html(Dec 12, 2015). \nU.S. Department of State . 2012. “Energy Diplomacy in the 21st Century.” http://www.state.gov/r/pa/pl/2012/200637.htm(July 28, 2015). \nU.S. Department of State. 2015. “Near Eastern Affairs: Countries and Other Areas.” http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/(Oct. 9, 2015). \nU.S Department of Defense. “Obama Describes Core US Interests in the Middle East.” http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=120847(July 30, 2015). \nGlobal Research. 2013. “US Wars in Afghanistan, Iraq to Cost $6 trillion.” http://www.globalresearch.ca/us-wars-in-afghanistan-iraq-to-cost-6 trillion/5350789(July 30, 2015). \nJimmy Carter President Library& Museum. 2006. “State of the Union Address 1980.” http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/speeches/su80jec.phtml(Auguest 11, 2015) . \nJ.Robinson West, and Raad Alkadrir. 2013. “Iraq, Iran, and the Gulf Region.” , in Energy and security : strategies for a world in transition, eds. Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. \nDaniel Yergin. 2013. “Energy Security and Markets.”, in Energy and security : strategies for a world in transition, eds. Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. \nCharlene Porter. 2012. “Energy Security a U.S. Foreign Policy Priority, Clinton Says”, IIP Digital. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/ english/article/2012/10/ 20121018137687.html#axzz3iOmdguaj. \nBrian Black. 2007. “Petroleum history, United States.”, EoE. http://www.eoearth.org/ view/article/155205/. \nStiglitz and Bilmes. 2010. “The true cost of the Iraq war: $3 trillion and beyond.”, Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/ 2010/09/03/AR2010090302200.html(Dec 12, 2015). \nWhite House. 2006.” President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address”. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060131-10.html(Dec 27, 2015). \nWhite House. 2014.” President Obama: “We Will Degrade and Ultimately Destroy ISIL””.https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/09/10/president-obama-we-will degrade-and-ultimately-destroy-isil(Nov 21, 2015). \nAnders. 1980. “THE FEDERAL ENERGY ADMINISTRATION”, http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/FEA%20History.pdf (Auguest 11, 2015) . \nInvestopedia. 2015. “Shale Oil”, http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/ shaleoil.asp(NOV 12, 2015) . \nJames. 2014. “US oil boom drives trade deficit to four-year low”, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ab25d64a-77e8-11e3-afc5-00144feabdc0.html (Nov 12, 2015) . \nEdward L Morse. 2012. “Energy 2020: North America, the New Middle East?”, http://csis.org/files/attachments/120411_gsf_MORSE_ENERGY_2020_North_America_the_New_Middle_East.pdf (Nov 12, 2015) . \nCongressional Budget Office. 2014. “The Economic and Budgetary Effects of Producing Oil and Natural Gas From Shale”, https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/113th congress-2013-2014/reports/49815-Effects_of_Shale_Production.pdf(Nov 12, 2015) . \nAnna Kim . 2013. “The Shale Revolution Has Come”, http://world-economic.com/ rticles_wej-219.html(Nov 12, 2015) . \nMatt Bowles. 2002.” US Aid: The Lifeblood of Occupation”, http://www.wrmea.org/congress-u.s.-aid-to-israel/us-aid-the-lifeblood-of-occupation.html(Dec 5, 2015) . \nRobert Ferris. 2015. “Fracking caused 2014 Ohio earthquake: Study”, http://www.cnbc.com/2015/01/05/fracking-caused-ohio-earthquake-connected-to-hilcorp-wellsstudy.html (Nov 13, 2015) . \nRabah Arezki, Olivier Blanchard. 2015. “The 2014 oil price slump: Seven key questions”, http://www.voxeu.org/article/2014-oil-price-slump-seven-key-questions l(Nov 12,2015). \nRichard Becker. 2003. “Counter-revolution & resistance in Iraq”, http://www.workers.org/ww/2003/iraq0515.php(Dec 10 2015) . \nThe State of Israel. 2008. “Rogers Plan”, https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/Rogers_eng.htm (Dec 6, 2015). \nArin Kerstein. 2015. “Tools for Achieving Foreign Policy Goals”, http://borgenproject.org/tools-achieving-foreign-policy-goals/(Nov 17, 2015). \nPeter L. Hahn. 2006. “改變中東均勢的蘇伊士運河危機”, http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/E-JOURNAL/EJ_ForEvents/hahn.htm(Dec 3, 2015). \nGoodman. 2003. “50 Years After the CIA`s First Overthrow of a Democratically Elected Foreign Government We Take a Look at the 1953 US Backed Coup in Iran”, http://www.democracynow.org/2003/8/25/50_years_after_the_cias_first#transcript(Dec 8, 2015). \nErvand Abrahamian. 2001. “The 1953 Coup in Iran” , http://www.webcitation.org/5kg6nFIXE(Dec 8, 2015). \nPhil Stewart. 2015. “U.S. supporting Saudi Arabia`s military operation in Yemen source”, http://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2015/03/26/us-supporting-saudi-arabiasmilitary-operation-in-yemen--source/(Nov 20, 2015) . \nCNN. 2012. “Obama recognizes Syrian opposition coalition”, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/11/world/us-syria-opposition/index.html?hpt=imi_c1(Nov 20, 2015). \nCNN. 2012. “Obama warns Syria not to cross `red line`”, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/20/world/meast/syria-unrest/(Nov 20, 2015). \nCNN. 2014. “Obama to cut troops, says Afghanistan `will not be a perfect place`”, http: //edition.cnn.com/2014/05/27/politics/us-afghanistan-troops/(Nov 22, 2015). \nChristian Post. 2012. “1,429 Killed, Including 426 Children, in Syria Chemical Weapons Attack, Says John Kerry”, http://www.christianpost.com/news/1429-killedincluding-426-children-in-syria-chemical-weapons-attack-says-john-kerry103431/(Nov 20, 2015). \nBradley Klapper and Ahmed Al-Haj. 2015. “U.S., Saudis call for 5-day cease-fire in Yemen to let in aid”, http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/2015/05/07/ussaudi-arabia-announce-ceasefire-in-yemen-soon/70938008/(Nov 20, 2015). \nBBC. 2014. “Isis rebels declare `Islamic state` in Iraq and Syria”, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28082962(Nov 20, 2015).
描述: 碩士
國立政治大學
國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班
103981005
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103981005
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

Files in This Item:
File SizeFormat
100501.pdf3.67 MBAdobe PDF2View/Open
Show full item record

Google ScholarTM

Check


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.