南海主權爭端之研究：兼論對我國家安全之影響

Abstract

南海是連接亞太地區與世界的主要海上運輸通道之一，運輸量占世界總量的三分之一，為世界上運量第二大的海上航道。每年全球有一半以上的世界超級油輪通過南海航道航行至中國、臺灣、日本和韓國，而東南亞各國一些主要的原物料和能源，也都是經由南海向外運輸。目前，中國、臺灣、日本及南韓有85%以上的石油進口須經南海運輸，而美國從亞太地區進口各種重要原料90%都經由南海航道運回北美。顯見，南海航道不僅對我國與南海周邊國家乃至全世界許多國家的重要性。\n南海爭端是一個十分複雜敏感的問題，涉及所有南海周邊國家的歷史、政治、經濟、軍事和法律等諸多方面的利益。《聯合國海洋法公約》生效，在解決海岸相向或相鄰國家之間海洋管轄權主張確立了一般性原則，也留下許多模糊不清的解釋空間，進而衍生出各種海洋劃界的問題。南海諸島主權與資源爭議涉及中國、臺灣、越南、馬來西亞、汶萊、菲律賓等六國，南海問題不再是單純的領土主權的爭議問題，未來在如何界定南海島嶼和岩礁及海洋的劃界上的問題，勢將影響到南海周邊國家的海洋權益，將是引發爭議與衝突的主因。\n現階段我國南海問題所遭遇困境是如何在美日、東協與中國之間取得平衡，如兩岸關係過於密切，會讓這些國家對臺灣南海主權爭端產生錯誤認知與不信任感，將惡化我國與這些國家的外交與經貿關係。另一方面，如果臺灣站在美日與東協的一邊對抗中國，恐怕兩岸關係生變，在中國積極打壓下，除壓縮臺灣參與國際空間，可能面臨經濟與國家安全方面的威脅。現今新上任的蔡英文政府在外交與經貿政策方面，選擇刻意疏遠或排除中國是否意味著將改變或放棄「和中、友日、親美」政策，對臺灣未來的發展可能產生深遠的影響，不可不慎。

The South China Sea is one of the primary corridor for the Asia-Pacific region to the world. It is also the second most used sea lane in the world while the volume of transportation is one third of total world volume; over 50% of supertankers in the world passes through this area to mainland China, Taiwan, Japan and Korea every year. Furthermore, the South China Sea is also the dominant channel for the East Asian countries to transport the commodities and materials of energy. Currently, 85% of transportation of petroleum exported to China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea indispensably passes through this area; 90% of commodities imported to the United States of America from the East Asian countries also pass through this lane for the delivery to the North America area. Obviously, the South China Sea is not only significant to Taiwan, but regional countries of this area, even worldwide nations.\nThe territorial disputes in the South China Sea is an extremely complicated issue and this issue involves the dominances of history, politics, economics and laws. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is subject to specify the maritime jurisdiction and sovereignty of coastal states. Nevertheless, some of the articles are still ambiguous and cause the issues on the maritime boundary, and such issues on conflict of sovereignty of the South China Sea Islands and the affiliated resources involve China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and Philippine. Therefore, the issues on the South China Sea will not be only on the territorial disputes; but the disputes and conflict of determination of islands and reefs, and maritime boundary will be the principal cause of disputes and affect the maritime rights and interests on regional countries.\nCurrently, what the dilemma of Taiwan is the diplomatic balance among the \nUnited States, Japan, ASEAN, and China. If the Cross-Strait relations is intimate, this will cause the misperceptions and distrust on the issues of disputes in South China Sea from the United States, Japan and ASEAN, and worsen diplomatic and trade relations with these countries. Alternatively, the Cross-Strait relations will be worse if Taiwan aligns the relations more closely with the United States, Japan, and ASEAN, the Cross-Strait Relations will deteriorate, and China will suppress the participation in the international community of Taiwan, therefore, Taiwan may confront the risk of economics and national security. Nowadays, the newly appointed government officials deliberately alienate themselves or exclude from China in foreign relations and trade policy, and such intention implies the officials would alter or eliminate the policy “Remain a peaceful situation with China, establish a friendly relationship with Japan, and strengthen a close cooperation with the United States”. That would evolve the far-reaching effects for the future of developments in Taiwan.