Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99468
題名: 長期諮商提升自我概念之歷程分析:心理師觀點
The process analysis of long-term psychotherapy in improving the self-concept: From psychotherapist`s point of view
作者: 呂萱
Lu, Hsuang
貢獻者: 陳婉真
Chen, Wan Chen
呂萱
Lu, Hsuang
關鍵詞: 長期諮商
自我概念
歷程分析
心理師觀點
Long-term psychotherapy
self-concept
process analysis
psychotherapist`s point of view
日期: 2016
上傳時間: 21-Jul-2016
摘要: 自我概念與個體的心理狀態息息相關,因此經常被視為心理健康的重要因素。目前已許多研究支持心理諮商對於自我概念的療效,但聚焦於轉變歷程的相關研究鮮少,且國內現有的少數相關研究又以短期諮商取向為焦點。因此,本研究之目的在於探究長期諮商協助自我概念轉變之歷程\n\n本研究以心理師觀點出發,透過質性研究方法,針對六位以長期諮商作為認同取向之資深心理師,藉由一對一的方式,分別進行一次深度訪談。訪談內容聚焦於探究長期諮商提升自我概念的協助,期待能瞭解自我概念於長期諮商前後的轉變,探究自我概念於長期諮商的轉變歷程,發現心理師協助個案提升自我概念之有效作法,並且歸納影響長期諮商的重要因素。本研究之發現如下:\n\n一、自我概念的轉變\n自我概念在長期諮商前後的轉變,包含自我概念由模糊轉為清晰,自我知覺由受限逐漸擴大,自我評價由批評到接納,自我控制感由匱乏逐漸增加。\n\n二、自我概念的轉變歷程\n自我概念的轉變歷程分為三階段:個案試圖從諮商關係中找到內在渴望價值,個案難以下定決心進入改變期,個案的自我概念透過諮商關係慢慢提升。其中階段間轉換的\n關鍵在於:情感轉移的現象為自我概念轉變的重要前提,自我概念透過個案的嘗試鬆動,自我概念藉由矯正性經驗累積提升。\n\n三、心理師協助提升自我概念的作法\n心理師協助個案提升自我概念的做法為:營造矯正性經驗使自我概念逐漸清晰,反映對個案的瞭解而擴大個案對自己的知覺,從心理師的理解與接納協助個案接納自己,鼓勵個案表達自己以增加自我控制感。\n\n四、自我概念提升的關鍵與阻礙\n自我概念提升的關鍵在於:個案對改變的強烈渴望與決心、心理師的專業知能與穩定狀態、改變過程的正向人際經驗、長期諮商充裕的處遇時間。而提升的阻礙為:個案缺乏改變的企圖心與投入,心理師知能的限制與不穩定狀態、改變過程中的痛苦與挫折、長期諮商受外力阻撓中斷。
For the influence of personal mental health, self-concept is commonly seen as an important part in one’s mental state. There were many studies that supported the effects of psychotherapy in improving the self-concept. However, these studies rarely focused on the psychotherapy process in improving the self-concept. In Taiwan, there are a few articles that mentioned the self-concept in short-term psychotherapy approach, but the article about the self-concept in long-term psychotherapy is almost non-existent. Hence, the main purpose of this research is to explore the process of improving the self-concept by the long-term psychotherapy. \n\nThe study used semi-structured interviews to collect data from six psychotherapists who primarily conducted long-term psychotherapy in practice. The researcher individually and in-depth interviewed the psychologists. The interviews lasted for about one and a half hour. The contents of the interviews focused on the change of self-concept, the process of changing the self-concept, the effective interventions of psychotherapist in improving the self-concept, and the key factor and obstacle of improving the self-concept. The main findings of this study were as follows: \n\n1.The change of self-concept includes: The self-concept changes form vague to clear. The self perception changes from limited to extended. The self value changes from self-criticism to self-satisfaction. The psychological control of self changes from incapable to dominated.\n\n2.The process of changing in self-concept includes three states. First, the client was desired to find out the self-value during the counseling relationship. Second, the client hesitated about whether trying or not to continue the counseling. Third, the self-concept was improved through the process of counseling relationship. The key factors of the changes in mental states include three parts. First, transference is the basic phenomenon for the change of the self-concept. Second, the client tried to loosen the self-concept by his will. Last, the self-concept improved through the corrective experiences. \n\n3.The effective interventions of psychotherapist in improving the self-concept include: constructing the corrective experience to enable the self-concept being clear than before, reflecting the understanding of the client to expand the self-perception, helping the client to accept himself by the genuine acceptance of counselor, and encouraging the client to express his feelings to promote the psychological control of self. \n\n4.The key factors of improving the self-concept include: the strong desire and determination to change, the professional skill and stable status of the counselor, the positive interpersonal experience during the counseling process, and the sufficient time to intervene. The obstacles of improving the self-concept include: lacking of the desire and determination to change, the limited skill and instable status of the psychotherapist, the painful and frustrating experience during the counseling process, and the interruption of the external factors.
參考文獻: <中文部分>\n王仕圖、吳慧敏(2005)。深度訪談與案例演練。載於齊力、林本炫(主編),質\n性研究方法與資料分析(97-115頁)。嘉義縣:南華教社所。\n王玉珍、田秀蘭、朱惠瓊、葉寶玲(2011)。優勢中心取向生涯諮商之諮商歷程\n與療效內涵探究。教育心理學報,42(4),631-654。\n王秀絨(2012)。藝術治療中的移情。諮商與輔導,321,2-6。\n申自力、蔡太生(2007)。低自尊的心理學研究。中國臨床心理學誌,15(6),\n634-636。\n江琪彬(2007)。童年期目睹婚姻暴力之女性三代間母女依附關係之研究(未\n出版之碩士論文)。淡江大學,新北市。\n何克倫(2006)。非關黑貓或白貓-諮商中言詞與工作同盟之語用學詮釋研\n究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。\n吳孟娟(2005)。外籍配偶子女自我概念、生活適應與學業成就關係之研究\n-以桃園縣國中為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立政治大學,臺北市。\n吳芝儀、李奉儒(2008)。質性研究與評鑑。嘉義縣:濤石文化。\n吳貞誼(2010)。諮商與心理治療歷程中的同盟破裂與修復:本土心理師的\n經驗訪談研究(未出版之碩士論文)。高雄醫學大學,高雄市。\n吳晃彰(2008)。國小高年級學生自我概念與同儕關係之研究-以桃園縣為\n例(未出版之碩士論文)。銘傳大學,臺北市。\n李文瑄(1999)。當代客體關係理論:回顧與省思。台灣精神醫學,13(1),3-31。\n李昆樺(2001)。心理治療與心理治療外: 個體因應困擾時改變歷程之對比\n研究(未出版之碩士論文)。高雄醫學大學,高雄市。\n李思瑩(2009)。諮商員諮商意圖內涵與形成因素之研究(未出版之碩士論\n文)。國立臺北教育大學,臺北市。\n沈慶鴻(1997)。婚姻暴力代間傳遞之分析研究(未出版之博士論文)。國立彰\n化師範大學,彰化市。\n周玉真(2005)。父母在兒青諮商中的影響及諮商師的工作重點。輔導季刊,\n41(2),21-28。\n周志亭(2005)。國中生自我概念與九年一貫課程各學習領域學業成就之相\n關性研究─以高雄市為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中山大學,高雄市。\n周育滕(2015)。關係取向心理諮商之歷程分析—以一位國小中年危機教師為例。\n中華輔導與諮商學報,42,125-156。\n周奕伶(2002)。焦點解決短期諮商對低自尊個案復原力之建構(未出版之\n碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。\n林杏足(1997)。諮商中當事人自尊改變歷程之分析研究(未出版之博士論\n文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。\n林杏足(2003)。青少年自尊量表編製報告。測驗學刊,50(2),223-256。\n林幸宜(2012)。自我概念對高中職學生犯罪傾向影響之研究(未出版之碩士\n論文)。國立臺北大學,新北市。\n林金定、嚴嘉楓、陳美花(2005)。質性研究方法:訪談模式與實施步驟分析。 身\n心障礙研究,3(2),122-136。\n林家屏(2002)。青少年自我概念與行為困擾之相關研究(未出版之碩士論\n文)。國立成功大學,臺南市。\n林家興、王麗文(2003)。諮商與心理治療進階。臺北市:心理。\n林旖旎(2001)。關係中心諮商模式之理念與應用。彰化師大輔導學報,22,\n33-48。\n邱文君(2013)。朝向個人最佳自尊:正向一致的內外自尊對心理幸福感的\n影響(未出版之碩士論文)。中原大學,桃園市。\n邱皓政(2003)。自我概念向度與成份雙維理論之效度檢驗與相關因素研究。教\n育與心理研究,26,85-131。\n施建彬(1994)。幸福感來源與相關因素之探討(未出版之碩士論文)。高雄醫\n學大學,高雄市。\n胡幼慧(2008)。質性研究-理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。高雄市:巨流。\n范麗娟(1994)。深度訪談簡介。戶外遊憩研究,7(2),25-35。\n唐子俊、蔡瑞修、王慧瑛、黃詩殷、林家興(2006)。憂鬱症合併重複自我傷害\n行為青少年的人際心理治療:正向改變及有效治療因子分析。中華心理衛\n生學刊,19(3),279-304。\n孫允寬(1996)。自尊心:六項自尊基礎的實踐法。臺北市:遠流。\n徐西森、連廷嘉、陳仙子、劉雅瑩(2002)。人際關係的理論與實務。臺北市:\n心理。\n徐宗國(2005)。質性研究概論。臺北市:巨流圖書有限公司。\n馬傳鎮(2003)。田納西自我概念量表之修訂與標準化研究。玄奘社會科學學\n報,1,1-36。\n高淑清(2008)。質性研究的18堂課:首航初探之旅。高雄市:麗文文化。\n高祺淳(2012)。不告而別-不成熟結案當事人之內在經驗(未出版之碩士論\n文)。國立交通大學,新竹市。\n張昆樺(2001)。心理治療與心理治療外:個體因應困擾時改變歷程之對比\n研究(未出版之碩士論文)。高雄醫學大學,高雄市。\n張春興(1991)。張氏心理學辭典(第二版)。臺北市:東華書局。\n張鳳芝(2000)。青少年與父母以及同儕間的依附關係對其自我價值之影響\n研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立東華大學,花蓮縣。\n許雅惠(2009)。大專校院身心障礙學生依附內在運作模式與人際衝突因應方式\n之分析研究。特殊教育研究學刊,34(2),27-46。\n許維素(2010)。焦點解決短期治療高助益性重要事件及其諮商技術之初探研究。\n教育心理學報,41,271-294。\n連廷嘉、徐西森(2004)。諮商歷程中諮商員口語反應型式及其當事人反應行為\n之分析研究-一個本土化歸類系統的初探研究。中華輔導學報,15,1-38。\n郭為藩(1979)。自我心理學。臺南市:開山書店。\n郭為藩(1996)。自我心理學。臺北市:師大書苑。\n陳金燕(1993)。從諮商員的「自我覺察」談諮商員教育。輔導季刊,29(3),62-69。\n陳金燕(2003)。自我覺察在諮商專業中之意涵:兼論自我覺察督導模式。應用\n心理研究,18,59-87。\n陳益綜(1997)。諮商中來談者的依附運作模式之分析研究(未出版之碩士論\n文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。\n陳婉真(2008)。諮商理論與技術。臺北市:三民。\n陳婉真、蔡依玲、黃惠惠、吳國慶(2014)。關係理論取向諮商中個案因應內在\n依賴衝突之分析。教育心理學報,46(1),141-163。\n曾正奇,林怡君(2012)。從個體內觀點看來談者拒行為。諮商與輔導,324,\n54-58。\n湯繼中(2013)。觀護所非行少年之自我概念與生活適應(未出版之碩士論\n文)。健行科技大學,桃園市。\n程小蘋、陳珍德(2001)。大學生求助心態之分析研究。彰化師大輔導學報,\n22,49-88。\n程景琳(2012)。關係性自我概念量表之發展與編製。測驗學刊,59(3),429-450。\n華重增、竇剛、王金良(譯)(2010)。心理學質性資料的分析(原作者:E. Lyons \n& A. Coyle)。重慶市:重慶大學。(原著出版年:2007)。\n黃佩娟(2012)。諮商心理師專業能力之評量及工作場域差異分析(未出版\n之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。\n黃淑清、陳秉華(2005)。心理動力取向治療的知識獲得初探研究。中華輔導學\n報,17,173-212。\n黃景立(2011)。國中生課業壓力、自我概念、學業復原力與學業成就之關\n係(未出版碩士論文)。屏東科技大學,屏東縣。\n黃德祥(1994)。青少年發展與輔導。臺北市:五南。\n黃德祥(2002)。青少年發展與輔導。臺北市:五南。\n楊明磊(2001)。資深諮商工作者的專業發展-詮釋學觀點(未出版之碩士論\n文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。\n楊國樞(1974)。小學與初中學生自我概念的發展及其相關因素。載於楊國樞、張春興(主編),中國兒童行為之發展(417-453頁)。臺北市:環宇。\n葉文婷(2007)。國中生自我概念與創造力關係之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。\n國立台灣科技大學,臺北市。\n葉在庭、花茂棽(2006)。從關係性自我理論看青少年慢性憂鬱情緒患者的自我\n表徵。中華心理衛生學刊,19(2),177-207。\n趙曉美(2000)。自我概念多層面階層結構之驗證暨增進自我概念課程之實\n驗效果(未出版之博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。\n歐柔孜(2006)。心理治療個案:自我改變歷程之敘事分析(未出版之碩士論\n文)。高雄醫學大學,高雄市。\n潘淑滿(2003)。質性研究-理論與應用。臺北市:心理。\n蕭逸維(2014)。運用藝術媒材於諮商歷程經驗之個案研究(未出版之碩士論\n文)。國立臺北教育大學,臺北市。\n賴鑫城(1992)。 國中學生自我概念,學業成就,師生關係對學校態度之研\n究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。\n謝欣霓(2011)。國中輔導教師透露晤談內容行動對晤談關係的影響與因應\n研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺北教育大學,臺北市。\n簡晉龍(2003)。自我建構與主觀幸福感:自尊與相融和諧的角色(未出版\n之碩士論文)。國立政治大學,臺北市。\n顏蔚吟(2007)。男性受戒治人之改變動機及治療投入對康復態度的影響(未\n出版之碩士論文)。國立政治大學,臺北市。\n蘇建文、黃迺毓(1993)。幼兒與母親間依附關係與其學校社會能力表現之研究。\n教育心理學報,26,23-51。\n<英文部分>\nAinsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of \nattachment: Observations in the strange situation and at home. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.\nAllport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York, NY: Holt, \nReinhart & Winston.\nArkoff, A. (1968). Adjustment and mental health. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.\nAshcraft, C., & Fitts, W. H. (1964). Self-concept change in psychotherapy. \nPsychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 1(3), 115-118.\nBainbridge, W. S. (1989). Survey research: A computer-assistant introduction. \nBelmont, CA: Wadsworth.\nBateman, A., & Holmes, J. (1995). Introduction to psychoanalysis: Contemporary \ntheory and practice. London, England: Routledge.\nBaumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), \nHandbook of social psychology (pp. 680-740). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.\nBaumeister, R. F., Campbell, J., Krueger, J., & Vohs, K.(2003). Does high \nself-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or \nhealthier lifestyles? Psychological science in the public interest, 4(1), 1-44.\nBedics, J. D., Atkins, D. C., Comtois, K. A., & Linehan, M. M. (2012). Treatment \ndifferences in the therapeutic relationship and introject during a 2-year \nrandomized controlled trial of dialectical behavior therapy versus nonbehavioral \npsychotherapy experts for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Consulting \nand Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 66-77.\nBernier, A., & Dozier, M. (2002). The client-counselor match and the corrective \nemotional experience: Evidence from interpersonal and attachment research. \nPsychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 39(1), 32-43.\nBlatt, S. J. & Erlich, H.S. (1982). Levels of resistance in the psychotherapeutic \nprocess, In Wachtel,P. L.(Eds). Resistance: Psychodynamic and Behavioral Approaches, 69-91. New York and London: Plenum press.\nBlock, J., & Thomas, H. (1955). Is satisfaction with self a measure of adjustment? \nThe Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(2), 254-259.\nBosson, J. K., Brown, R. P., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Swann, W. B. (2003). \nSelfenhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 2(3), 169-187.\nBowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. International Journal of \nPsychoanalysis, 39, 350-373.\nBowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human \ndevelopment. New York, NY: Basic Books.\nBrack, G., Gay, M. F., & Matheny, K. B. (1993). Relationship between attachment \nand coping resources among late adolescents. Journal of College Student Development, 34(3), 212-215.\nBracken, B. A. (1996). Handbook of self-concept: Developmental, social, and clinical \nconsiderations. New York, NY: Wiley.\nBraden, N. (1969). The psychology of self-esteem. New York, NY: Bantam.\nBretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (1999). Internal working models in attachment \nrelationships: A construct revisited. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical application (pp. 89-111). New York, NY: Guilford Press.\nBruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\nCarden, A. D. (1994). Wife abuse and the wife abuser review and recommendations. \nThe Counseling Psychologist, 22(4), 539-582.\nChang, H. (2008). Help-seeking for stressful events among Chinese college students \nin Taiwan: roles of gender, prior history of counseling, and help-seeking \nattitudes. Journal of College Student Development, 49(1), 41-51.\nChen, S., Boucher, H. C., & Tapias, M. P. (2006). The relational self revealed: \nIntegrative conceptualization and implications for interpersonal life. \nPsychological Bulletin, 132, 151-179.\nClair, M. S. (1986). Object relations and self psychology: An introduction. Belmont, \nCA: Wadsworth.\nClarkin, J. F., Lenzenweger, M. F., Yeomans, F., Levy, K. N., & Kernberg, O. F. \n(2007). An object relations model of borderline pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(5), 474-499.\nCooley, C. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York, NY: Scribner.\nCorey, G. (2009). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (8th ed.). \nBelmont, CA : Thomson Brooks/Cole.\nCote, J. E., & Levine, C. (1987). A formulation of Erikson’s theory of ego identity \nformulation. Developmental Review, 7(4), 273-325.\nCrits-Christoph, P., & Barber, J. P. (2000). Long-term psychotherapy. In C. R. Snyder \n& R. E. Ingram (Eds.), Handbook of psychological change:Psychotherapy processes & practices for the 21st Century (pp. 455-473). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.\nDenzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research. New York, \nNY: Sage Publications.\nDowd, E. T.& Seibel, C. A.(1990). A cognitive theory of resistance and reactance: \nimplications for treatment. Journal of Mental Health Counseling,12(4), 458-469.\nDusek, J. B. (1996). Adolescent development and behavior. New York, NY: A Simon \n& Schuster Company.\nEgan, G. (1986). The skilled helper: A systematic approach to effective helping (3rd \ned.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks.\nElliott, R., Bohart, A.C., Watson, J.C., & Greenberg, L.S. (2011). Empathy. In J. \nNorcross (ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed.) (pp. 132-152). New York: Oxford University Press.\nEpatein, S. (1973). The self-concept revisited, or a theory of a theory. American \nPsychologist, 28, 404-416.\nErikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York, NY: Norton.\nFay, A., & Lazarus, A. A.(1984) The therapist in behavioral and multimodal therapy. \nin Kaslow, Florence W. (Ed), (1984). Psychotherapy with psychotherapists(pp. 1-15). Binghamton, NY, US: The Haworth Press, xii, 202 pp.\nFeeney , J. A., & Noller, P. (1996). Adult attachment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\nFischer, K. W., & Kennedy, B. (1997). Tools for analyzing the many shapes of \ndevelopment: The case of self-in-relationships in Korea. In E. Amsel & K. A. \nRenninger (Eds.), Change and development: Issues of theory, method, and application (pp. 117-152). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.\nFitts, W. H. (1965). Manual: Tennessee self-concept scale. Nashville, TN: Counselor \nRecordings & Tests.\nFitzpatrick, M. R., & Stalikas, A. (2008). Integrating positive emotions into theory, \nresearch, and practice: A new challenge for psychotherapy. Journal of \nPsychotherapy Integration, 18(2), 248-258.\nFonagy, P., & Target, M. (2003). Psychoanalytic theories: Perspectives from \ndevelopmental psychopathology. London, England: Whurr.\nFonagy, P., Gergeley, G., Jurist, E. J., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, \nmentalization, and the development of the self. New York, NY: Other Press.\nFreud, S. (1914). Psychopathology of everyday life. New York, NY: The Macmillan \nCompany.\nFreud, S. (1920). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Boni and \nLiveright.\nFreud, S. (1923). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (ed.), The standard edition of the \ncomplete psychological works of Sigmund Freud vol 19 (pp. 1-66). London, England: Hogarth press.\nFreud, S. (1926). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. In J. Strachey (ed.), The \nstandard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud vol 20 (pp. 75-175). London, England: Hogarth press.\nFrey, D., & Carlock, C. J. (1989). Enhancing self-esteem. Bristol, PA: Accelerated \nDevelopment.\nGabbard, G. O. (1995). Countertransference: The emerging common ground. The \nInternational Journal of Psychoanalysis, 76(3), 475-485.\nGabbard, G. O. (2004). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: A basic text. \nWashington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.\nGabbard, G. O., Gunderson, J. G., & Fonagy, P. (2002). The place of psychoanalytic \ntreatments within psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 59(6), 505-510.\nGelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1985). The relationship in counseling and \npsychotherapy: Components, consequences, and theoretical antecedents. The \nCounseling Psychologist, 13(2), 155-244.\nGelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1994). Components of the psychotherapy relationship: \ntheir interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 296-306.\nGoldenberg, H., & Goldenberg, I. (2008). Family therapy: An overview. Belmont, \nCA: Thompson Brooks/Cole.\nGreenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences \nof a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In R. F. Baumeister (ed.), \nPublic self and private self (pp. 189-212). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.\nGunderson, J. G., & Gabbard, G. O. (1999). Making the case for psychoanalytic \ntherapies in the current psychiatric environment. Journal of America Psychoanalysis Association, 47, 679-703.\nHammond, K. J. (1990). Case-based planning: A framework for planning from \nexperience. The Journal of Cognitive Science, 14(3), 385-443.\nHankin, B. L., Kassel, J. D., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2005). Adult attachment dimensions \nand specificity of emotional distress symptoms: prospective investigations of \ncognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. \nPersonality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 136-151.\nHendricks, M. N. (2002). Focusing-oriented/experiential psychotherapy. In D. J. Cain \n& J. Seeman (Eds.), Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and \npractice (pp. 221-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.\nHill, C. E., Sim, W., Spangler, P., Stahl, J., Sullivan, C., & Teyber, E. (2008). \nTherapist immediacy in brief psychotherapy: Case study II. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45(3), 298-315.\nHinkley, K., & Andersen, S. M. (1996). The working self-concept in transference: \nSignificant-other activation and self-change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1279–1295.\nJames, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & \nWinston.\nKelly, A. E. (2000). Helping construct desirable identities: A self-presentational view \nof psychotherapy. Psychological Bulletin, 126(4), 475-494.\nKernberg, O. F. (1982). Self, ego, affects, and drives. Journal of the American \nPsychoanalytic Association, 30, 893-917.\nKernis, M. H. (1989). Self-esteem and reactions to failure: The mediating role of \novergeneralization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(4), \n707-714.\nLaBenne, W. D., & Greene, B. I. (1969). Educational implications of the self-concept \ntheory. Pacific Palisades, CA: Godyear.\nLazarus, A. A. & Fay, A.(1982).Resistance or rationalization?a cognitive-behavioral \nperspective. In P. L. Wachtel(Eds). Resistance: Psychodynamic and behavioral approaches, 15-132. New York and London: Plenum press.\nLeichsenring, F., Rabung, S. (2008). Effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic \npsychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300, 1551-1565.\nLeung, S. O. (1992). Estimation and application of latent variable models in \ncategorical data analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 45(2), 311-328.\nLevy, K. N., Blatt, S. J., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and parental \nrepresentations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 407-419.\nLuborsky, E. B., O’reilly-Landry, M., & Arlow, J. A. (2008). Psychoanalysis. In R. J. \nCorsini & D. Wedding, Current psychotherapies (pp. 15-62). Belmont, CA: Thomson.\nLuborsky, L., McLellan, T., Woody, G. E., O’Brien, C. P., & Auerbach, A. (1985). \nTherapist success and its determinants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 602-611.\nMarcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (ed.), Handbook of \nAdolescent Psychology (pp. 159-187). New York, NY: John Wiley.\nMartin, J. (1984). The cognitive mediational paradigm for research on counseling. \nJournal of Counseling Psychology, 31,558-571.\nMatsakis, A. (1998). Managing client anger: What to do when a client is angry at \nyou. Oakland, CA: New Harlinger Publications.\nMcClellan, A. C., & Killen, M. R. (2000). Attachment theory and violence toward \nwomen by male intimate partners. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32(4), 353-360.\nMcGrath, J. & McGrath, A. (1992). The Dilemma of self-esteem: The cross and \nChristian confidence. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books.\nMead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago \nPress.\nMufson, L., Weissman, M. M., Moreau, D., & Garfinkel, R. (1999). The efficacy of \ninterpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 573-579.\nMurray, S. L. (2002). When rejection stings: How self-esteem constrains \nrelationship-enhancement processes. Journal of Personality and Social \nPsychology, 83(3), 556-573.\nPatterson, C. P. (1980). Theories of counseling psychotherapy (3rd ed.). New York: \nHarper & Row.\nPaula, A. D. (2002). Self-esteem and persistence in the face of failure. Journal of \nPersonality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 711-724.\nReasoner, R. W., & Dusa, G. S. (1991). Building self-esteem in the secondary \nschools: Teacher’s manual. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.\nReiss, D., Hetherington, E. M., Plomin, R., Howe, G. W., Simmens, S. J., Henderson, \nS. H., O`Connor, T. J., Bussell, D. A., Anderson, E. R., & Law, T. (1995). Genetic questions for environmental studies: differential parenting and psychopathology in adolescence. Formerly archives of general psychiatry, 52(11), 925-936.\nRobbins, S. B., Mullison, D., Boggs, K., Riedesel, B., & Jacobson, B. (1985). \nAttrition behavior before career development workshops. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(2), 232-238.\nRoberts, J. E. (1992). Vulnerable self-esteem and depressive symptoms: Prospective \nfinding comparing three alternative conceptualizations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(5), 804-812.\nRogers, C. R. (1951). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. \nBoston, MA: Houghton Mifflim.\nRogers, C. R. (1957).The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic \npersonality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95-103.\nRosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York, NY: Basic Books.\nRosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global \nself-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. \nAmerican Sociological Review, 60(1), 141-156.\nSafran, J. D., Muran, J. C., Samstag, L. W., & Stevens, C. (2002). Repairing alliance \nruptures. In J. C. Norcross (ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (pp. 235-254). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.\nSampson, H. (2005). Treatment by attitudes. In G. Silberschatz (ed.), Transformative \nrelationships: The control-mastery theory of psychotherapy (pp. 111-120). New York, NY: Routledge.\nSandell, R., Blomberg, J., & Lazar, A. (2001). Long-term outcome of long-term \npsychoanalytically oriented therapies: First findings of the stockholm outcome of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis study. Psychotherapy Research, 11(4), 361-382.\nSandell, R., Blomberg, J., Lazar, A., Carlsson, J., Broberg, J., & Schubert, J. (2000). \nVarieties of long-term outcome among patients in psychoanalysis and long-term psychotherapy: A review of findings in the stockholm outcome of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy project (STOPP). The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 81(5), 921-942.\nSatir, V. (1967). Conjoint family therapy: A guide to theory and technique. Palo Alto, \nCA: Science and Behavior Books.\nSchott, G., & Bellin, W. (2001). Reassessing psychometric techniques in exploration \nof a relational self. School Psychology International, 22, 434-450.\nSeibel, C. A., & Dowd, E. T. (1999). Reactance and therapeutic noncompliance. \nCognitive Therapy and Research, 23(4), 373-379.\nShaffer, D., & Greenberg, T. (2002). Suicide and suicidal behavior in children and \nadolescents. In D. Shaffer & B. D. Waslick (Eds.), The many faces of depression \nin children and adolescents. Review of Psychiatry, 21(2), 129-178.\nShavelson, R. J., Hubner, J. J., & Stanton, G. C. (1976). Self-concept: Validation of \nconstruct interpretation. Review of Education Research, 46, 407-411.\nSinderman, M. S. (1983). Self-esteem in psychotherapy. Canadian Journal of \nPsychiatry, 28(7), 577-582.\nSquire, L. R. (1987). Memory and brain. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.\nSt. Clair, M., & Wigren, J. (2004). Object relations and self psychology: An \nintroduction (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.\nStuart, S., & Robertson, M.(2003). Interpersonal psychotherapy: A clinician’s guide. \nNew York: Oxford University Press Inc.\nSullivan, H. S. (1938). Introduction to the study of interpersonal relations. Psychiatry, \n1, 121-134.\nSvartberg, M., Stiles, T. C., & Seltzer, M. H. (2004). Randomized, controlled trial of \nthe effectiveness of short-term dynamic psychotherapy and cognitive therapy for \ncluster C personality disorders. America Journal of Psychiatry, 161(5), 810-817.\nTaylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1994). Positive illusions and well-being revisited: \nSeparating fact from fiction. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 21-27.\nTeyber, E., & McClure, F. H. (2011). Interpersonal process in psychotherapy: An \nintegrative model. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.\nvan Zyl, J. D., Cronjé, E. M., & Payze, C. (2006). Low self-esteem of psychotherapy \npatients: A qualitative inquiry. The Qualitative Report,11(1), 182-208.\nVerschueren, K., & Marcoen, A. (1999). Representation of self and socioemotional \ncompetence in kindergartners: Differential and combined effects of attachment to mother and to father. Child Development, 70(1), 183-201.\nVogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated \nwith seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(3), \n325-337.\nWampold, B. E. (2001). The great psychotherapy debate: Models, method, and \nfindings. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.\nWaterman, A. S. (1988). Identity status theory and Erikson`s theory: Communalities \nand differences. Developmental Review, 8(2), 185-208.\nWaters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000). \nAttachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal \nstudy. Child Development, 71(3), 684-689.\nWeiss, J. (1993). How psychotherapy works. New York, NY: Guilford Press.\nWeiss, J. (2005). Safety. In G. Silberschatz (ed.), Transformative relationships: The \ncontrol-mastery theory of psychotherapy (pp. 31-43). New York, NY: Routledge.\nWells, L. E., & Marwell, G. (1976). Self-esteem: Its conceptualization and \nmeasurement. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. \nWenning, K. (1993). Long-term psychotherapy and informed consent. Psychiatric \nServices, 44(4), 364-367.\nWeston, D. (1999). The scientific status of unconsciousness: is Freud really dead? \nJournal of America Psychoanalysis association, 47, 1061-1106.\nWilliamson, D. E., Birmaher, B., Frank, E., Anderson, B. P., Malty, M. K., & Kupfer, \nD. J. (1998). Nature of life events and difficulties in depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(10), 1049-1057.\nWinston, A., Laikin, M., & Pollack, J. (1994). Short-term psychotherapy of \npersonality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 190-194.\nWu, C. H., & Lin, Y. C. (2005). The influence of adult attachment styles on the sense \nof trust to cyber-others and the cyber self-certainty (in Chinese). Journal of Cyber Culture and Information Society, 9, 325-342.\nYardley, L. (2000). Dilemmas in qualitative health research. Psychology and Health, \n15, 215-228.\nYoung, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M.E. (2003). Schema therapy: A \npractitioner`s guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.\nZeanah, C. H., & Zeanah, P. D. (1989). Intergenerational transmission of \nmaltreatment: Insights from attachment theory and research. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 52(2), 177-196.\nZiller, R. (1969). The alienation syndrome: A tradic pattern of self-other orientation, \nSociometry, 15, 87-93.
描述: 碩士
國立政治大學
輔導與諮商碩士學位學程(MPCG)
102172009
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1021720091
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

Files in This Item:
File SizeFormat
009101.pdf9.17 MBAdobe PDF2View/Open
Show full item record

Google ScholarTM

Check


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.