Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99829
題名: 邊沁的最大幸福原則:其理論內涵及應用
Jeremy Bentham’s Greatest Happiness Principle: Its Theory and Application
作者: 吳文和
貢獻者: 陳建綱
吳文和
關鍵詞: 最大幸福原則
邊沁
效益主義
多元成家
同性婚姻
同志
少數
羅爾斯
彌爾
康德
諾奇克
Greatest Happiness Principle
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarianism
Pluralistic Family
Same-sex marriage
LGBT
minorities
John Rawls
John Stuart Mill
Immanuel Kant
Robert Nozick
日期: 2016
上傳時間: 9-Aug-2016
摘要: 邊沁和效益主義主張「最大多數的最大幸福」,這樣的主張引起了擔憂,如羅爾斯擔憂是否會對少數者有不合理的要求。由於羅爾斯著作的深遠影響,本文試圖重新反思這些對邊沁和效益主義的批判。本文回到邊沁的著作,依據邊沁的理論前提和內涵,進而回應羅爾斯與諾奇克等對邊沁思想之疑問,並說明邊沁的最大幸福原則與康德批評的幸福原則之不同。批評者時常過度簡化了邊沁的思想,這不僅是對邊沁人性觀的片面解讀,也有違邊沁講求「證據」的經驗主義知識論。呼應諾貝爾經濟學獎得主康納曼所提出的「回到邊沁」之主張,本文的結論是「經驗效益的理性計算」、「依賴經驗的假設檢定」和「外力的法律制裁」只是用來協助道德,最大幸福原則的主要道德動力來源是人自身同情共感地不想讓她/他/牠者受苦,此與羅爾斯的互惠式正義理論不同;同時,效益必須以客觀經驗證據為基礎,最大幸福原則不只不會對少數者有不合理之要求,還主張為少數者爭取合理之「公民與法律權利」。此外,本文承繼邊沁將理論應用於社會改革之精神,效仿邊沁生前曾為英國性少數發聲和對婚姻改革之努力,將最大幸福原則應用於我國伴侶盟提出的多元成家草案。本文的觀點是,最大幸福原則能突破目前人權理論遭遇之各說各話的困境,不只為多元成家草案提供一個雙方均能接受之原則,最大幸福原則也足以作為個人道德生活和公共立法的指引。
參考文獻: 邊沁原著及縮寫\n\nFragment\n1995 “A Fragment on Government,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 1. London: Thoemmes Press.\nPrinciples\n1995 “Principles of Morals and Legislation,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 1. London: Thoemmes Press.\nCivil\n1995 “Principles of the Civil Code,”in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 1. London: Thoemmes Press.\nRationale\n1995 “The Rationale of Reward,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 2. London: Thoemmes Press.\nBook\n1995 “The Book of Fallacies,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 2. London: Thoemmes Press.\nFallacies\n1995 “Anarchical Fallacies,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 2. London: Thoemmes Press.\nManual\n1995 “Manual of Political Economy” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 3. London: Thoemmes Press.\nView\n1995 “View of a Complete Code of Laws,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 3. London: Thoemmes Press.\nPannomial\n1995 “Pannomial Fragments,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 3. London: Thoemmes Press.\nBill\n1995 “Radical Reform Bill,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 3. London: Thoemmes Press.\nEvidence\n1995 “Rationale of Evidence,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 6. London: Thoemmes Press.\nJudicial Evidence\n1995 “Rationale of Judicial Evidence,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 7. London: Thoemmes Press.\nConstitutional Code\n1995 “Constitutional Code,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 9. London: Thoemmes Press.\nTable\n1983 “A Table of the Springs of Action ” in Amnon Goldworth ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Deontology together with A table of the springs of action and the article on Utilitarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.\nDeontology\n1983 “Deontology ” in Amnon Goldworth ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Deontology together with A table of the springs of action and the article on Utilitarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.\nArticle\n1983 “The Article on Utilitarianism ” in Amnon Goldworth ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Deontology together with A table of the springs of action and the article on Utilitarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.\nCode\n1983 “Constitutional Code ” in F. Rosen ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Constitutional Code. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nConstitutional\n1989 “Constitutional Code Rationale ” in Philip Schofield ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: First Principles Preparatory to Constitutional Code. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nGreece\n1990 “Constitutional Code: Greece ” in Philip Schofield ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Securities against misrule and other constitutional writings for Tripoli and Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nCodification\n1998 “Codification Proposal ” in F. Rosen and Philip Schofield ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Legislator of the world. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nSexual\n2014 “Of Sexual Irregularities” in Philip Schofield ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham. New York: Oxford University Press.\nFG\n1988 A Fragment on Government, ed. by J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart, with an introduction by Ross Harrison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nTheory\n1970 Theory of Legislation, ed. by R. Hildreth. London: Paternoster Row.\nPaederasty\n2009 “An Essay on Paederasty,” in Robert B. Baker and Kathleen J. Wininger ed.,Philiosophy and Sex. (Fourth)New York: Prometheus Books.\n\n外文部分\n\nAlbee, Ernest\n1957 A History of English Utilitarianism. (2nd) London: George Allen and Unwin.\nBeccaria, Cesare\n2009 On Crimes and Punishments. (5th) New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishes.\nBaird, Vanessa\n2007 The No-Nonsense Guide to Sexual Diversity. Oxford: New Internationalist.\nBrogan, A. P.\n1991 “John Locke and Utilitarianism,”in Richard Ashcraft ed.,John Locke:Critical Assessments: Vol. 4. London: Routledge, pp.690-710.\nCrimmins, James E.\n1990 Secular Utilitarianism: Social Science and Critique of Religion in Thought of Jeremy Bentham. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\n1996 “Contending Interpretations of Bentham’s Utilitarianism” Canadian Journal of Political Science 29(4):751-777.\n2002 “Bentham and Hobbes: An Issue of Influence” Journal of the History of ideas 63(4):677-696.\nCampos Boralevi, Lea\n1984 Bentham and the Oppressed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.\nDiogenes Laertius\n1925 Lives of eminent philosophers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.\nGiddens, Anthony\n1992 The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.\nHalevy, Elie\n1960 The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism. Boston: The Beacon Press.\nHare, R. M.\n1982 “Ethical theory and Utilitarianism,” in Amartya Sen and Bernard Williams ed., Utilitarianism and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., pp.23-38.\nHart, H. L. A.\n1982 Essays on Bentham: Jurisprudence and Political Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\n1983 Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nHarsanyi John. C.\n1982 “Morality and the theory of rational behaviour,” in Amartya Sen and Bernard Williams ed., Utilitarianism and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., pp.39-62.\nHimmelfarb, Gertrude.\n1970 “Bentham’s Utopia: The National Charity Company” Journal of British Studies 10(1):80-125.\nHobbes, Thomas\n1950 Leviathan, with an introduction by A. D. Lindsay. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., Inc.\nHume, David\n1978 A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. by L. A. Selby-Bigge, with text revised and variant readings by P. H. Nidditch. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nJevons, William Stanley\n2013 The Theory of Political Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.\nKahneman, Daniel\n1997 “Back to Bentham? Explorations of Experienced Utility” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(2):375-405.\nKelly, Paul Joseph\n1990 Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice: Jeremy Bentham and the Civil Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nKant, Immanuel\n1949 Fundamental Principle of the Metaphysic of Morals. Oxford: Clarendon Press, translated by Tomas K. Abbott. New York: Liberal Arts Press, Inc.\n1799 The Metaphysic of Morals: divided into Metaphysical Elements of Law and od Ethics. London: Printed for the translatior; and sold by William Richardson.\nKymlicka, Will\n2002 Contemporary Political Philosophy. (2nd) Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nLyons, D\n1993 “Was Bentham a Utilitarian,” in Bhikhu Parekh ed., Jeremy Bentham: Critical Assessments: Vol. 2. London: Routledge, pp.381-403.\nMill, John Stuart\n1979 Utilitarianism. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.\n1950 On Bentham and Coleridge. New York: Harper & Brothers.\n1937 Autobiography and Essay on Liberty. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Corporation.\nMorrow, John\n2005 History of Western Political Thought: A Thematic Introduction.(2nd) New York: Palgrave Macmillan.\nMather, James\n1834 The Constitutions of Great Britain, France, and the United States of America. London:Effingham Wilson.\nNozick, Robert\n1974 Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Basic Books, Inc.\nNg, Yew-Kwang.\n1975 “Bentham or Bergson? Finite Sensibility, Utility Functions and Socail Welfare Function” The Review of Economic Studies 42(4):545-569.\nParekh, Bhikhu\n1993 “Bentham’s Theory of Equality,” in Bhikhu Parekh ed., Jeremy Bentham:Critical Assessments: Vol. 3. London: Routledge, pp.645-663.\nPlace F.\n1970 “The Greatest Happiness of Principle,” in Bhikhu Parekh ed., Jeremy Bentham:Critical Assessments: Vol. 2. London: Routledge, pp.645-663.\nPlamenatz, John\n1966 The English Utilitarians. (2nd) Oxford: Basil Blackwell.\nPosner, Eric A.\n2008 “Human Welfare, not Human Rights” Colubia Law Review 108:1758-1801.\nRawls, John\n1971 A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.\nRosen, Harvey S.\n2002 Public Finance. New York: McGraw-Hill.\nRosen, Frederick\n1983 Jeremy Bentham and Representative Democracy: A Study of the Constitutional Code. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n2003 Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill. London: Routledge.\nRousseau\n1994 The Social Contract. New York: Oxford.\nSchofield, Philip\n2006 Utility and Democracy: The Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nSinger, Peter\n2002 Animal Liberation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.\nSmart, J. J. C.\n1973 Utilitarianism: for and against. New York: Cambridge University Press.\nSkinner, Quentin\n2002 “Meaning and understanding in the history of ideas,” in Visions of Politics: Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 55-89.\nSokol, Mary.\n2011 Bentham, Law and Marriage. London: Bloomsbury.\nTwinning, William\n1975 “The Contemporary Significance of Bentham’s Anarchical Fallacies” Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy 61(3):325-356.\n\n中文著作\n\n卡維波\n2015 〈為何同性戀平權不是同婚的有效理由?〉,《應用倫理評論》,58:57-67。\n何思瑩\n2015 〈只破不立,無以為繼—談毀家廢婚派的幾點問題〉,《應用倫理評論》,58:69-99。\n余淑娟\n2014 〈效益主義的當代省思〉,輔仁大學哲學系碩士在職專班。\n娄伶俐\n2010 《主觀幸福感的經濟學理論與實證研究》上海:人民出版社。\n海耶克著,鄭正來、張守東、李靜冰譯\n2000 《法律、立法與自由》北京:中國大百科全書出版社。\n徐偉初、歐俊男、謝文盛\n2012 《財政學》,臺北:華泰。\n孫善豪\n2002 〈價值形式與統治形式〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》,2:47-83。\n許國賢\n1995 〈福利權與使用他人的政治〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》,7(1):223-245。\n2004 〈德行、干預與個人自由〉,《政治科學論叢》,20:1-28。\n2011 〈民主生活與公共利益:一個預備性的考察〉,《行政暨政策學報》,53:1-24。\n2014 〈潘恩與邁斯特:革命時代裡的政治理論時刻〉,《東吳政治學報》,32(1):143-213。\n梁文韜\n 2004 〈政治經濟學的哲學基礎、性質與方法論:古典效益主義思想家的觀點〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》,10:33-82。\n陳昭如\n2010〈婚姻作為法律上的異性戀父權與特權〉,《女學學誌:婦女與性別研究》,27:113-199。\n陳建綱\n2011 〈從同情共感到效益:論《人性論》與《道德原理探索》的異與同〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》,38:1-56。\n2015 〈休謨是契約論者嗎?對高提也的”David Hume, Contractarian”之批判性反思〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》,55:1-49。\n黃偉合\n 2005《英國近代自由主義研究─從洛克、邊沁到彌爾》北京:北京大學出版社。\n甯應斌\n2007 〈同性戀是社會建構嗎?─保守與革命的社會建構論〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》,20:1-55。\n簡至潔\n2012 〈從同性婚姻到多元家庭─朝向親密關係民主化的立法運動〉,《台灣人權學刊》,1(3):187-201。\n關啟文\n2015 〈婚姻平權的反思〉,《應用倫理評論》,58:13-55。\n波斯特瑪(Postema)著,徐同遠譯\n2013 《邊沁與普通法傳統》北京:法律出版社。\n葉浩\nhttp://hpe.org.tw/3rdNHI_3_Program.pdf,查詢日期2015年9月20日。\n台灣社會變遷調查 http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/sc/cht/scDownload2.php#fourth,查詢日期2015年9月20日。\n法規資料庫\nhttp://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=A0000001,查詢日期2015年9月19日。\n公視新聞網\nhttp://news.pts.org.tw/detail.php?NEENO=304707,查詢日期2015年8月28日。\n行政院主計總處\n2014 《國民幸福指數年報》,臺北:行政院主計總處。\n立法院國會圖書館\nhttp://npl.ly.gov.tw/do/www/homePage,查詢日期2015年7月8日。\n台灣同志遊行\nhttp://twpride.org/twp/,查詢日期2015年7月8日。\n台灣伴侶權益推動聯盟\nhttps://tapcpr.wordpress.com/,查詢日期2015年7月8日。\n台灣守護家庭\nhttps://taiwanfamily.com/,查詢日期2015年7月8日。\n同志諮詢熱線\nhttp://hotline.org.tw/,查詢日期2015年7月8日。\n婦女新知基金會\nhttp://www.awakening.org.tw/chhtml/news_dtl.asp?id=1030,查詢日期2015年8月28日。\n國立國父紀念館 中山學術資料庫\nhttp://sunology.culture.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/s1gsweb.cgi/ccd=vQCm.3/record?r1=1&h1=4,查詢日期2015年8月16日。\n國家教育研究院\nhttp://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/229952/,查詢日期2015年8月11日。\n美國心理學學會\nhttp://www.apa.org/about/policy/parenting.aspx 查詢日期2016年4月5日。\n衛生福利部疾病管制署 http://www.cdc.gov.tw/diseaseinfo.aspx?treeid=8d54c504e820735b&nowtreeid=dec84a2f0c6fac5b&tid=0D62EE0F6D4EBF8C 查詢日期2016年4月5日。\n參照大大養成所 \nhttp://leplab.blogspot.tw/2013/11/blog-post_8.html 查詢日期2016年4月5日。\n國政評論\nhttp://www.npf.org.tw/1/12363 查詢日期2016年4月5日。\n財團法人罕見疾病基金會 http://www.tfrd.org.tw/tfrd/service_d/main/category_id/ 3查詢日期2016年4月5日。\n拉媽報\nhttp://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/article/9153706 查詢日期2016年4月5日。\n科學人\nhttp://www.guokr.com/article/59746/ 查詢日期2016年4月5日。\n司法院大法官 http://www.judicial.gov.tw/constitutionalcourt/p10_02.asp?id=381 查詢日期2016年4月1日。\n公共政策網路參與平臺\nhttp://join.gov.tw/openup/policies/detail/f69c2804-ba8c-46b0-b24f-6ae5db845789 查詢日期2016年3月28日。
描述: 碩士
國立政治大學
政治學系
101252007
資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1012520071
資料類型: thesis
Appears in Collections:學位論文

Files in This Item:
File SizeFormat
007101.pdf2.27 MBAdobe PDF2View/Open
Show full item record

Google ScholarTM

Check


Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.