身體的規訓、儀態化與抵抗- 一個幼兒園班級的民族誌研究

Abstract

身體是一個媒介，使整個社會文化藉由身體的接觸刻印到身體裡，並透過身\n體再體現文化。幼兒亦同，但相較於其他年齡層的個體，幼兒的身體更容易受成人期待或學校規範形塑。例如幼兒的扮家家酒遊戲、排隊、睡覺、吃飯等，藉由與自身以外的人、事、物接觸，有意或無意地學習社會文化。本研究旨趣於幼兒的身體如何被學校裡各種規訓機制所改造，進而看見幼兒在儀態化身體所體現的文化意識形態。因此將研究焦點關注在三個焦點，分別為（一）幼兒園課程的身體規訓；與（二）儀態化身體所體現的文化意識形態；（三）幼兒的身體如何抵抗與挑戰大人的規則。藉由一個幼兒園班級的民族誌研究，記錄幼兒園的生活的四面向：靜態教學（團討、角落、課程）、動態教學（排隊、運動）、用餐、睡覺。\n本研究以Foucault 的觀點，從上述四個面向整理幼兒園課程對幼兒身體的\n規訓手段，並配合Bourdieu 的分析歸納幼兒的身上所體現的四種儀態化身體（團結、受命、被管控、僵固），以瞭解規訓的策略在幼兒身上所體現的樣貌。此外，本研究也發現幼兒身體所出現四種型態身體的抵抗（挑釁、隱蔽、愉悅、溢出框架）。藉著被策略控制與抵抗之間來呈現幼兒園中教師與幼兒互動的立體樣貌。

This is a research about early childhood education, culture and everyday lives in the kindergarten. The main points in this study is the body plays as a mediation with social culture and ideology. Social culture manifested through the body. The children’s bodies learn social culture by imitating what their observation, complying with rules in the kindergarten, etc. Researcher gets in one kindergarten in Taiwan with an ethnographic method, and pays attention to how children’s bodies were disciplined and shaped. Thus, this research focuses on three questions:\n1. What are disciplinary strategies in the kindergarten?\n2. What kinds of cultural values reveal through the children’s hexis bodies?\n3. How children`s bodies challenge and resist adult"s rules?\nAccording to these three questions, this study recorded four aspects of everyday life in kindergarten from curriculum, sleeping, table manners and queuing. The role of researcher is to fieldnotes and to analyze these data, In order to know how school disciplines children’s body.\nThe research field is one kindergarten in Yonghe District, New Taipei,City,Taiwan. There are thirty children in this kindergarten (twenty-nine children are five years old and just one child is three years old) and two teachers, Ms. Ann and Mrs. De. This is a typical public kindergarten in\nTaiwan, and the curriculum model adopts Project Approach.\nThe researcher analyzes observations with the theoretical framework about the body and society. To examine discipline curriculum in kindergarten from Foucauldian perspective and to see cultural values reflected in the children"s bodies in Bourdieuan perspective.\nThe findings of research are as follows:\n1. Teachers use four oriented (dynamic teaching, static teaching,eating and sleeping) strategies to discipline children in kindergarden.\n2. Children`s bodies was molded into four kinds of hexis bodies(mutually beneficial, inflexible, ordered and managed).\n3. Children also resist the rules of adults by four kinds of resistance of the body (pleasure, hidden, provocation and overflow).\nThe everyday lives in kindergarten is multiple meanings constructed by teachers and students. Thus, bodies carry with multiple meanings with discipline, hexis and resistance.