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題名 如何解決組織的策略性問題 : 假設分析方法應用之研究
作者 呂宏文
貢獻者 鄭興弟
呂宏文
日期 1986
上傳時間 5-五月-2016 14:34:09 (UTC+8)
摘要 論文提要內容：
參考文獻 參考書目
     一、中文部份
     （一）、書籍
     1、吳定，組織發展：理論與技術，台北：天一圖書公司，民國七十三年八月。
     2、林水波譯，政策分析評論，台北：五南圖書出版公司，民國七十三年七月。
     3、張身華譯，邏輯通論，台北：幼獅文化事業公司，民商七十一年十二月。
     4、黃俊英、陳定國主編，企業研究應用技術大全，台北：大世紀出版事業有限公司，民國六十八年五月。
     5、彭文賢，組織原理，台北：三民書局，民國七十二年十月。
     6、劉福增，邏輯觀點，台北：長橋出版社，民國六十九年九月。
     （二）論文與期刊
     1、朱楠賢，團體決策在管理過程中功能之研究，國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文，民國七十三年一月。
     2、朱書麟，「台電人才的培育」，台電月刊，二一三期，民國六十九年九月。
     3、段重祺，「公共政策與組織學習──興建核能四廠爭議之個案分析」，第四次社會科學研討會論文集，台北：中央研究院三民主義研究所，民國七十四年十二月。
     4、詹中原，政策規劃理論──運作過程之探討，國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文，民國七十二年六月。
     （三）報紙
     1、中央日報，民國七十四年四月十二日，二版。
     2、中國時報
     (1)民國七十三年十二月三十日，三版。
     (2)民國七十四年二月十一日，三版
     (3)民國七十四年二月二十八曰，二版。
     (4)民國七十四年三月二十八日，三版。
     (5)民國七十四年四月十二日， 三版。
     (6)民國七十四年四月二十五日，三版。
     (7)民國七十四年四月二十八日，二版。
     (8)民國七十四年五月三日，二版。
     (9)民國七十四年五月五日，二版。
     3、聯合報
     (1)民國七十三年十二月二十日，三版。
     (2) 民國七十四年二月五日，二版。
     (3) 民國七十四年四月十二日，三版。
     (4) 民國七十四年四月二十二日，三版。
     (5) 民國七十四年四月二十四日，三版。
     
     
     二、西文部份
     （一）書籍
     1. Ackoff, Russell L., Redesigning the Future: A Systems Approach to Societal Problems (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1974).
     2. _____, The Art of Problem Solving (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1978).
     3. Ansoff, H. Igor, Corporate Strategy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965).
     4. Ansoff, H. Igor, et.al., From Strategic Planning to Strategic Management(New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1976).
     5. Bell, D., The Coming of Post-Industrial Society (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
     6. Borich, Gary D., et. al., Programs and Systems: An Evaluation Perspective (New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1982).
     7. Churchman, C. West, The Systems Approach (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1968).
     8. _____, The Design of Inquiring Systems (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1971).
     9. Cooper, Harris M., The Integrative Research Review: A Systematic Approach (London: Sage Publications, Inc., 1984).
     10. Delbeq, Andre L., et. al., Group Techniques for Program Planning (Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1975).
     11. Dery, David, Problem Definition in Policy Analysis (University Press of Kansas, 1984).
     12. Dewey, John, The Quest for Certainty (New York: Minton, Balck & Company, 1929).
     13. _____, How We Think (New York: D.C. Heath, 1933).
     14. Dunham, Randall B., Organizational Behavior (台北：天一圖書公司，1984)。
     15. Dunn, William N., Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1981).
     16. _____, Values, Ethics, and The Practics of Policy Analysis (Lexington, Mass. : D.C. Heath and Company, 1983).
     17. Dyer, William G., Contemporary Issues in Management and Organization Development (Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1983).
     18. Etzioni, Amitai, Modern Organizations (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964).
     19. _____, Social Problems (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1976).
     20. Farris, Robert E.L., (ed), Handbook of modern Sociology (Chiago: Rand Mc Nally and Co., 1964).
     21. Freeman, R. Edward, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (Marshfield, Mass. : Pitman Publishing Inc., 1984).
     22. Gerloff, Edwin A., Organizational Theory and Design : A Strategic Approach for Management (New York : McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1985).
     23. Kast, Fremont E. and James E. Rosenzweig, Organizations and Management: A Systems and Contingency Approach, 3rd. ed.,（台北：淡江書局翻印，1979）
     24. Kilman, Ralph H., Social Systems Design: Normative Theory and MAPS Design Technology (New York: Elsevier North-Holland, Inc., 1977).
     25. Mason, Richard O. and Ian I. Mitroff, Challenging Stratgic Planning Assumption (New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1981).
     26. Mitroff, Ian I., Stakeholders of the Organizational Mind (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., l983).
     27. Radford, K. J., Complex Decision Problems: An Integrated for Resolution (Reston, Virginia : Reston Publishing Company, Inc., 1977).
     28. Raiffa, Howard, Decision Analysis (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1968).
     29. Robbins, Stephen P., Organizational Behavior, 2nd. ed., (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983).
     30. Sills, D.L., (ed), International Encyclopedia of the Social Science (New York : The Macmillan Company, 1968).
     31. Simon, Herbert A., The New Science of Management Decision (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1977).
     32. Taylor, Ronald N., Behavioral Decision Making (Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foreman and Company, 1984).
     33. Toulmin, Stephen, The Uses of Argument (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958).
     34. Vangundy, Arthur B., Techniques of Structured Problem Solving (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1981).
     35. Vickers, Sir Geoffrey, Value Systems and Social Process (Harmondsworth, Middesex : Penguin books, 1970).
     （二）期刊
     1. Ackoff, Russell L., "Towards A System of Systems Concepts," Management Science, Vol.17, No.11 (July 1971) 661-671.
     2. Albrecht, Gary L. and David J. Jackson, "The Social Context of Policy Research," Sociological Method & Research, Vol.13, No.3 (February 1985) 275-287.
     3. Astley, W. Graham and Andrew H. van de Ven, "Central Perspectives and Debates in Organization Theory", Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.28, No.2 (1983) 245–273.
     4. Belohlav, James and Lyle Sussman, "Environmental Scanning and Dialectical Inquiry," Managerial Planning (September/October 1984) 46-49.
     5. Benson, J. Kenneth, "Organizations: A Dialectical View," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1 (March 1977) 1-21.
     6. Bresser, Rudi K. and Ronald C. Bishop, "Dysfunctional Effects of Formal Planning: Two Theoretial Explanations," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, No.4 (1983) 588-599.
     7. Brightman, Harvey J., "Differences in Ill-Structured Problem Solving Along the Organizational Hierarchy," Decision Sciences, Vol.9 (1978) 1-19.
     8. Chaffee, Ellen Earle, "Three Models of Strategy," Academy of Management Review, Vol.10, No.1(1985) 89–98.
     9. Chanin, Michael N. and Harris J. Shapiro, "Dialectical Inquiry in Strategic Planning: Extending the Boundaries," Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1985) 663–675.
     10. Schwenk, Charles R., "Effects of the Expert, Devil`s Advocate, and Dialectical Inquiry Methods on Prediction Performance," Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol.26, No.3 (1980)409-424.
     11. Christensen, Karen S., "Coping with Uncertainty in Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol.51, No.1 (Winter 1985) 63–73.
     12. Cosier, Richard A., "Research Notes and Communications: Approaches for the Experimental Examination of the Dialectic," Strategic Management Journal, Vol.4, No.1 (1983) 79–84.
     13. Dirsmith, Mark W. and Mark A. Covaleski, "Strategy, External Communication and Environmental Context," Strategic Management Journal, Vol.4, No.2 (1983) 127-151.
     14. Dryzek, John, "Policy Analysis as a Hermeneutic Activity," Policy Science, Vol.14, No.4 (1982) 309-329.
     15. Duncan, Robert B., "Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.17 (1972) 313–327.
     16. Fahey, Liam and Richard E. Wokutch, "Business and Society Exchanges: A Framework for Analysis," California Management Review, Vol.25, No.4(Summer 1983) 128-142.
     17. Filho, Paulo De Vasconcellos, "Environmental Analysis for Strategic Planning," Managerial Planning (January/February 1985) 23–36.
     18. Finkelstein, Joseph and David Newman, "The Third Industrial Revolution: A Special Challenge to Managers," Organizational Dynamics, Vol.13, No.1 (Summer 1984) 53-65.
     19. Freeman, R. Edward and David L. Reed, "Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance," California Management Review, Vol.15, No.3 (Spring 1983) 88–106.
     20. Grandori, Anna, "A Prescriptive Contigency View of Organizational Decision Making," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.29 (1984) 192–209.
     21. Grover, Robinson A., "The Ranking Assumption," Theory and Decision, Vol.4 (1974) 277-299.
     22. Harrigan, Kathryn Rudie, "Research Methodologies for Contingency Approaches to Business Strategy," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, No.3 (1983) 398-405.
     23. Holsapple, Clyde W. and Herbert Moskowity, "A Conceptual Framework for Studying Complex Decision Processes," Policy Science, Vol.12, No.1 (1980) 83-104.
     24. Huber, George P., "The Nature and Design of Post- Industrial Organizations," Management Science, Vol.30, No.8 (August 1984) 928-951.
     25. Jones, Thomas M., "An Integrating Framework for Research in Business and Society: A Step Toward the Elusive Paradigm?," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, NO.4 (1983) 559-564.
     26. Keeley, Michael, "Values in Organizational Theory and Management Education," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, No.3 (1983) 376–386.
     27. Locks, Mitchell O., "The Logic of Policy. As Argument,"Management Science, Vol.31, No.1 (January 1985) 109-114.
     28. Mandelbaum, Seymour J., "A Complete General Theory of Planning is Impossible," Policy Sciences, Vol.11, No. 1 (1979) 59-71.
     29. Mason, Richard O., "A Dialectical Approach to Strategic Planning," Management Science, Vol.15, No.8 (April 1969) B-403--B-414.
     30. Mason, Richard O. and Ian I Mitroff, "A Program for Research on Management Information Systems," Management Science, Vol.9, No.5 (January 1973) 475-487.
     31. Mason, Richard O., Abe Feinberg and Jeffrey H. Smith, "A Dialectical Approach to Research and Development Planning," Policy Studies Journal, Vol.10, No.4 (June 1982) 652-663.
     32. McGinnis, Michael A., "The Key to Strategic Planning: Integrating Analysis and Intuition," Sloan Management Review, Vol.26, No.1 (Fall 1984) 45-52.
     33. Mead, Lawrence M., "The Interaction Problem in Policy Analysis," Policy Science, Vol. 16, No.1 (1983) 45-66.
     34. Meindl, James R., "The Abundance of Solutions: Some Thoughts for Theoretical and Practical Solution Seekers," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.27, No.4 (1982) 670-685.
     35. Meyer, Alan D., "Adapting to Environmental Jolts," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.27, No.4 (1982) 515-537.
     36. Mintzberg, Henry, Duru Raisinghani, and Andre Theoret, "The Structure of Unstructured Decision Process," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 21 (June 1976) 246-275.
     37. Mitroff, Ian I., "A Communication Model of Dialectical Inquiring Systems-- A Strategy for Strategic Planning," Management Science, Vol.17, No.10 (June 1971) B-634––B648.
     38. Mitroff, Ian I. and Frederick Betz, "Dialectical Decision Theory: A Meta--Theory Of Decision--Making," Management Science, Vol.9, No. 1 (September 1972) 11-24.
     39. Mitroff, Ian I. and Tom R. Featheringham, "On Systemic Problem Solving and the Error of the Third Kind," Behavioral Science, Vol. 19 (1974) 383-393.
     40. Mitroff, Ian I., Vincent P. Barabba, and Ralph H. Kilmann, "The Application of Behavioral and Philosophical Technologies to Strategic Planning: A Case Study of Large Federal Agency," Management Science, Vol.24, No.1 (September 1977) 44–58.
     41. Mitroff, Ian I., James R. Emshoff, and Ralph H. Kilmann, "Assumptional Analysis: A Methodology for Strategic Problem Solving," Management Science, Vol.25, No.6 (June 1979) 583–593.
     42. Mitroff, Ian I. and James R. Emshoff, "On Strategic Assumption--Making: A Dialectical Approach to Policy and Planning,"Academy of Management Review, Vol.4, No.1 (1979) 1-12.
     43. Mitroff, Ian I., Richard O. Mason, and Vincent P. Barabba, "Policy As Argument--A Logic for Ill-Structured Decision Problems," Management Science Vol.28, No.12 (December 1982) 1391–1404.
     44. Nadler, Gerald, "Human Purposeful Activities for Classifying Management Problems," Omega, Vol. 11, No. 1 (1983) 15–26.
     45. Parmerlee, Marcia and Schwenk Charles, "Radical Behaviorism in Organizations: Misconceptions in the Locke--Gray Debate," Academy of Management Review, Vol.4, No.4 (1979) 601-607.
     46. Pfeffer, Jeffey, Gerald R. Salancik, and Huseyin Leblebici, "The Effect of Uncertainty on the Use of Social Infuence in Organizational Decision Making," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.21, No.2 (1979) 227-245.
     47. Seeger, John A., "No Innate Phases in Group Problem Solving," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, No.4 (1983) 683–689.
     48. Shrivastava, Paul and IanⅠ. Mitroff, "Enhancing Organizational Research Utitization: The Role of Decision Makers` Assumptions," Academy of Management Review, Vol.9, No.1 (1984) 18–26.
     49. Stoffels, John D., "Environmental Scanning for Future Success," Managerial Planning (November/December 1984) 4-12.
     50. Strand, Rich, "A Systems Paradigm of Organizational Adaptations to the Social Environment," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, No.1 (1983) 90-94.
     51. Stumpf, Stephen A. Dale E. Zand, and Richard D. Freedman, "Designing Groups for Judgmental Decisions," Academy of Management Review, Vol.4, No.4 (1979) 589-600.
     52. Van de Ven, Andrew and Andre L. Delbecq, "Nominal Versus Interacting Group Process for Committee Decision--Making Effectiveness," Academy of Management Journal, Vol.10, No.2 (June 1971) 203-212.
     53. Weber, C. Edward, "Strategic Thinking—Dealing with Uncertainty," Long Range Planning, Vol.17 NO.5 (1984) 60-70.
     54. Wharton, T.J., "Problem Formulation: A Neglected Aspect of Decision Making," American Institute for Decision Science, 14th Annual Meeting, Vol.2 (1982) 384–386.
     55. Wiseman, C., "Selection of Major Planning Issues," Policy Science, Vol.9, No.1 (1978) 71-86.
     56. Zeity, Gerald, "interorganizational Dialectics," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.25 (March 1980) 72-88.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
公共行政學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002006383
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鄭興弟zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 呂宏文zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 呂宏文zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1986en_US
dc.date.accessioned 5-五月-2016 14:34:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 5-五月-2016 14:34:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-五月-2016 14:34:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) B2002006383en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/91384-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 公共行政學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論文提要內容：zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄
     
     第一章　緒論………1
     第一節　研究動機與目的………1
     壹、研究動機………1
     貳、研究目的………2
     第二節　研究方法與限制………4
     壹、研究方法………4
     貳、研究限制………4
     第三節　研究架構………6
     第二章　假設分析的運作背景………9
     第一節　組織環境的分析………9
     壹、組織的本質………9
     貳、組織環境的意義與類型………18
     ?、組織環境的要素………22
     肆、組織環境的審視………26
     伍、本節結語………32
     第二節　組識問題的分析………35
     壹、問題的界定………35
     貳、問題的類別與特質………39
     ?、策略性問題解決的概念模式………45
     肆、本節結語………51
     第三章　假設分析的運作………63
     第一節　假設分析運作的理論基礎………63
     壹、辯證途徑的涵義………63
     貳、假設分析的方法論………68
     第二節　假設陳述………71
     壹、團體的組成………71
     貳、利害關係者的分析………78
     ?、本節結語………85
     第三節　假設的辨證與整合過程………87
     壹、小團體內辯證式的辯論………87
     貳、小團體間辯證式的辯論………89
     ?、假設的整合………92
     肆、本節結語………95
     第四章　假設分析的應用………105
     第一節　政策論證………105
     壹、政策論證的涵義………105
     貳、政策論證的要素………106
     ?、政策論證的模式………109
     肆、本節結語………114
     第二節　台灣電力公司興建核能四廠的個案分析………116
     壹、台電的經營本質………116
     貳、台電的組織環境………119
     ?、核能四廠方案的政策過程………124
     肆、核能四廠政策過程的評析………128
     伍、本節結語………136
     第五章　結論………143
     第一節　研究發現………143
     第二節　檢討與建議………145
     參考書目………148
     
     
     圖表目錄
     圖2-1：組織系統………13
     表2-1：組織與管理權變觀的概念模式………15
     表2-2：環境的類型………19
     圖2-2：環境的決策審視過程………29
     圖2-3：問題建構的過程………38
     表2-3：問題的結構類別………40
     圖2-4：問題解決的漏斗概念模式………47
     圖3-1：假設分析的四個基本步驟………70
     圖3-2：利害關係者的概念圖………80
     表3-1：利害關係者產生的提示表………84
     圖3-3：假設相對重要性的信心評估圖………89
     圖3-4：衝突的反應方式………92
     圖4-1：政策論證的概念架構………107
     表4-1：政策論證模式的立論重點………114
     圖4-2：台電核能四廠政策的利害關係者………121
     表4-2：核能四廠計劃重大紀事………125
     圖4-3：分析的論證模式………135		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002006383en_US
dc.title (題名) 如何解決組織的策略性問題 : 假設分析方法應用之研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考書目
     一、中文部份
     （一）、書籍
     1、吳定，組織發展：理論與技術，台北：天一圖書公司，民國七十三年八月。
     2、林水波譯，政策分析評論，台北：五南圖書出版公司，民國七十三年七月。
     3、張身華譯，邏輯通論，台北：幼獅文化事業公司，民商七十一年十二月。
     4、黃俊英、陳定國主編，企業研究應用技術大全，台北：大世紀出版事業有限公司，民國六十八年五月。
     5、彭文賢，組織原理，台北：三民書局，民國七十二年十月。
     6、劉福增，邏輯觀點，台北：長橋出版社，民國六十九年九月。
     （二）論文與期刊
     1、朱楠賢，團體決策在管理過程中功能之研究，國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文，民國七十三年一月。
     2、朱書麟，「台電人才的培育」，台電月刊，二一三期，民國六十九年九月。
     3、段重祺，「公共政策與組織學習──興建核能四廠爭議之個案分析」，第四次社會科學研討會論文集，台北：中央研究院三民主義研究所，民國七十四年十二月。
     4、詹中原，政策規劃理論──運作過程之探討，國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文，民國七十二年六月。
     （三）報紙
     1、中央日報，民國七十四年四月十二日，二版。
     2、中國時報
     (1)民國七十三年十二月三十日，三版。
     (2)民國七十四年二月十一日，三版
     (3)民國七十四年二月二十八曰，二版。
     (4)民國七十四年三月二十八日，三版。
     (5)民國七十四年四月十二日， 三版。
     (6)民國七十四年四月二十五日，三版。
     (7)民國七十四年四月二十八日，二版。
     (8)民國七十四年五月三日，二版。
     (9)民國七十四年五月五日，二版。
     3、聯合報
     (1)民國七十三年十二月二十日，三版。
     (2) 民國七十四年二月五日，二版。
     (3) 民國七十四年四月十二日，三版。
     (4) 民國七十四年四月二十二日，三版。
     (5) 民國七十四年四月二十四日，三版。
     
     
     二、西文部份
     （一）書籍
     1. Ackoff, Russell L., Redesigning the Future: A Systems Approach to Societal Problems (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1974).
     2. _____, The Art of Problem Solving (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1978).
     3. Ansoff, H. Igor, Corporate Strategy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965).
     4. Ansoff, H. Igor, et.al., From Strategic Planning to Strategic Management(New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1976).
     5. Bell, D., The Coming of Post-Industrial Society (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
     6. Borich, Gary D., et. al., Programs and Systems: An Evaluation Perspective (New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1982).
     7. Churchman, C. West, The Systems Approach (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1968).
     8. _____, The Design of Inquiring Systems (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1971).
     9. Cooper, Harris M., The Integrative Research Review: A Systematic Approach (London: Sage Publications, Inc., 1984).
     10. Delbeq, Andre L., et. al., Group Techniques for Program Planning (Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1975).
     11. Dery, David, Problem Definition in Policy Analysis (University Press of Kansas, 1984).
     12. Dewey, John, The Quest for Certainty (New York: Minton, Balck & Company, 1929).
     13. _____, How We Think (New York: D.C. Heath, 1933).
     14. Dunham, Randall B., Organizational Behavior (台北：天一圖書公司，1984)。
     15. Dunn, William N., Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1981).
     16. _____, Values, Ethics, and The Practics of Policy Analysis (Lexington, Mass. : D.C. Heath and Company, 1983).
     17. Dyer, William G., Contemporary Issues in Management and Organization Development (Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1983).
     18. Etzioni, Amitai, Modern Organizations (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964).
     19. _____, Social Problems (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1976).
     20. Farris, Robert E.L., (ed), Handbook of modern Sociology (Chiago: Rand Mc Nally and Co., 1964).
     21. Freeman, R. Edward, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (Marshfield, Mass. : Pitman Publishing Inc., 1984).
     22. Gerloff, Edwin A., Organizational Theory and Design : A Strategic Approach for Management (New York : McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1985).
     23. Kast, Fremont E. and James E. Rosenzweig, Organizations and Management: A Systems and Contingency Approach, 3rd. ed.,（台北：淡江書局翻印，1979）
     24. Kilman, Ralph H., Social Systems Design: Normative Theory and MAPS Design Technology (New York: Elsevier North-Holland, Inc., 1977).
     25. Mason, Richard O. and Ian I. Mitroff, Challenging Stratgic Planning Assumption (New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1981).
     26. Mitroff, Ian I., Stakeholders of the Organizational Mind (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., l983).
     27. Radford, K. J., Complex Decision Problems: An Integrated for Resolution (Reston, Virginia : Reston Publishing Company, Inc., 1977).
     28. Raiffa, Howard, Decision Analysis (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1968).
     29. Robbins, Stephen P., Organizational Behavior, 2nd. ed., (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983).
     30. Sills, D.L., (ed), International Encyclopedia of the Social Science (New York : The Macmillan Company, 1968).
     31. Simon, Herbert A., The New Science of Management Decision (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1977).
     32. Taylor, Ronald N., Behavioral Decision Making (Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foreman and Company, 1984).
     33. Toulmin, Stephen, The Uses of Argument (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958).
     34. Vangundy, Arthur B., Techniques of Structured Problem Solving (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1981).
     35. Vickers, Sir Geoffrey, Value Systems and Social Process (Harmondsworth, Middesex : Penguin books, 1970).
     （二）期刊
     1. Ackoff, Russell L., "Towards A System of Systems Concepts," Management Science, Vol.17, No.11 (July 1971) 661-671.
     2. Albrecht, Gary L. and David J. Jackson, "The Social Context of Policy Research," Sociological Method & Research, Vol.13, No.3 (February 1985) 275-287.
     3. Astley, W. Graham and Andrew H. van de Ven, "Central Perspectives and Debates in Organization Theory", Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.28, No.2 (1983) 245–273.
     4. Belohlav, James and Lyle Sussman, "Environmental Scanning and Dialectical Inquiry," Managerial Planning (September/October 1984) 46-49.
     5. Benson, J. Kenneth, "Organizations: A Dialectical View," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1 (March 1977) 1-21.
     6. Bresser, Rudi K. and Ronald C. Bishop, "Dysfunctional Effects of Formal Planning: Two Theoretial Explanations," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, No.4 (1983) 588-599.
     7. Brightman, Harvey J., "Differences in Ill-Structured Problem Solving Along the Organizational Hierarchy," Decision Sciences, Vol.9 (1978) 1-19.
     8. Chaffee, Ellen Earle, "Three Models of Strategy," Academy of Management Review, Vol.10, No.1(1985) 89–98.
     9. Chanin, Michael N. and Harris J. Shapiro, "Dialectical Inquiry in Strategic Planning: Extending the Boundaries," Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1985) 663–675.
     10. Schwenk, Charles R., "Effects of the Expert, Devil`s Advocate, and Dialectical Inquiry Methods on Prediction Performance," Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol.26, No.3 (1980)409-424.
     11. Christensen, Karen S., "Coping with Uncertainty in Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol.51, No.1 (Winter 1985) 63–73.
     12. Cosier, Richard A., "Research Notes and Communications: Approaches for the Experimental Examination of the Dialectic," Strategic Management Journal, Vol.4, No.1 (1983) 79–84.
     13. Dirsmith, Mark W. and Mark A. Covaleski, "Strategy, External Communication and Environmental Context," Strategic Management Journal, Vol.4, No.2 (1983) 127-151.
     14. Dryzek, John, "Policy Analysis as a Hermeneutic Activity," Policy Science, Vol.14, No.4 (1982) 309-329.
     15. Duncan, Robert B., "Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.17 (1972) 313–327.
     16. Fahey, Liam and Richard E. Wokutch, "Business and Society Exchanges: A Framework for Analysis," California Management Review, Vol.25, No.4(Summer 1983) 128-142.
     17. Filho, Paulo De Vasconcellos, "Environmental Analysis for Strategic Planning," Managerial Planning (January/February 1985) 23–36.
     18. Finkelstein, Joseph and David Newman, "The Third Industrial Revolution: A Special Challenge to Managers," Organizational Dynamics, Vol.13, No.1 (Summer 1984) 53-65.
     19. Freeman, R. Edward and David L. Reed, "Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance," California Management Review, Vol.15, No.3 (Spring 1983) 88–106.
     20. Grandori, Anna, "A Prescriptive Contigency View of Organizational Decision Making," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.29 (1984) 192–209.
     21. Grover, Robinson A., "The Ranking Assumption," Theory and Decision, Vol.4 (1974) 277-299.
     22. Harrigan, Kathryn Rudie, "Research Methodologies for Contingency Approaches to Business Strategy," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, No.3 (1983) 398-405.
     23. Holsapple, Clyde W. and Herbert Moskowity, "A Conceptual Framework for Studying Complex Decision Processes," Policy Science, Vol.12, No.1 (1980) 83-104.
     24. Huber, George P., "The Nature and Design of Post- Industrial Organizations," Management Science, Vol.30, No.8 (August 1984) 928-951.
     25. Jones, Thomas M., "An Integrating Framework for Research in Business and Society: A Step Toward the Elusive Paradigm?," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, NO.4 (1983) 559-564.
     26. Keeley, Michael, "Values in Organizational Theory and Management Education," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, No.3 (1983) 376–386.
     27. Locks, Mitchell O., "The Logic of Policy. As Argument,"Management Science, Vol.31, No.1 (January 1985) 109-114.
     28. Mandelbaum, Seymour J., "A Complete General Theory of Planning is Impossible," Policy Sciences, Vol.11, No. 1 (1979) 59-71.
     29. Mason, Richard O., "A Dialectical Approach to Strategic Planning," Management Science, Vol.15, No.8 (April 1969) B-403--B-414.
     30. Mason, Richard O. and Ian I Mitroff, "A Program for Research on Management Information Systems," Management Science, Vol.9, No.5 (January 1973) 475-487.
     31. Mason, Richard O., Abe Feinberg and Jeffrey H. Smith, "A Dialectical Approach to Research and Development Planning," Policy Studies Journal, Vol.10, No.4 (June 1982) 652-663.
     32. McGinnis, Michael A., "The Key to Strategic Planning: Integrating Analysis and Intuition," Sloan Management Review, Vol.26, No.1 (Fall 1984) 45-52.
     33. Mead, Lawrence M., "The Interaction Problem in Policy Analysis," Policy Science, Vol. 16, No.1 (1983) 45-66.
     34. Meindl, James R., "The Abundance of Solutions: Some Thoughts for Theoretical and Practical Solution Seekers," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.27, No.4 (1982) 670-685.
     35. Meyer, Alan D., "Adapting to Environmental Jolts," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.27, No.4 (1982) 515-537.
     36. Mintzberg, Henry, Duru Raisinghani, and Andre Theoret, "The Structure of Unstructured Decision Process," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 21 (June 1976) 246-275.
     37. Mitroff, Ian I., "A Communication Model of Dialectical Inquiring Systems-- A Strategy for Strategic Planning," Management Science, Vol.17, No.10 (June 1971) B-634––B648.
     38. Mitroff, Ian I. and Frederick Betz, "Dialectical Decision Theory: A Meta--Theory Of Decision--Making," Management Science, Vol.9, No. 1 (September 1972) 11-24.
     39. Mitroff, Ian I. and Tom R. Featheringham, "On Systemic Problem Solving and the Error of the Third Kind," Behavioral Science, Vol. 19 (1974) 383-393.
     40. Mitroff, Ian I., Vincent P. Barabba, and Ralph H. Kilmann, "The Application of Behavioral and Philosophical Technologies to Strategic Planning: A Case Study of Large Federal Agency," Management Science, Vol.24, No.1 (September 1977) 44–58.
     41. Mitroff, Ian I., James R. Emshoff, and Ralph H. Kilmann, "Assumptional Analysis: A Methodology for Strategic Problem Solving," Management Science, Vol.25, No.6 (June 1979) 583–593.
     42. Mitroff, Ian I. and James R. Emshoff, "On Strategic Assumption--Making: A Dialectical Approach to Policy and Planning,"Academy of Management Review, Vol.4, No.1 (1979) 1-12.
     43. Mitroff, Ian I., Richard O. Mason, and Vincent P. Barabba, "Policy As Argument--A Logic for Ill-Structured Decision Problems," Management Science Vol.28, No.12 (December 1982) 1391–1404.
     44. Nadler, Gerald, "Human Purposeful Activities for Classifying Management Problems," Omega, Vol. 11, No. 1 (1983) 15–26.
     45. Parmerlee, Marcia and Schwenk Charles, "Radical Behaviorism in Organizations: Misconceptions in the Locke--Gray Debate," Academy of Management Review, Vol.4, No.4 (1979) 601-607.
     46. Pfeffer, Jeffey, Gerald R. Salancik, and Huseyin Leblebici, "The Effect of Uncertainty on the Use of Social Infuence in Organizational Decision Making," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.21, No.2 (1979) 227-245.
     47. Seeger, John A., "No Innate Phases in Group Problem Solving," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, No.4 (1983) 683–689.
     48. Shrivastava, Paul and IanⅠ. Mitroff, "Enhancing Organizational Research Utitization: The Role of Decision Makers` Assumptions," Academy of Management Review, Vol.9, No.1 (1984) 18–26.
     49. Stoffels, John D., "Environmental Scanning for Future Success," Managerial Planning (November/December 1984) 4-12.
     50. Strand, Rich, "A Systems Paradigm of Organizational Adaptations to the Social Environment," Academy of Management Review, Vol.8, No.1 (1983) 90-94.
     51. Stumpf, Stephen A. Dale E. Zand, and Richard D. Freedman, "Designing Groups for Judgmental Decisions," Academy of Management Review, Vol.4, No.4 (1979) 589-600.
     52. Van de Ven, Andrew and Andre L. Delbecq, "Nominal Versus Interacting Group Process for Committee Decision--Making Effectiveness," Academy of Management Journal, Vol.10, No.2 (June 1971) 203-212.
     53. Weber, C. Edward, "Strategic Thinking—Dealing with Uncertainty," Long Range Planning, Vol.17 NO.5 (1984) 60-70.
     54. Wharton, T.J., "Problem Formulation: A Neglected Aspect of Decision Making," American Institute for Decision Science, 14th Annual Meeting, Vol.2 (1982) 384–386.
     55. Wiseman, C., "Selection of Major Planning Issues," Policy Science, Vol.9, No.1 (1978) 71-86.
     56. Zeity, Gerald, "interorganizational Dialectics," Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.25 (March 1980) 72-88.		zh_TW