Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 後冷戰時期中美軟權力之較勁
The Post-Cold War US-China Competitions from the Perspective of Soft Power
作者 李興華
Lee, Hsing Hua
貢獻者 李國雄<br>鄧中堅
Lee, Kuo Shiung<br>Teng, Chung Chian
李興華
Lee, Hsing Hua
關鍵詞 Post-Cold War
soft power
China`s threat
Wang Dao
harmonious world
日期 2008
上傳時間 9-May-2016 13:28:40 (UTC+8)
摘要 The United States lost its prime opponent, the Soviet Union, since Post-Cold War. To assure its hegemonic status, Joseph Nye initiated the strategy of soft power to former President Bush and Clinton’s administration, and which had influenced People’s Republic of China (as known as a potential enemy to U.S.) profoundly.
     Soft power is such a wonderful elementary factor that made a dictatorial state like China a huge change both in its polity and image of the world. Moreover, China had been activated by American strategy of soft power, and eventually developed its own ‘Chinese character’ soft power, which had attracted at least by its peripheral states.
      Commensurate with its rapid economic and diplomatic development, China used to be considered as “China’s threat”, then due to China’s soft power strategy in terms of “Confucianism” and “Wang Dao”(benign) thought had been well responded by the world. As a dominated state, maybe it is time for the United States to think about trying not to conduct the soft power as a diplomatic tool only, but to seek a new strategy of soft power that combined tolerance and respect toward the others. Anyway, by the engagement of soft power among international relations, and the interdependency of regional economy, the author has an optimistic view for a harmonious world in the future.
     Key words: Post-Cold War, soft power, China’s threat, Wang Dao, harmonious world.
The United States lost its prime opponent, the Soviet Union, since Post-Cold War. To assure its hegemonic status, Joseph Nye initiated the strategy of soft power to former President Bush and Clinton’s administration, and which had influenced People’s Republic of China (as known as a potential enemy to U.S.) profoundly.
     Soft power is such a wonderful elementary factor that made a dictatorial state like China a huge change both in its polity and image of the world. Moreover, China had been activated by American strategy of soft power, and eventually developed its own ‘Chinese character’ soft power, which had attracted at least by its peripheral states.
      Commensurate with its rapid economic and diplomatic development, China used to be considered as “China’s threat”, then due to China’s soft power strategy in terms of “Confucianism” and “Wang Dao”(benign) thought had been well responded by the world. As a dominated state, maybe it is time for the United States to think about trying not to conduct the soft power as a diplomatic tool only, but to seek a new strategy of soft power that combined tolerance and respect toward the others. Anyway, by the engagement of soft power among international relations, and the interdependency of regional economy, the author has an optimistic view for a harmonious world in the future.
     Key words: Post-Cold War, soft power, China’s threat, Wang Dao, harmonious world.
參考文獻 I. Bibliography
     Bachrach, Perter.& Barats, Morton S., ‘The Faces of Power’, American Political Science Review, Vol.105,No.2, December 1962.pp.947-951
     Bailey, Sydney D. and Daws, Sam, ‘The Procedure of the UN Security Council’, third edition, Oxford, Clarendon, 1998, p.239.
     Chang, Yuowen and Huang, Jenwei, ‘China’s International Status Report2007’, -China Model: Catching World Attention with Growth of Soft as Well as Hard Power’, People’s Press, Beijing, July 2007, pp.341-345& pp.351-352
     Chang, DenGi, ‘Constructing China: To Position the Big Country and the Big Country Diplomacy in an Uncertain World’, Taipei Young Chi Press, December 2003, p.196
     Chou, Shiung, ‘The P.R.C.’s Diplomatic Policy After the Fourteenth National People’s Congress: Lasting and Changing’, Mainland China Study, vol.36, book 1, January 1993, p.58
     Chin, Yaching, “The Possibility and Necessity for Chinese Schools’ Building Up in International Relation Theories”, World Economic and Politic, Beijing, vol. 3, 2006,p.9
     Cline, Ray S., ‘World Power Assessment: A Calculus of Strategic Drift     Cimbala, Stephen, ‘Military persuasion in War and Policy: the power of soft’, Ministry of National Defense Translate & Edit Center, Taipei, 2002,pp.1-4
     Clinton, ‘A National Security Strategy for A New Century’, Washington D.C.: The White House, December 1999
     Conference Report, ‘Cold War Impact of VOA Broadcasts’, Hoover Institution and the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Oct. 13-16, 2004
     Doyle, Michael, ‘Liberalism and World Politics’, American Political Science Review 80 pp.1151-1169
     Feng, Tienyu, Chou Giming, ‘The Secret of Chinese Culture’, Taipei, GuFeng Press, 1988.p.23
     ‘George W. Bush Foreign Policy Speech’ November 19, 1999.
     Hong, KouChi & Dong, Kouhueih, ‘The Perspective of American Human Rights Diplomacy’, World Knowledge Press, Beijing, 2003. p.194
     Hong, Ting Shoa, Chang Churzeon, ‘Contemporary China Diplomacy-A New Interpretation’, Hong Kong, Li Chi Press, March 2004, pp.337~339&p.389
     Huang, Kouchuang, ‘The Conscious of China and The Conscious of Taiwan’, Wunan Press, Taipei, 1992, pp.9-17
     Holsti, K.J., ‘International Politics: A Framework for Analysis’,Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 7th ed.,1995>, p.118
     Huang, Shoufeng, ‘The Big Measure: A criticize in National Power and Global Power’, Hunan Press, Hunan, 2002,p.48
     Hu, Ankang, ‘The Great Strategy of China’, Hang Chow, Chekiang Press, 2003, p.85
     Hu, Ankang, “Roadmap of China’s Rising”, Peking University Press, April 2007, p.267
     Hu Sengpin, ‘China’s Stance and Strategy Research in the Integration of East Asia’, the Global Politic Comments, Vol.7, July 2004, pp.47-66
     Hu, Chien, ‘China’s Soft Power: Factors, Resource and Ability’, International Relation Study, No.2, Shishi Press, Beijing, 2006,p.131
     Huntington, Samuel P., ‘The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order’, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996,pp.35-49
     ‘International System and China’s Soft Power’, International Relation Study, No.2., Times Press, Beijing, 2006,p.103-136
     Isaak, Alan, ‘The Generalities of Politics’, Translated by Wang, Yichou, Wunan Press, Taipei, 1993, pp.85-95
     Jackson, David, "The Future of Radio II", World Radio TV Handbook, Billboard Books. ISBN 0823059979 , 2007, p.38.
     Johnston, Alastair and Paul Evans, ‘China’s Engagement with Multilateral Security Institutions’, New York: Routledge, 1999, pp.259-260
     Kenneth, Liberthal, ‘The Hong Kong Factor in Sino-American Relations, Asia Society, Hong Kong Transition. Context and Implications from Both Sides of the Pacific’, 1997, p.28
     Keohane, Robert O and Nye, Jr. Joseph ‘Power and Interdependence’, New York: Harper Collins Press, 2nd edit, 1989, p.5
     Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Jr. Joseph S., ‘Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition’, Boston, Little Brown, 1959, p.104
     Keohane, Robert O., ‘Economic Limits of Modern Politics: International Liberalism Reconsidered’, 1986.
     Kohut, Andrew & Stokes, Bruce. ‘America Against the World: How We Are
      Different and Why We Are Disliked’, Times Books, 2006.p.288
     Li, Anshang, ‘Comment in ‘China’s Rise-The Sino-Africa Relation’, Forum of World Economics and Politics, Nanjing, 11th Issue, 2006, pp.7-8
     Lee, Yunlung, ‘The Comparison of human rights between the U.S. and China’, Field Vision of Theories, vol.5, June 2004, pp.28-30
     Lampton, David M. and Bed, Same, ‘Different Dream-Managing US-China Relation, 1989-2000’, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001,p.139
     Lake, Anthony, ‘From Containment to Enlargement’, U.S. Department of State Dispatch, vol. 4, No.39, September 27, 1993,p.659
     Liu, li, “Economic Globalization and China’s Peaceful Rise”, The Chinese Communist Party School Press, Beijing, 2004,p.192
     Li, Sufei, ‘The Expanding Roles of Chinese Americans in U.S.-China Relations’, Xinhua Press, December 2004, p. 51
     Li, Anshang, ‘Comment in “China’s Rise”-The Sino-Africa Relation’, Forum of World Economics and Politics, Nanjing, 11th Issue, 2006, pp.7-8
     Liu, Toa, ‘ZhongGuo Jueqi Ce,’ –Analysis of China’s American Big Strategy, Xinhua Press, September 2007, pp.31-33&pp.61-65
     Mann, James, ‘About Face’, New York, 1999, pp.194-376
     Mao, HanKuang, ‘The History of Chinese Human Rights- the Rights of Survival’, Ghangxi Normal University Press, September 2006,pp.105-109
     Men, Hungsheng, ‘Constructing the Big Strategic Frame of China: the National Power, the Concept of Strategy and the International Institutions’, Peking University Press, 2005,pp.249-263
     Ni, Shishiung, ‘The Contemporary International Relation Theory’, Wunan Press, Taipei, 2003, pp.5-26
     Nye, Jr.Joseph, ‘Bound to Lead- The Changing Nature of American Power’, New York: Basic Books, 1990, pp. 34-174.&pp.177-192
     Nye, Jr.Joseph, ‘The Decline of America’s Soft Power’, Foreign Affairs, May/ June, 2004,p. 1
     Nye, Jr.Joseph, ‘The Paradox of American Power’ translated by Tsai, Tungjei, Taipei, 2002, p.58
     Nye, Jr.Joseph, ‘Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics’, Publics Affair, New York, 2004, Translated by Wu Xiaohui, Chien Cheng, Peiking, TungFong Press, 2005, p.47
     Nuechterlein, Donald E., ‘National Interests and Presidential Leadership’, Boulder, Colo. Westview Press, 1978, pp.1-38
     Pascal Rocha da Silva, ‘La politique de l`enfant unique en République Populaire de Chine’, 2006, Université de Genève, pp. 22-28
     Palmer, Robert R. and Colton, Joel: ‘The Contemporary World History’ Translated by Sun, Xiaolu, , Wunan Press, Taipei,1988, pp.147-164.
     Pan, Zuie, ‘The United States Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Period’, Times Press, Beijing, 2004, pp.185-188
     Peng, Whiahuenn, ‘The Political Science’, The National Open University, Taipei, 2004,P.3
     Puyachiyan, ‘The History of International Relation Theories’, 1997, P.234
     Rourke, Ronald O’, ‘China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities-Background and issues for Congress’, Congressional Research service, July 20, 2007 p.11
     Rubinstein, Alvin Z., Albina Shayevich and Boris Zlotnikov, eds., ‘The Clinton Foreign Policy Reader: President Speeches with Commentary’, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2000, p.119
     Ray, Julie, ‘Asian Populations Predict China’s Rise Over U.S.’, ‘Approval of U.S. vs. Chinese Leadership’, ‘Closed Tie’.
     Shi, MinHow, ‘The Analysis of American Strategy toward China in Clinton Period’. P.1
     Schutz, Barry & Paul Michael Withbey, ‘American Oil Policy Initiative Group’, National Energy Policy Report Office of Vice President Richard Cheney, May15, 2001,p.6
     Strange, Susan, ‘State and Markets’, London, 1988, pp.5-8
     ‘Suggestions for Beijing Olympic from Gymnastic Experts- To Enforce the Constructions of Soft Power’, The Gymnastic Coaches of China, Beijing, 2005, p.58
     Swaine, Michel D. and Johnston, Alastair, ‘China and Arms Control Institutions’, Elizabeth Economy and Michel Oksenberg eds., pp.101-105
     Sun, Yatsen, ‘ Nationalism’, The First Lecture, January 27,1924, p.1-2
     Teo, Eric Chu Cheow, ‘ASEAN+3: The role of ASEAN and China’, ASEAN-China Relation Realities and Prospects, Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, Singapore, 2005, pp.63-65
     Tseng, Zi, ‘The Four Books, The Doctrine of Great Learning: First Chapter The Dao of DaXue’ B.C. 516
     The Textbooks of ‘Four Books’, SanMin Book Co. Ltd., the former half, 5th Issued, 2002,pp.1-22
     The Chinese Communist Party Central Literature Committee, ‘Mao Zedong Collectives’, Beijing, People Press, 1969,p.160& p.168
     The Chinese Communist Party Central Literature Committee, ‘Deng Xiaoping Collectives’, Beijing, People Press, 1994,p.14
     Tao, Wenzhao & Zhong Zhangsheng, ‘A Century of China-U.S. Relations’, Yeh, FanMay, ‘American Domestic Politics and the Post Cold War Sino-US Relations’, China Social Science Press, April 2004, p.336
     Tao, Wenchao, ‘Lengzhan Hou De Meiguo Duihua Zhengce’, ChungKing Press, November 2006 pp.1-5, pp.125-127&pp.217-363
     Tucker, Nancy, ‘Taiwan, Hong Kong and the United States, 1945-1992. Uncertain Friendship’, New York: Twayner Publisher, 1994, p.221
     Wang, Kunyi and Tsai, Yuming, ‘Peaceful Rising: China’s Transforming International Strategy and The Contemplation for Its Taiwan Strategy’, Global Politics Comments, Taichung, Graduate Institute of International Politics of National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), vol.9, 2005, P.49
     Wang, WenChieh, ‘The Transmutational Constitution of China’, National Chiao Tung University Press, 2004,pp.7-12
     Wang, WenJay, “Comments on the Fourth Revision of China’s Actual Constitution”, Yuedan Fahsueh, vol.109
     Wang, Yanhong, ‘International System and China’s Soft Power’-‘Summary of the Seminar on China’s of soft power build up’, Times Press, Beijing,2006, pp.134-140
     Wang, He, ‘Traditional Culture and Modernization: A Review of the General Situation of Culture Studies in China Recent Years’, Vol.7, No.4, pp.9-30. & pp. 228-229
     Waltz, Kenneth, ‘Man, the State, and War’, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1959, P.104
     Wendt, Alexander, ‘Constructing International Politics’, International Security, vol.20, pp.384-396
     Wen, Chiabao, ‘Five Meanings in Elaborating China’s Peaceful Rising: Reassert That China Never be the Hegemony’, the 10th National People’s Congress, 14 March 2004
     Wei, Ear, ‘China’s Koufu Theory- A New Koufu Theory with Chinese Character’ Times Press, Taipei, May 2005.P.68
     Xiao,nan, ‘The Transition and Recognition of the Contemporary Chinese Culture’ Taipei, Sheng Chi Press, 1997,pp.11-12
     Xia, Liping, “The Chance for China’s important Strategy of Peaceful Rising”, The Theories Research of Mao & Deng, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, vol.1, 2004,p.55
     Yeh, Thomas M.F., ‘Taiwan New Economic’: Gardner publication/Compiled by the Taiwan Association of Machinery Industry, Center for Economic Deregulation and Innovation, CEPD, Taipei, April 2008, P.8
     Yin, Tienyuey, “The Analysis between ‘Big Power Diplomacy’ and ‘Partner Relationship’ of the Chinese Communist Party”, The Chinese Communist Party Research, vol.25, book 3, March 1993, p.86
     Yu,Yohuei, ‘Peace and Development- A Inspect of the Diplomatic Strategy of Hu-Wen Government’, Institute of International Relations National Chengchi University, Taipei,2005, P.56
     
     Ⅱ. Journals:
     ‘Another new Confucius Institute will be established in every four days, and there are going to 500 Confucius Institutes by the year of 2010’, China Review News, January 4, 2007,
     Chen, I-Hsin, ‘The Impact of the Signing of the Japan-Australia Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific’, 2007 Prospect and Exploration-Commentary Anthology, March 2008,pp.6-10
     Cheng, Dwanyao, ‘Critique of Social Constructivism in I.R.’, the U.S.- Europe Journal, Issue 15th, p.200
     ‘China and the United States: From Hostility to Engagement, 1960-1998’, Washington Journalism Review, 1999,P.1
     ‘Chairman Jiang met Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of United Nations’. People’s Daily, 9th May 1997,p.1
     Chan Weiyuan, ‘The Impact of Globalization on the Theory of the International Relations of China’, Prospect & Exploration, June 2007, pp.47-48
     Chiu, Tsungwen, ‘The View From a Responsible Big Power’, World Economic and Politic, Vol.266, October 2002, p.77
     Chan, Steve, ‘Realism, Revisionism, and the Great Powers’, Issues& studies 40, no.1, March 2004,pp.151-152
     ‘China’s soft power is growing rapidly’, Lianhe Zaobao, Singapore, July 1st, 2006
     Chu, Yen-ming, ‘Quinhai-Tibet Railroad &China’, Prospect & Exploration, August 2006 P.17
     Doyle, Michael, ‘Liberalism and World Politics’, American Political Science Review 80 , pp.1151-1169.
     Edmunds, John C., ‘Unlike a Good Neighbor’, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006
     Economy, Eizabeth, “Don’t Break the Engagement”, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2004, pp.96-97
     Gi, Ching and Young, Xiaohong, ‘The Description of Studying in U.S. and American Culture’, February, 1999, P.8
     Gong, Longseng, “Has The American Strategy of Asia-Pacific Been Changed Due to the China’s ‘Peaceful Rising’? ”, Air Force Academy Monthly, Vol.584, July 2005,P.18
     Hu Minyuan, ‘The Research of China’s border problems’, National Defense Magazine, 14th Vol.18, August,2003, PP.90-103
     Hass, Ernst B., ‘War, Interdependence and Functionalism’ and Barry Buzan, ‘economic Structure and International Security: The limits of the Liberal case’, International Organization, vol.38, no.4
     Huntington, Samuel P., ‘The Lonely Superpower’, Foreign Affairs,vol.78, no.2March’April, 1999,pp.35-49
     Joseph Biden, “US Congress Report Downplays China’s Rise of Soft Power’”, Taipei Times, May 7, 2008, P.1
     Krauthammer, Charles -‘ Why we must contain China’- Times, 1995 July
     Lord, Winston, ‘China and America: Beyond the Big Chill’, Foreign Affairs, Fall 1989, p.495
     Liu, Tingchung, “China’s Development and Diplomatic Strategy’, Chungching Wenli College Newspaper, Chungching, volume 5th, 1st issue, January 2006, p.163
     Liao, Martin, ‘Observation on Soft Power Exerted in China’s Recent African Foreign Strategy’, Prospect & Exploration, 4th, vol.6, April 2008,pp.78-83
     Liu, ChenAnn, ‘The PRC- US’s Military Exchange Situation and Development’, Air Force Scholar Bimonthly Journal, vol.592, June 2006. P.120
     Lu, YuNu & Teng ChuanChian, ‘The Development and Impact of China’s Soft Power’-‘Review of Global Politics’, vol. 21th, Jan.2008, pp.10-11
     Mahathir , ‘Chinese is not An Easy Race to Assimilate,’ The Straits Times, Singapore, 10 March 1997
     Men, Hunghua, ‘The Innovation of China’s International Strategic Thoughts’, Comments of Diplomacy, 87th, February 2006, p.28
     Nye, Jr. Joseph, ‘China’s Soft Power is Keep Rising’, Global Times, June 2nd, 2006
     Nye, Jr. Joseph.,‘East Asian Security: The Case for Deep Engagement’, Foreign Affairs, July/August 1995, P.1
     Nye, Jr. Joseph, ‘Soft Power’, Foreign Policy, Issue 80, autumn 1990, p.137
     & pp.153-171
     New York Times, June 30,1998, P.A9
     New York Times, ‘China Sticking With One-Child Policy’, March 11, 2008
     Peng,Chin, ‘To Express China’s Multilateralism of Diplomacy Through The Government Work Report Since 1986 to 2005’, Diplomacy Comment, 83rd Issue, August 2005, pp.52-53
     ‘Press Conference by President Bush’, June 5 & June 8, 1989: American Foreign Policy. Current Documents 1989, pp. 517-521.
     Rice, Condoleeza, ‘Promoting the National Interests’, Foreign Affairs, January/February, 2000.p.56
     Rodrik, Dani, ‘Understanding Economic Policy Reform’, Journal of Economic Literature,vol.34, No.1, 1996, pp.9-41.
     Steve Chan, ‘Realism, Revisionism and the Great Powers’, Issues &Studies 40, no.1, March 2004, pp.155-156
     Shih, Tzechung, “From ‘The Big-Power Diplomacy’ to ‘The Harmony Society’”: Prospect & Exploration, 2007, p.9
     Shih, Yinhung, ‘The Contemplation about China’s Big-Power Position and Image’, International Economic Comments, September& October, 1999.p.43
     Tang, Yuanping, ‘From the Point of View in Transition of Civilization’, The Clear Current Monthly, January 2008pp.10-13
     Taipei News, ‘Lhasa Police Fire Tear Gas at Protesters’- Tibetan sources, AFP, Mar 13, 2008, P. 6.
     Taipei News, ‘Tibetans continue march in defiance of Indian Police Ban’, AFP and AP, Mar 12, 2008, P. 1
     Taipei News, ‘US takes China off list of worst rights violators’, AFP, Mar 13, 2008, P. 1
     Todd, Giltin, ‘Taking the World by Force’, The Strait Times , January 11,1999.p.2
     ‘The 100 top brands’, ‘Business Week’, August 4, 2003, P.72-p.78
     Washington Post, Counties and Public Opinion center of University of Chicago, November 25,1999, p. G14
     Wang Fan, ‘It is not Enough for Chinese to Know the World’, Global Times, November24, 2007
     Whitton, John B. , ‘Cold War Propaganda’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 45, No. 1 Jan 1951, pp. 151–153
     Walt, Stephen M. ‘International Relations: One World, Many theories’, Foreign Policy, P.29
     Yang, I-Pin, ‘ The Relation between of the Culture of Confucianism and China’s Soft Power: Take Confucius Institute as an Example’, Prospect & Exploration, July, 2007,pp.23-47
     Yankelovich, Daniel , ‘The Tipping Points’,Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006
     Yang, I-Pin, ‘The Relation between of the Culture of Confucianism and China’s Soft Power: Take Confucius Institute as an Example’, Prospect & Exploration, July, 2007,pp.23-47
     Zheng, Bijian, ‘China’s “Peaceful Rise” to Great-Power Stratus’, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2005, p.18-22
     
     Ⅲ.Websites and others:
     1. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/index.html
     2. www.webmasterclub.org
     3. http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4943
     4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_diplomacy
     5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States.
     6. http://www.pbs.org/newshour /shields&gigot/number99/sg_11-19_bush.html
     7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOA
     8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia
     9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Favoured_Nation
     10.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PRC_relations_commencement.PNG
     11.http://www.peaceforum.org.tw/onweb.jsp?webno=33333332:5&webitem-no=843&845
     12. Wang Yusheng, ‘Tao Guang Yang Hui (Low Profile Diplomacy) - is China a threat? ’ (II), 8th July, 2005, www.XINHUANET.com
     13. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China;sinanet.com/xinhua
     14. hppt://gate.tycool.com:82/gate/big5/www.tycool.com/2005/04/19/00042.html
     15.‘ The Birth and Development of China’s Peaceful Rise’, http://www.china.com.cn/zhuanti/115/hpdl/txt/2006-02/content 6125477.htm
     16. ‘Military budget of the People`s Republic of China’ - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm
     17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China`s_military_expenditure#cite_note-3
     18. Conetta, Carl and Knight, Charles, ‘Project on Defense Alternatives’, January 1997, http://www.comw.org/pda/bmemo10.htm
     19. The Chinese Olympic Committee, http://www.sport.gov.cn/jjty/jjty-gzzg.html
      http://www.olympic.cn/
     20. oecd.org/document/8/0,2340,en_2649_201185_35833096_1_1_1_1,00.html., OECD, December 2005, http://www. ,
     21. http://www.countrybrandindex.com/country-brand-rankings/
     22. http://www.worldjournal.com/wj-ny-news.php?nt-seq-id=1661058
     23.Report of Institute of International Education (Half century for China Opening policy)website at www.iie.org.
     24.‘2007 China Statistics Press’, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexch.htm & http://www.moe.gov.cn, Year Book of China’s Education (2001-2005)
     25. ‘2007 China Statistics Press’, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexch.htm
     26. http://www.moe.gov.cn, Year Book of China’s Education (2007)
     27. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Confucious_Institute.png
     28.www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1002/8/2/3/100282311.html?coluid=49&kindid=974&docid=100282311
     29. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200605/29/eng20060529_269387.html, Article "`China threat` fear countered by culture" at People`s Daily; also see ‘Confucius Institutes Need Soft Landing Badly’, Global Times, January 18, 2007,p.18
     30.http://www.westendchronicle.com/article-cp69319033-CSIS-say-Confucius-part-of-Chinese-bid-to-win-over-western-hearts.html, "CSIS say: Confucius part of Chinese bid to win over western hearts", The Chronicle, May 27th 2007.
     31. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius_Institute
     32. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier
     33.‘Chinese Facing Shortage of Wives’, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 12 January, 2007.
     34. Kirschten, Dick: Broadcast News (GovExec.com, 1 May 1999)
     35. Su, Ivan, ‘From the Soft Power to Tranquil Power’, the http:// tw.myblog.yahoo.com, 2006,pp.1-3
     36. Ding YungKung, Hu, Shengping, ‘The Relationship of Peaceful Rise and Cross Strait’, and Thesis Collections from symposiums of advocating a steady and peaceful Cross Strait frame, Taipei, Euro-Asia Foundation, 2004.
     37. .Susan B. Epstein: Radio Free Asia (CRS Report for Congress; PDF)
     38. Senator of Wisconsin Joseph R. McCarthy speech at the ceremony for memorializing Lincoln, Feb. 9, 1950
     39. ‘2007 SIPRI Yearbook’, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2008.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
中國大陸研究英語碩士學程(IMCS)
94925005
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094925005
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李國雄<br>鄧中堅zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lee, Kuo Shiung<br>Teng, Chung Chianen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李興華zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Hsing Huaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李興華zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lee, Hsing Huaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-May-2016 13:28:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-May-2016 13:28:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-May-2016 13:28:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094925005en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/94943-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 中國大陸研究英語碩士學程(IMCS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94925005zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The United States lost its prime opponent, the Soviet Union, since Post-Cold War. To assure its hegemonic status, Joseph Nye initiated the strategy of soft power to former President Bush and Clinton’s administration, and which had influenced People’s Republic of China (as known as a potential enemy to U.S.) profoundly.
     Soft power is such a wonderful elementary factor that made a dictatorial state like China a huge change both in its polity and image of the world. Moreover, China had been activated by American strategy of soft power, and eventually developed its own ‘Chinese character’ soft power, which had attracted at least by its peripheral states.
      Commensurate with its rapid economic and diplomatic development, China used to be considered as “China’s threat”, then due to China’s soft power strategy in terms of “Confucianism” and “Wang Dao”(benign) thought had been well responded by the world. As a dominated state, maybe it is time for the United States to think about trying not to conduct the soft power as a diplomatic tool only, but to seek a new strategy of soft power that combined tolerance and respect toward the others. Anyway, by the engagement of soft power among international relations, and the interdependency of regional economy, the author has an optimistic view for a harmonious world in the future.
     Key words: Post-Cold War, soft power, China’s threat, Wang Dao, harmonious world.
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The United States lost its prime opponent, the Soviet Union, since Post-Cold War. To assure its hegemonic status, Joseph Nye initiated the strategy of soft power to former President Bush and Clinton’s administration, and which had influenced People’s Republic of China (as known as a potential enemy to U.S.) profoundly.
     Soft power is such a wonderful elementary factor that made a dictatorial state like China a huge change both in its polity and image of the world. Moreover, China had been activated by American strategy of soft power, and eventually developed its own ‘Chinese character’ soft power, which had attracted at least by its peripheral states.
      Commensurate with its rapid economic and diplomatic development, China used to be considered as “China’s threat”, then due to China’s soft power strategy in terms of “Confucianism” and “Wang Dao”(benign) thought had been well responded by the world. As a dominated state, maybe it is time for the United States to think about trying not to conduct the soft power as a diplomatic tool only, but to seek a new strategy of soft power that combined tolerance and respect toward the others. Anyway, by the engagement of soft power among international relations, and the interdependency of regional economy, the author has an optimistic view for a harmonious world in the future.
     Key words: Post-Cold War, soft power, China’s threat, Wang Dao, harmonious world.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter One Instruction………………………………………………….1
     Chapter Two The Evolution of the Concept of power…………………..25
     Chapter Three The American Soft Power Strategy Toward China…..…41
     Chapter Four China’s Respondse-‘Soft Power for Soft Power’………..70
     Chapter Five Conclusion………………………………………………107
     References…………………………………………………..…………119
     TABLE OF CONTENTS
     Table 1-Chinese scholars’ definitions in soft power p.28
     Table-2 Three Types of Power p.29
     Table-3 Alan Isaak’s 5 Types of Power p.30
     Table-4 The Hegemonies and the Main Resource of Powers p.31
     Table-5 Table-5 The Resource of Most Competitive Powers in1990 p.31
     Table-6 Estimated total direct-programmed hours per week of some
     external radio broadcasters(1950-1996) p.50
     Table-7 China’s self- recognition in the international role and relative
     strategies since 1949 p.55
     Table-8 China’s relationships with the Big Countries p.56
     Table-9 China’s attitudes and functions in international institutions p.58
     Table-10 An Overview of The U.S.-China National Defense Conferences p.60
     Table-11 Relative Military Burden, 1989-1999 p.61
     Table-12 Comparison between the U.S. and P.R.C. in human rights p.63
     Table-13 Gallup’s 3 Polls to China’s peripheral states 2007 p.80
     Table-14 Summary of Vetoes in the Security Council 1946-2002 p.84
     Table 15. Absolute expenditures(2004-2005) p.86
     Table 16. Relative expenditures (as percentage of GDP) p.86
     Table-17 Largest Military Expenditures, 2006 p.88
     Table-18 Machine-Tool Export Rankings, 2006-2007 p.89
     Table-19 “2007Country Brand Ranking” p.92
     Table-20 Chinese students and scholars in the U.S. from1979 to 2000 p.94
     Table-21 The Situation of China’ Education (1990-2005) p.95
     Table-22 Acquired most of Doctor of Philosophy Degree from U.S. p.96
     Table-23 Number of Oversea Visitor Arrivals by Country/Region p.97
     Table-24 The Confucius Institutes in United States 2004-2008 p.101
     CHART OF CONTENTS
     Chart 1- Spectrum of Power p.27
     Chart2-Relation of Powers p.32
     Chart-3 Thesis of “Civilizational Clash” p.45
     Chart-4 Decades diplomatic relations commenced with the P.R.C. p.57
     Chart-5 The Multiple Realization of International Culture p.75
     Chart-6 Character of China’s Partnership p.78
     Chart-7 China’s Exported in I.C.T. Products p.90
     Chart-8 China’s Gold Medals in Olympic Games (1988-2004) p.91
     Chart-9 The largest numbers of international students in China p.96
zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094925005en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Post-Cold Waren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) soft poweren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) China`s threaten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Wang Daoen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) harmonious worlden_US
dc.title (題名) 後冷戰時期中美軟權力之較勁zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Post-Cold War US-China Competitions from the Perspective of Soft Poweren_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) I. Bibliography
     Bachrach, Perter.& Barats, Morton S., ‘The Faces of Power’, American Political Science Review, Vol.105,No.2, December 1962.pp.947-951
     Bailey, Sydney D. and Daws, Sam, ‘The Procedure of the UN Security Council’, third edition, Oxford, Clarendon, 1998, p.239.
     Chang, Yuowen and Huang, Jenwei, ‘China’s International Status Report2007’, -China Model: Catching World Attention with Growth of Soft as Well as Hard Power’, People’s Press, Beijing, July 2007, pp.341-345& pp.351-352
     Chang, DenGi, ‘Constructing China: To Position the Big Country and the Big Country Diplomacy in an Uncertain World’, Taipei Young Chi Press, December 2003, p.196
     Chou, Shiung, ‘The P.R.C.’s Diplomatic Policy After the Fourteenth National People’s Congress: Lasting and Changing’, Mainland China Study, vol.36, book 1, January 1993, p.58
     Chin, Yaching, “The Possibility and Necessity for Chinese Schools’ Building Up in International Relation Theories”, World Economic and Politic, Beijing, vol. 3, 2006,p.9
     Cline, Ray S., ‘World Power Assessment: A Calculus of Strategic Drift     Cimbala, Stephen, ‘Military persuasion in War and Policy: the power of soft’, Ministry of National Defense Translate & Edit Center, Taipei, 2002,pp.1-4
     Clinton, ‘A National Security Strategy for A New Century’, Washington D.C.: The White House, December 1999
     Conference Report, ‘Cold War Impact of VOA Broadcasts’, Hoover Institution and the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Oct. 13-16, 2004
     Doyle, Michael, ‘Liberalism and World Politics’, American Political Science Review 80 pp.1151-1169
     Feng, Tienyu, Chou Giming, ‘The Secret of Chinese Culture’, Taipei, GuFeng Press, 1988.p.23
     ‘George W. Bush Foreign Policy Speech’ November 19, 1999.
     Hong, KouChi & Dong, Kouhueih, ‘The Perspective of American Human Rights Diplomacy’, World Knowledge Press, Beijing, 2003. p.194
     Hong, Ting Shoa, Chang Churzeon, ‘Contemporary China Diplomacy-A New Interpretation’, Hong Kong, Li Chi Press, March 2004, pp.337~339&p.389
     Huang, Kouchuang, ‘The Conscious of China and The Conscious of Taiwan’, Wunan Press, Taipei, 1992, pp.9-17
     Holsti, K.J., ‘International Politics: A Framework for Analysis’,Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 7th ed.,1995>, p.118
     Huang, Shoufeng, ‘The Big Measure: A criticize in National Power and Global Power’, Hunan Press, Hunan, 2002,p.48
     Hu, Ankang, ‘The Great Strategy of China’, Hang Chow, Chekiang Press, 2003, p.85
     Hu, Ankang, “Roadmap of China’s Rising”, Peking University Press, April 2007, p.267
     Hu Sengpin, ‘China’s Stance and Strategy Research in the Integration of East Asia’, the Global Politic Comments, Vol.7, July 2004, pp.47-66
     Hu, Chien, ‘China’s Soft Power: Factors, Resource and Ability’, International Relation Study, No.2, Shishi Press, Beijing, 2006,p.131
     Huntington, Samuel P., ‘The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order’, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996,pp.35-49
     ‘International System and China’s Soft Power’, International Relation Study, No.2., Times Press, Beijing, 2006,p.103-136
     Isaak, Alan, ‘The Generalities of Politics’, Translated by Wang, Yichou, Wunan Press, Taipei, 1993, pp.85-95
     Jackson, David, "The Future of Radio II", World Radio TV Handbook, Billboard Books. ISBN 0823059979 , 2007, p.38.
     Johnston, Alastair and Paul Evans, ‘China’s Engagement with Multilateral Security Institutions’, New York: Routledge, 1999, pp.259-260
     Kenneth, Liberthal, ‘The Hong Kong Factor in Sino-American Relations, Asia Society, Hong Kong Transition. Context and Implications from Both Sides of the Pacific’, 1997, p.28
     Keohane, Robert O and Nye, Jr. Joseph ‘Power and Interdependence’, New York: Harper Collins Press, 2nd edit, 1989, p.5
     Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Jr. Joseph S., ‘Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition’, Boston, Little Brown, 1959, p.104
     Keohane, Robert O., ‘Economic Limits of Modern Politics: International Liberalism Reconsidered’, 1986.
     Kohut, Andrew & Stokes, Bruce. ‘America Against the World: How We Are
      Different and Why We Are Disliked’, Times Books, 2006.p.288
     Li, Anshang, ‘Comment in ‘China’s Rise-The Sino-Africa Relation’, Forum of World Economics and Politics, Nanjing, 11th Issue, 2006, pp.7-8
     Lee, Yunlung, ‘The Comparison of human rights between the U.S. and China’, Field Vision of Theories, vol.5, June 2004, pp.28-30
     Lampton, David M. and Bed, Same, ‘Different Dream-Managing US-China Relation, 1989-2000’, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001,p.139
     Lake, Anthony, ‘From Containment to Enlargement’, U.S. Department of State Dispatch, vol. 4, No.39, September 27, 1993,p.659
     Liu, li, “Economic Globalization and China’s Peaceful Rise”, The Chinese Communist Party School Press, Beijing, 2004,p.192
     Li, Sufei, ‘The Expanding Roles of Chinese Americans in U.S.-China Relations’, Xinhua Press, December 2004, p. 51
     Li, Anshang, ‘Comment in “China’s Rise”-The Sino-Africa Relation’, Forum of World Economics and Politics, Nanjing, 11th Issue, 2006, pp.7-8
     Liu, Toa, ‘ZhongGuo Jueqi Ce,’ –Analysis of China’s American Big Strategy, Xinhua Press, September 2007, pp.31-33&pp.61-65
     Mann, James, ‘About Face’, New York, 1999, pp.194-376
     Mao, HanKuang, ‘The History of Chinese Human Rights- the Rights of Survival’, Ghangxi Normal University Press, September 2006,pp.105-109
     Men, Hungsheng, ‘Constructing the Big Strategic Frame of China: the National Power, the Concept of Strategy and the International Institutions’, Peking University Press, 2005,pp.249-263
     Ni, Shishiung, ‘The Contemporary International Relation Theory’, Wunan Press, Taipei, 2003, pp.5-26
     Nye, Jr.Joseph, ‘Bound to Lead- The Changing Nature of American Power’, New York: Basic Books, 1990, pp. 34-174.&pp.177-192
     Nye, Jr.Joseph, ‘The Decline of America’s Soft Power’, Foreign Affairs, May/ June, 2004,p. 1
     Nye, Jr.Joseph, ‘The Paradox of American Power’ translated by Tsai, Tungjei, Taipei, 2002, p.58
     Nye, Jr.Joseph, ‘Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics’, Publics Affair, New York, 2004, Translated by Wu Xiaohui, Chien Cheng, Peiking, TungFong Press, 2005, p.47
     Nuechterlein, Donald E., ‘National Interests and Presidential Leadership’, Boulder, Colo. Westview Press, 1978, pp.1-38
     Pascal Rocha da Silva, ‘La politique de l`enfant unique en République Populaire de Chine’, 2006, Université de Genève, pp. 22-28
     Palmer, Robert R. and Colton, Joel: ‘The Contemporary World History’ Translated by Sun, Xiaolu, , Wunan Press, Taipei,1988, pp.147-164.
     Pan, Zuie, ‘The United States Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Period’, Times Press, Beijing, 2004, pp.185-188
     Peng, Whiahuenn, ‘The Political Science’, The National Open University, Taipei, 2004,P.3
     Puyachiyan, ‘The History of International Relation Theories’, 1997, P.234
     Rourke, Ronald O’, ‘China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities-Background and issues for Congress’, Congressional Research service, July 20, 2007 p.11
     Rubinstein, Alvin Z., Albina Shayevich and Boris Zlotnikov, eds., ‘The Clinton Foreign Policy Reader: President Speeches with Commentary’, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2000, p.119
     Ray, Julie, ‘Asian Populations Predict China’s Rise Over U.S.’, ‘Approval of U.S. vs. Chinese Leadership’, ‘Closed Tie’.
     Shi, MinHow, ‘The Analysis of American Strategy toward China in Clinton Period’. P.1
     Schutz, Barry & Paul Michael Withbey, ‘American Oil Policy Initiative Group’, National Energy Policy Report Office of Vice President Richard Cheney, May15, 2001,p.6
     Strange, Susan, ‘State and Markets’, London, 1988, pp.5-8
     ‘Suggestions for Beijing Olympic from Gymnastic Experts- To Enforce the Constructions of Soft Power’, The Gymnastic Coaches of China, Beijing, 2005, p.58
     Swaine, Michel D. and Johnston, Alastair, ‘China and Arms Control Institutions’, Elizabeth Economy and Michel Oksenberg eds., pp.101-105
     Sun, Yatsen, ‘ Nationalism’, The First Lecture, January 27,1924, p.1-2
     Teo, Eric Chu Cheow, ‘ASEAN+3: The role of ASEAN and China’, ASEAN-China Relation Realities and Prospects, Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, Singapore, 2005, pp.63-65
     Tseng, Zi, ‘The Four Books, The Doctrine of Great Learning: First Chapter The Dao of DaXue’ B.C. 516
     The Textbooks of ‘Four Books’, SanMin Book Co. Ltd., the former half, 5th Issued, 2002,pp.1-22
     The Chinese Communist Party Central Literature Committee, ‘Mao Zedong Collectives’, Beijing, People Press, 1969,p.160& p.168
     The Chinese Communist Party Central Literature Committee, ‘Deng Xiaoping Collectives’, Beijing, People Press, 1994,p.14
     Tao, Wenzhao & Zhong Zhangsheng, ‘A Century of China-U.S. Relations’, Yeh, FanMay, ‘American Domestic Politics and the Post Cold War Sino-US Relations’, China Social Science Press, April 2004, p.336
     Tao, Wenchao, ‘Lengzhan Hou De Meiguo Duihua Zhengce’, ChungKing Press, November 2006 pp.1-5, pp.125-127&pp.217-363
     Tucker, Nancy, ‘Taiwan, Hong Kong and the United States, 1945-1992. Uncertain Friendship’, New York: Twayner Publisher, 1994, p.221
     Wang, Kunyi and Tsai, Yuming, ‘Peaceful Rising: China’s Transforming International Strategy and The Contemplation for Its Taiwan Strategy’, Global Politics Comments, Taichung, Graduate Institute of International Politics of National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), vol.9, 2005, P.49
     Wang, WenChieh, ‘The Transmutational Constitution of China’, National Chiao Tung University Press, 2004,pp.7-12
     Wang, WenJay, “Comments on the Fourth Revision of China’s Actual Constitution”, Yuedan Fahsueh, vol.109
     Wang, Yanhong, ‘International System and China’s Soft Power’-‘Summary of the Seminar on China’s of soft power build up’, Times Press, Beijing,2006, pp.134-140
     Wang, He, ‘Traditional Culture and Modernization: A Review of the General Situation of Culture Studies in China Recent Years’, Vol.7, No.4, pp.9-30. & pp. 228-229
     Waltz, Kenneth, ‘Man, the State, and War’, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1959, P.104
     Wendt, Alexander, ‘Constructing International Politics’, International Security, vol.20, pp.384-396
     Wen, Chiabao, ‘Five Meanings in Elaborating China’s Peaceful Rising: Reassert That China Never be the Hegemony’, the 10th National People’s Congress, 14 March 2004
     Wei, Ear, ‘China’s Koufu Theory- A New Koufu Theory with Chinese Character’ Times Press, Taipei, May 2005.P.68
     Xiao,nan, ‘The Transition and Recognition of the Contemporary Chinese Culture’ Taipei, Sheng Chi Press, 1997,pp.11-12
     Xia, Liping, “The Chance for China’s important Strategy of Peaceful Rising”, The Theories Research of Mao & Deng, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, vol.1, 2004,p.55
     Yeh, Thomas M.F., ‘Taiwan New Economic’: Gardner publication/Compiled by the Taiwan Association of Machinery Industry, Center for Economic Deregulation and Innovation, CEPD, Taipei, April 2008, P.8
     Yin, Tienyuey, “The Analysis between ‘Big Power Diplomacy’ and ‘Partner Relationship’ of the Chinese Communist Party”, The Chinese Communist Party Research, vol.25, book 3, March 1993, p.86
     Yu,Yohuei, ‘Peace and Development- A Inspect of the Diplomatic Strategy of Hu-Wen Government’, Institute of International Relations National Chengchi University, Taipei,2005, P.56
     
     Ⅱ. Journals:
     ‘Another new Confucius Institute will be established in every four days, and there are going to 500 Confucius Institutes by the year of 2010’, China Review News, January 4, 2007,
     Chen, I-Hsin, ‘The Impact of the Signing of the Japan-Australia Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific’, 2007 Prospect and Exploration-Commentary Anthology, March 2008,pp.6-10
     Cheng, Dwanyao, ‘Critique of Social Constructivism in I.R.’, the U.S.- Europe Journal, Issue 15th, p.200
     ‘China and the United States: From Hostility to Engagement, 1960-1998’, Washington Journalism Review, 1999,P.1
     ‘Chairman Jiang met Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of United Nations’. People’s Daily, 9th May 1997,p.1
     Chan Weiyuan, ‘The Impact of Globalization on the Theory of the International Relations of China’, Prospect & Exploration, June 2007, pp.47-48
     Chiu, Tsungwen, ‘The View From a Responsible Big Power’, World Economic and Politic, Vol.266, October 2002, p.77
     Chan, Steve, ‘Realism, Revisionism, and the Great Powers’, Issues& studies 40, no.1, March 2004,pp.151-152
     ‘China’s soft power is growing rapidly’, Lianhe Zaobao, Singapore, July 1st, 2006
     Chu, Yen-ming, ‘Quinhai-Tibet Railroad &China’, Prospect & Exploration, August 2006 P.17
     Doyle, Michael, ‘Liberalism and World Politics’, American Political Science Review 80 , pp.1151-1169.
     Edmunds, John C., ‘Unlike a Good Neighbor’, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006
     Economy, Eizabeth, “Don’t Break the Engagement”, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2004, pp.96-97
     Gi, Ching and Young, Xiaohong, ‘The Description of Studying in U.S. and American Culture’, February, 1999, P.8
     Gong, Longseng, “Has The American Strategy of Asia-Pacific Been Changed Due to the China’s ‘Peaceful Rising’? ”, Air Force Academy Monthly, Vol.584, July 2005,P.18
     Hu Minyuan, ‘The Research of China’s border problems’, National Defense Magazine, 14th Vol.18, August,2003, PP.90-103
     Hass, Ernst B., ‘War, Interdependence and Functionalism’ and Barry Buzan, ‘economic Structure and International Security: The limits of the Liberal case’, International Organization, vol.38, no.4
     Huntington, Samuel P., ‘The Lonely Superpower’, Foreign Affairs,vol.78, no.2March’April, 1999,pp.35-49
     Joseph Biden, “US Congress Report Downplays China’s Rise of Soft Power’”, Taipei Times, May 7, 2008, P.1
     Krauthammer, Charles -‘ Why we must contain China’- Times, 1995 July
     Lord, Winston, ‘China and America: Beyond the Big Chill’, Foreign Affairs, Fall 1989, p.495
     Liu, Tingchung, “China’s Development and Diplomatic Strategy’, Chungching Wenli College Newspaper, Chungching, volume 5th, 1st issue, January 2006, p.163
     Liao, Martin, ‘Observation on Soft Power Exerted in China’s Recent African Foreign Strategy’, Prospect & Exploration, 4th, vol.6, April 2008,pp.78-83
     Liu, ChenAnn, ‘The PRC- US’s Military Exchange Situation and Development’, Air Force Scholar Bimonthly Journal, vol.592, June 2006. P.120
     Lu, YuNu & Teng ChuanChian, ‘The Development and Impact of China’s Soft Power’-‘Review of Global Politics’, vol. 21th, Jan.2008, pp.10-11
     Mahathir , ‘Chinese is not An Easy Race to Assimilate,’ The Straits Times, Singapore, 10 March 1997
     Men, Hunghua, ‘The Innovation of China’s International Strategic Thoughts’, Comments of Diplomacy, 87th, February 2006, p.28
     Nye, Jr. Joseph, ‘China’s Soft Power is Keep Rising’, Global Times, June 2nd, 2006
     Nye, Jr. Joseph.,‘East Asian Security: The Case for Deep Engagement’, Foreign Affairs, July/August 1995, P.1
     Nye, Jr. Joseph, ‘Soft Power’, Foreign Policy, Issue 80, autumn 1990, p.137
     & pp.153-171
     New York Times, June 30,1998, P.A9
     New York Times, ‘China Sticking With One-Child Policy’, March 11, 2008
     Peng,Chin, ‘To Express China’s Multilateralism of Diplomacy Through The Government Work Report Since 1986 to 2005’, Diplomacy Comment, 83rd Issue, August 2005, pp.52-53
     ‘Press Conference by President Bush’, June 5 & June 8, 1989: American Foreign Policy. Current Documents 1989, pp. 517-521.
     Rice, Condoleeza, ‘Promoting the National Interests’, Foreign Affairs, January/February, 2000.p.56
     Rodrik, Dani, ‘Understanding Economic Policy Reform’, Journal of Economic Literature,vol.34, No.1, 1996, pp.9-41.
     Steve Chan, ‘Realism, Revisionism and the Great Powers’, Issues &Studies 40, no.1, March 2004, pp.155-156
     Shih, Tzechung, “From ‘The Big-Power Diplomacy’ to ‘The Harmony Society’”: Prospect & Exploration, 2007, p.9
     Shih, Yinhung, ‘The Contemplation about China’s Big-Power Position and Image’, International Economic Comments, September& October, 1999.p.43
     Tang, Yuanping, ‘From the Point of View in Transition of Civilization’, The Clear Current Monthly, January 2008pp.10-13
     Taipei News, ‘Lhasa Police Fire Tear Gas at Protesters’- Tibetan sources, AFP, Mar 13, 2008, P. 6.
     Taipei News, ‘Tibetans continue march in defiance of Indian Police Ban’, AFP and AP, Mar 12, 2008, P. 1
     Taipei News, ‘US takes China off list of worst rights violators’, AFP, Mar 13, 2008, P. 1
     Todd, Giltin, ‘Taking the World by Force’, The Strait Times , January 11,1999.p.2
     ‘The 100 top brands’, ‘Business Week’, August 4, 2003, P.72-p.78
     Washington Post, Counties and Public Opinion center of University of Chicago, November 25,1999, p. G14
     Wang Fan, ‘It is not Enough for Chinese to Know the World’, Global Times, November24, 2007
     Whitton, John B. , ‘Cold War Propaganda’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 45, No. 1 Jan 1951, pp. 151–153
     Walt, Stephen M. ‘International Relations: One World, Many theories’, Foreign Policy, P.29
     Yang, I-Pin, ‘ The Relation between of the Culture of Confucianism and China’s Soft Power: Take Confucius Institute as an Example’, Prospect & Exploration, July, 2007,pp.23-47
     Yankelovich, Daniel , ‘The Tipping Points’,Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006
     Yang, I-Pin, ‘The Relation between of the Culture of Confucianism and China’s Soft Power: Take Confucius Institute as an Example’, Prospect & Exploration, July, 2007,pp.23-47
     Zheng, Bijian, ‘China’s “Peaceful Rise” to Great-Power Stratus’, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2005, p.18-22
     
     Ⅲ.Websites and others:
     1. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/index.html
     2. www.webmasterclub.org
     3. http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4943
     4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_diplomacy
     5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States.
     6. http://www.pbs.org/newshour /shields&gigot/number99/sg_11-19_bush.html
     7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOA
     8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia
     9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Favoured_Nation
     10.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PRC_relations_commencement.PNG
     11.http://www.peaceforum.org.tw/onweb.jsp?webno=33333332:5&webitem-no=843&845
     12. Wang Yusheng, ‘Tao Guang Yang Hui (Low Profile Diplomacy) - is China a threat? ’ (II), 8th July, 2005, www.XINHUANET.com
     13. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China;sinanet.com/xinhua
     14. hppt://gate.tycool.com:82/gate/big5/www.tycool.com/2005/04/19/00042.html
     15.‘ The Birth and Development of China’s Peaceful Rise’, http://www.china.com.cn/zhuanti/115/hpdl/txt/2006-02/content 6125477.htm
     16. ‘Military budget of the People`s Republic of China’ - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm
     17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China`s_military_expenditure#cite_note-3
     18. Conetta, Carl and Knight, Charles, ‘Project on Defense Alternatives’, January 1997, http://www.comw.org/pda/bmemo10.htm
     19. The Chinese Olympic Committee, http://www.sport.gov.cn/jjty/jjty-gzzg.html
      http://www.olympic.cn/
     20. oecd.org/document/8/0,2340,en_2649_201185_35833096_1_1_1_1,00.html., OECD, December 2005, http://www. ,
     21. http://www.countrybrandindex.com/country-brand-rankings/
     22. http://www.worldjournal.com/wj-ny-news.php?nt-seq-id=1661058
     23.Report of Institute of International Education (Half century for China Opening policy)website at www.iie.org.
     24.‘2007 China Statistics Press’, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexch.htm & http://www.moe.gov.cn, Year Book of China’s Education (2001-2005)
     25. ‘2007 China Statistics Press’, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexch.htm
     26. http://www.moe.gov.cn, Year Book of China’s Education (2007)
     27. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Confucious_Institute.png
     28.www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1002/8/2/3/100282311.html?coluid=49&kindid=974&docid=100282311
     29. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200605/29/eng20060529_269387.html, Article "`China threat` fear countered by culture" at People`s Daily; also see ‘Confucius Institutes Need Soft Landing Badly’, Global Times, January 18, 2007,p.18
     30.http://www.westendchronicle.com/article-cp69319033-CSIS-say-Confucius-part-of-Chinese-bid-to-win-over-western-hearts.html, "CSIS say: Confucius part of Chinese bid to win over western hearts", The Chronicle, May 27th 2007.
     31. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius_Institute
     32. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier
     33.‘Chinese Facing Shortage of Wives’, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 12 January, 2007.
     34. Kirschten, Dick: Broadcast News (GovExec.com, 1 May 1999)
     35. Su, Ivan, ‘From the Soft Power to Tranquil Power’, the http:// tw.myblog.yahoo.com, 2006,pp.1-3
     36. Ding YungKung, Hu, Shengping, ‘The Relationship of Peaceful Rise and Cross Strait’, and Thesis Collections from symposiums of advocating a steady and peaceful Cross Strait frame, Taipei, Euro-Asia Foundation, 2004.
     37. .Susan B. Epstein: Radio Free Asia (CRS Report for Congress; PDF)
     38. Senator of Wisconsin Joseph R. McCarthy speech at the ceremony for memorializing Lincoln, Feb. 9, 1950
     39. ‘2007 SIPRI Yearbook’, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2008.
zh_TW