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題名 山姆謝普家庭三部曲之內在重複結構
Mise en Abyme in Sam Shepard`s Family Trilogy
作者 楊惠君
Yang, Huei-chun
貢獻者 談德義
Demers, Pierre-E.
楊惠君
Yang, Huei-chun
關鍵詞 山姆謝普
烈火家園
埋葬的孩子
西部實錄
內在重複
Sam Shepard
Curse of the Starving Class
Buried Child
True West
mise en abyme
日期 1996
上傳時間 9-五月-2016 14:39:47 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文以紀德根據盾徽所提出之內在重複結構，探討美國劇作家山姆謝普的「家庭劇三部曲」。〈烈火家園〉結尾的預言故事說明了家庭成員互相毀滅的行為模式，〈埋葬的孩子〉劇中所揭發的弒子秘密與舞台上的演出相對應，〈西部實錄〉劇中的西部電影大綱正是男主角兄弟鬩牆之爭的寫照。
Chapter I relates the American playwright Sam Shepard’s life and career. Chapter II introduces the evolution of the idea of "mise en abyme." Chapter III interprets the concluding fable in "Curse of the Starving Class" as the mise en abyme of the play. Chapter IV interprets the secret of the child murder as the duplication of the action of "Buried Child" on stage. Chapter V interprets the Western scenario in "True West" as a reflection of the two brothers’ sibling rivalry in the play.
參考文獻 WORKS CITED
     
     Allen, Jennifer. "The Man on the High Horse." Esquire Nov. 1988: 141-44, 146, 148, 150-51.
     Auerbach, Doris. "Who Was Icarus`s Mother?: The Powerless Mother Figures in the Plays of Sam Shepard." Sam Shepard: A Casebook. Ed. Kimball King. New York: Garland, 1988. 53-64.
     Bigsby, C. W. E. Modern American Drama, 1945-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.
     ---. "Sam Shepard: Word and Image." Critical Angles: European Views of Contemporary American Literature. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1986.
     Bloom, Michael. "Visions of the End: The Early Plays." Marranca 71-78.
     Borges, Jorge Luis. "Partial Magic in the Quixote." Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writings. Ed. Donald A. Yeats and James E. Irby. New York: New Directions, 1964. 193-96.
     Brocket, Oscar G. and Robert Findlay. Century of Innovation: A History of European and American Theatre and Drama Since the Late Nineteenth Century. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1991.
     Capusan, Maria Voda. "Theatre and Reflexivity." Poetics 13 (1984): 101-09.
     Cardullo, Bert. "Shepard`s `Curse of the Starving Class." Explicator 42 (1983): 64.
     Cassirer, Ernst. Mythical Thought. Trans. Ralph Manheim. New Haven: Yale UP, 1955. Vol. 2 of The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. 3 vols.
     Chubb, Kenneth, et all. "Mad Dog Blues, and Old Time Cowboys." Marranca 187-209.
     Cohn, Ruby. New American Dramatists: 1960-1980. New York: Grove Press, 1982.
     Cott, Jonathan. "The Rolling Stone Interview: Sam Shepard." Rolling Stone 18 Dec. 1986: 166-72, 198, 200.
     Dallenbach, Lucien. The Mirror in the Text. Trans. Jeremy Whitely and Emma Hughes. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989. Trans. of Le recit speculaire: essai sur la mise en abyme. Paris: Seuil, 1977.
     Damage. Dir. Louis Malle. New Line, 1992.
     Demastes, William W. "Understanding Sam Shepard`s Realism." Comparative Drama 21 (1987): 229-48.
     DeRose, David J. Sam Shepard. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992.
     Derrida, Jacques. Dissemination. Trans. Barbara Johnson. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1981.
     Falk, Florence. "The Role of Performance in Sam Shepard`s Plays." Theatre Journal 33 (1981): 182-98.
     Fay, Stephen. "The Silent Type." Vogue Feb. 1985: 213, 216, 218.
     Foucault, Michel. Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews. Ed. Donald F. Bussy. London: Penguin, 1966.
     Franklyn, Julia and John Tanner. An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Heraldry. Oxford: Pergamon, 1969.
     Freedman, Samuel G. "Sam Shepard`s Mythic Vision of the Family." New York Times 1 Dec. 1985: H1, H20.
     Gide, Andre. The Counterfeiters. Trans. Dorothy Bussy. London: Penguin, 1966.
     ---. Journals. Trans. Justin O`Brien. London: Penguin, 1967.
     ---. Marshlands. Marshlands and Prometheus Misbound: Two Satires by Andre Gide. Trans. George D. Painter. New York: McGraw Hill, 1965.
     Gilman, Richard. Introduction. Seven Plays. By Sam Shepard. xi-xxvii.
     Glore, John. "The Canonization of Mojo Rootforce: Sam Shepard Live at the Pantheon." Theatre 12 (1981): 53- 65.
     Gloyne, Jill. "The Integrated Quest: Its Structure and Role in L`Emploi du Temps." Australian Journal of French Studies 22 (1985): 307-20.
     Hall, Ann C. A Kind of Alaska: Women in the Plays of O`Neill, Pinter, and Shepard. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993.
     Hart, Lynda. Sam Shepard`s Metaphorical Stages. Contributions in Drama and Theatre 22. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.
     Heilman, Robert B. "Shepard`s Plays: Stylistic and Thematic Ties." The Sewanee Review 100 (1992): 630-44. "Heraldique." Grand Larousse Universel. Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1983.
     "Heraldry." Encyclopedia Americana. 1992 ed.
     Hertz, Neil. Textual Strategies. Ed. Josue Harari. New York: Cornell UP, 1979.
     Hoeper, Jeffrey D. "Cain, Canaanites, and Philistines in Sam Shepard`s `True West.`" Modern Drama 36 (1993): 76-82.
     Hutcheon, Linda. Narcissistic Narrative: the Metafictional Paradox. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier UP, 1980.
     Jefferson, Ann. "Mise en Abyme and the Prophetic in Narrative." Style 17 (1983): 196-208.
     "Joplin, Janis." The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. 1992 ed.
     Kakutani, Michiko. "Myths, Dreams, Realities--Sam Shepard`s America." New York Times 29 Jan. 1984: H1, H26-28.
     Lenihan, John H. Showdown: Confronting Modern America in the Western Film. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1980.
     Lipsitz, George. Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.
     Lyons, Charles R. "Shepard`s Family Trilogy and the Conventions of Modern Realism." Rereading Sam Shepard: Contemporary Critical Essays on the Plays of Sam Shepard. Ed. Leonard Wilcox. New York: Saint Martin`s Press, 1993. 115-129.
     Marranca, Bonnie, ed. American Dreams: The Imagination of Sam Shepard. New York: PAJ Publications, 1981.
     McKelly, James. "The Artist and the West: Two Portraits by Jack Kerouac and Sam Shepard." Western American Literature 24 (1989): 293-301.
     Metz, Christian. "Mirror Construction in Fellini`s 8 1/2." Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema. Trans. Michael Taylor. Chicago: Chicago Up, 1991. 228-34. Trans. of Essais sur la signification au cinema. Paris: Klinksieck, 1968. 223-28.
     Mottram, Ron. Inner Landscape: The Theater of Sam Shepard. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1984.
     O`Brien, Justin. Portrait of Andre Gide. New York: Knopf, 1953.
     Orbison, Tucker. "Mythic Levels in Sam Shepard`s `True West`" Modern Drama 27 (1984): 506-19.
     Orr, John. Tragic Drama and Modern Society: A Sociology of Dramatic Form from 1880 to the Present. London: Macmillan, 1989.
     Oumano, Ellen. Sam Shepard: The Life and Work of an American Dreamer. New York: St. Martins Press, 1986.
     Perry, Frederick J. A Reconstruction-Analysis of "Buried Child" by Playwright Sam Shepard. San Francisco: Mellen Research UP, 1992.
     Pfister, Manfred. The Theory and Analysis of Drama. Trans. John Halliday. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1988.
     Poe, Edgar Allen. "The Fall of the House of Usher." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym et al. 2nd ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 1985. 1349-64.
     Poland, Albert and Bruce Mailman, ed. The Off Off Broadway Book: The Plays, People, Theatre. New York:
      Bobbs-Merrill, 1972.
     Ricardou, Jean. "The Story within the Story." James Joyce Quarterly 18 (1981): 323-38.
     Ron, Moshe. "The Restricted Abyss: Nine Problems in the Theory of Mise en Abyme." Poetics Today 8 (1987): 417- 38.
     Rosen, Carol. "Silent Tongues." Village Voice 4 Aug. 1988: 32-41.
     Saravan, David. Communists, Cowboys, and Queens: The Politics of Masculinity in the Work of Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams. Minneapolis: Minnesota UP, 1992.
     Schatz, Thomas. "The Western." Handbook of American Film Genres. Ed. Wes D. Gehring. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
     Schvey, Henry I. "A Worm in the Wood: The Father-Son Relationship in the Plays of Sam Shepard." Modern Drama 36 (1993): 12-26.
     Shepard, Sam. "Fool for Love" and Other Plays. New York: Bantam Books, 1984.
     ---. Hawk Moon. New York: PAJ Publications, 1981.
     ---. "Language, Visualization and the inner Library." Marranca, 214-19.
     ---. Motel Chronicles. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1982.
     ---. Seven Plays. London: Faber and Faber, 1985.
     ---. "The Unseen Hand" and Other Plays. New York: Bantam Books, 1986.
     Simon, John. "Theater Chronicle: Kopit, Norman and Shepard." Hudson Review 32 (1979): 77-88.
     Simonson, Harold P. Beyond the Frontier. Fort Worth: Texas Christian UP, 1989.
     Stambolian, George. "Sam Shepard`s `Mad Dog Blues`: A Trip through Popular Culture." Marranca 79-89.
     Thomson, David. "Shepard." Film Comment 19 (1983): 49-56.
     Three Colors: Red. Dir. Krzysztof Kieslowski. MK2, 1994.
     Tucker, Martin. Sam Shepard. New York: Continuum, 1992.
     Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Pioneer in the American History. New York: Rinehart and Winston, 1962.
     Walker, David H. Andre Gide. Hampshire: Macmillan Education, 1990
     Wattenberg, Richard. "`The Frontier Myth` on Stage: From the Nineteenth Century to Sam Shepard`s `True West.`" Western American Literature 26 (1990): 225-41.
     Weales, Gerald. "The Transformation of Sam Shepard." Marranca 37-43.
     Wetzsteon, Ross. "Sam Shepard: Escape Artist." Partisan Review 49 (1982): 253-61.
     Wilson, Ann. "Fool of Desire: The Spectator to the Plays of Sam Shepard." Modern Drama 30 (1987): 46-57.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
G795407
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G000G795407
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 談德義zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Demers, Pierre-E.en_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 楊惠君zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Yang, Huei-chunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 楊惠君zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yang, Huei-chunen_US
dc.date (日期) 1996en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-五月-2016 14:39:47 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-五月-2016 14:39:47 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-五月-2016 14:39:47 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G000G795407en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/95000-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) G795407zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文以紀德根據盾徽所提出之內在重複結構，探討美國劇作家山姆謝普的「家庭劇三部曲」。〈烈火家園〉結尾的預言故事說明了家庭成員互相毀滅的行為模式，〈埋葬的孩子〉劇中所揭發的弒子秘密與舞台上的演出相對應，〈西部實錄〉劇中的西部電影大綱正是男主角兄弟鬩牆之爭的寫照。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Chapter I relates the American playwright Sam Shepard’s life and career. Chapter II introduces the evolution of the idea of "mise en abyme." Chapter III interprets the concluding fable in "Curse of the Starving Class" as the mise en abyme of the play. Chapter IV interprets the secret of the child murder as the duplication of the action of "Buried Child" on stage. Chapter V interprets the Western scenario in "True West" as a reflection of the two brothers’ sibling rivalry in the play.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Ackedgements..............................................iv
     Chinese Abstract..........................................vi
     English Abstract.........................................vii
     Chapter I. Introduction....................................1
     Chapter II. Mise en Abyme.................................37
     Chapter III. “Curse of the Starving Class”..............61
     Chapter IV. “Buried Child”..............................80
     Chapter V. “True West” .................................98
     Conclusion...............................................111
     Works Cited..............................................113		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G000G795407en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 山姆謝普zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 烈火家園zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 埋葬的孩子zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 西部實錄zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 內在重複zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sam Sheparden_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Curse of the Starving Classen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Buried Childen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) True Westen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) mise en abymeen_US
dc.title (題名) 山姆謝普家庭三部曲之內在重複結構zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Mise en Abyme in Sam Shepard`s Family Trilogyen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) WORKS CITED
     
     Allen, Jennifer. "The Man on the High Horse." Esquire Nov. 1988: 141-44, 146, 148, 150-51.
     Auerbach, Doris. "Who Was Icarus`s Mother?: The Powerless Mother Figures in the Plays of Sam Shepard." Sam Shepard: A Casebook. Ed. Kimball King. New York: Garland, 1988. 53-64.
     Bigsby, C. W. E. Modern American Drama, 1945-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.
     ---. "Sam Shepard: Word and Image." Critical Angles: European Views of Contemporary American Literature. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1986.
     Bloom, Michael. "Visions of the End: The Early Plays." Marranca 71-78.
     Borges, Jorge Luis. "Partial Magic in the Quixote." Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writings. Ed. Donald A. Yeats and James E. Irby. New York: New Directions, 1964. 193-96.
     Brocket, Oscar G. and Robert Findlay. Century of Innovation: A History of European and American Theatre and Drama Since the Late Nineteenth Century. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1991.
     Capusan, Maria Voda. "Theatre and Reflexivity." Poetics 13 (1984): 101-09.
     Cardullo, Bert. "Shepard`s `Curse of the Starving Class." Explicator 42 (1983): 64.
     Cassirer, Ernst. Mythical Thought. Trans. Ralph Manheim. New Haven: Yale UP, 1955. Vol. 2 of The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. 3 vols.
     Chubb, Kenneth, et all. "Mad Dog Blues, and Old Time Cowboys." Marranca 187-209.
     Cohn, Ruby. New American Dramatists: 1960-1980. New York: Grove Press, 1982.
     Cott, Jonathan. "The Rolling Stone Interview: Sam Shepard." Rolling Stone 18 Dec. 1986: 166-72, 198, 200.
     Dallenbach, Lucien. The Mirror in the Text. Trans. Jeremy Whitely and Emma Hughes. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989. Trans. of Le recit speculaire: essai sur la mise en abyme. Paris: Seuil, 1977.
     Damage. Dir. Louis Malle. New Line, 1992.
     Demastes, William W. "Understanding Sam Shepard`s Realism." Comparative Drama 21 (1987): 229-48.
     DeRose, David J. Sam Shepard. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992.
     Derrida, Jacques. Dissemination. Trans. Barbara Johnson. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1981.
     Falk, Florence. "The Role of Performance in Sam Shepard`s Plays." Theatre Journal 33 (1981): 182-98.
     Fay, Stephen. "The Silent Type." Vogue Feb. 1985: 213, 216, 218.
     Foucault, Michel. Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews. Ed. Donald F. Bussy. London: Penguin, 1966.
     Franklyn, Julia and John Tanner. An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Heraldry. Oxford: Pergamon, 1969.
     Freedman, Samuel G. "Sam Shepard`s Mythic Vision of the Family." New York Times 1 Dec. 1985: H1, H20.
     Gide, Andre. The Counterfeiters. Trans. Dorothy Bussy. London: Penguin, 1966.
     ---. Journals. Trans. Justin O`Brien. London: Penguin, 1967.
     ---. Marshlands. Marshlands and Prometheus Misbound: Two Satires by Andre Gide. Trans. George D. Painter. New York: McGraw Hill, 1965.
     Gilman, Richard. Introduction. Seven Plays. By Sam Shepard. xi-xxvii.
     Glore, John. "The Canonization of Mojo Rootforce: Sam Shepard Live at the Pantheon." Theatre 12 (1981): 53- 65.
     Gloyne, Jill. "The Integrated Quest: Its Structure and Role in L`Emploi du Temps." Australian Journal of French Studies 22 (1985): 307-20.
     Hall, Ann C. A Kind of Alaska: Women in the Plays of O`Neill, Pinter, and Shepard. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993.
     Hart, Lynda. Sam Shepard`s Metaphorical Stages. Contributions in Drama and Theatre 22. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.
     Heilman, Robert B. "Shepard`s Plays: Stylistic and Thematic Ties." The Sewanee Review 100 (1992): 630-44. "Heraldique." Grand Larousse Universel. Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1983.
     "Heraldry." Encyclopedia Americana. 1992 ed.
     Hertz, Neil. Textual Strategies. Ed. Josue Harari. New York: Cornell UP, 1979.
     Hoeper, Jeffrey D. "Cain, Canaanites, and Philistines in Sam Shepard`s `True West.`" Modern Drama 36 (1993): 76-82.
     Hutcheon, Linda. Narcissistic Narrative: the Metafictional Paradox. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier UP, 1980.
     Jefferson, Ann. "Mise en Abyme and the Prophetic in Narrative." Style 17 (1983): 196-208.
     "Joplin, Janis." The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. 1992 ed.
     Kakutani, Michiko. "Myths, Dreams, Realities--Sam Shepard`s America." New York Times 29 Jan. 1984: H1, H26-28.
     Lenihan, John H. Showdown: Confronting Modern America in the Western Film. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1980.
     Lipsitz, George. Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.
     Lyons, Charles R. "Shepard`s Family Trilogy and the Conventions of Modern Realism." Rereading Sam Shepard: Contemporary Critical Essays on the Plays of Sam Shepard. Ed. Leonard Wilcox. New York: Saint Martin`s Press, 1993. 115-129.
     Marranca, Bonnie, ed. American Dreams: The Imagination of Sam Shepard. New York: PAJ Publications, 1981.
     McKelly, James. "The Artist and the West: Two Portraits by Jack Kerouac and Sam Shepard." Western American Literature 24 (1989): 293-301.
     Metz, Christian. "Mirror Construction in Fellini`s 8 1/2." Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema. Trans. Michael Taylor. Chicago: Chicago Up, 1991. 228-34. Trans. of Essais sur la signification au cinema. Paris: Klinksieck, 1968. 223-28.
     Mottram, Ron. Inner Landscape: The Theater of Sam Shepard. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1984.
     O`Brien, Justin. Portrait of Andre Gide. New York: Knopf, 1953.
     Orbison, Tucker. "Mythic Levels in Sam Shepard`s `True West`" Modern Drama 27 (1984): 506-19.
     Orr, John. Tragic Drama and Modern Society: A Sociology of Dramatic Form from 1880 to the Present. London: Macmillan, 1989.
     Oumano, Ellen. Sam Shepard: The Life and Work of an American Dreamer. New York: St. Martins Press, 1986.
     Perry, Frederick J. A Reconstruction-Analysis of "Buried Child" by Playwright Sam Shepard. San Francisco: Mellen Research UP, 1992.
     Pfister, Manfred. The Theory and Analysis of Drama. Trans. John Halliday. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1988.
     Poe, Edgar Allen. "The Fall of the House of Usher." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym et al. 2nd ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 1985. 1349-64.
     Poland, Albert and Bruce Mailman, ed. The Off Off Broadway Book: The Plays, People, Theatre. New York:
      Bobbs-Merrill, 1972.
     Ricardou, Jean. "The Story within the Story." James Joyce Quarterly 18 (1981): 323-38.
     Ron, Moshe. "The Restricted Abyss: Nine Problems in the Theory of Mise en Abyme." Poetics Today 8 (1987): 417- 38.
     Rosen, Carol. "Silent Tongues." Village Voice 4 Aug. 1988: 32-41.
     Saravan, David. Communists, Cowboys, and Queens: The Politics of Masculinity in the Work of Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams. Minneapolis: Minnesota UP, 1992.
     Schatz, Thomas. "The Western." Handbook of American Film Genres. Ed. Wes D. Gehring. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
     Schvey, Henry I. "A Worm in the Wood: The Father-Son Relationship in the Plays of Sam Shepard." Modern Drama 36 (1993): 12-26.
     Shepard, Sam. "Fool for Love" and Other Plays. New York: Bantam Books, 1984.
     ---. Hawk Moon. New York: PAJ Publications, 1981.
     ---. "Language, Visualization and the inner Library." Marranca, 214-19.
     ---. Motel Chronicles. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1982.
     ---. Seven Plays. London: Faber and Faber, 1985.
     ---. "The Unseen Hand" and Other Plays. New York: Bantam Books, 1986.
     Simon, John. "Theater Chronicle: Kopit, Norman and Shepard." Hudson Review 32 (1979): 77-88.
     Simonson, Harold P. Beyond the Frontier. Fort Worth: Texas Christian UP, 1989.
     Stambolian, George. "Sam Shepard`s `Mad Dog Blues`: A Trip through Popular Culture." Marranca 79-89.
     Thomson, David. "Shepard." Film Comment 19 (1983): 49-56.
     Three Colors: Red. Dir. Krzysztof Kieslowski. MK2, 1994.
     Tucker, Martin. Sam Shepard. New York: Continuum, 1992.
     Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Pioneer in the American History. New York: Rinehart and Winston, 1962.
     Walker, David H. Andre Gide. Hampshire: Macmillan Education, 1990
     Wattenberg, Richard. "`The Frontier Myth` on Stage: From the Nineteenth Century to Sam Shepard`s `True West.`" Western American Literature 26 (1990): 225-41.
     Weales, Gerald. "The Transformation of Sam Shepard." Marranca 37-43.
     Wetzsteon, Ross. "Sam Shepard: Escape Artist." Partisan Review 49 (1982): 253-61.
     Wilson, Ann. "Fool of Desire: The Spectator to the Plays of Sam Shepard." Modern Drama 30 (1987): 46-57.		zh_TW