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題名 專利池對非洲治療公衛相關被忽略的熱帶疾病之研究
Study of patent pool in treatment of public health related neglected tropical diseases in Africa
作者 范家堃
Fan, Chia Kwung
貢獻者 沈宗倫
Shen, Chung Lun
范家堃
Fan, Chia Kwung
關鍵詞 「被忽視」的熱帶疾病
失能調整人年
TRIPS杜哈公衛宣言
強制授權
BVGH專利池
Neglected Tropical Diseases
Disability Adjusted Life-Years
TRIPS Agreement
Doha Declaration
Compulsory Licensing
BVGH Patent Pool
日期 2016
上傳時間 3-八月-2016 10:16:32 (UTC+8)
摘要 「被忽視」的熱帶疾病(NTDs)中的寄生蟲疾病(Parasitic Diseases; PDs)除對非洲人群健康之危害甚鉅外,並進而對非洲地區社經體系造成嚴重衝擊與造成巨大的「失能調整人年」損失。由於不易取得治療PDs傳統基本藥物的問題,許多非洲民眾便以其部落社區的傳統治療師所採用的傳統草藥來進行PDs的治療,雖然這些傳統草藥容易取得,但是成分的內容和藥效品質甚或產生嚴重的致命副作用。雖然TRIPS協定第31條和杜哈宣言的第五和第六段對於製藥能力不足或大部分皆無製藥能力的貧窮國家,可以基於「國家緊急危難或其它緊急狀況」的事由,以強制授權方式取得專利藥或較便宜的學名藥以解決造成國家危難的特定公共健康事件,但是國際大藥廠認為無利可圖,不願意花費資金投注於預防或治療此類疾病藥物的相關研發外,高收入的國家為保護其大藥廠的藥物專利,也往往使用一些經濟制裁手段逼迫上述國家就制定國內專利法以保護其藥物專利。雖然經杜哈宣言修正TRIPS協定第31(f)條有關強制授權對外出口的障礙,但是出口國對於強制授權程序與是否能取得政治上和藥廠業者的支持,仍充滿困難。應用「專利池」可以減少交易成本或法律爭議而可調和「強制授權」與解決「權利耗盡」的爭議,有助於解決非洲開發中國家取得專利藥物的困境。PDs造成非洲開發中國家民眾失能等長期痛苦與健康生活損失,類推適用SARS模式,可依TRIPS協定第31條(b)與杜哈宣言第五段(c)將之視為「造成國家緊急危難或其它緊急狀況」的重大公共健康的事由而可行使強制授權。雖然「生醫專利池BVGH」的「非獨家個別授權與免授權費」的操作模式與傳統電信技術專利池不盡相同,但因藥廠不願投入治療PDs的傳統基本藥物存在的副作用與抗藥性的新藥研發,為鼓勵對治療PDs的藥物進行創新研發, BVGH彈性的授權方式與免繳交授權費,將有利於解決開發中國家未來取得新專利藥的困境。除BVGH外,建議結合全球獎勵基金以「激勵拉拔」的方式獎助願意投入治療PDs新藥研發並將專利自願授權給BVGH的藥廠。鑒於全球暖化與最近中東難民潮大量湧進歐洲,罕見的PDs可預期會大量傳播開來,將嚴重衝擊歐洲等先進國家良好的公共衛生體系,而使得「NTDs尤其是PDs不再只是專屬於貧窮國家的疾病,亦將常現於富有的先進國家」。這些NTDs疾病將提供藥廠進行新藥研發的利基,然而在未來可能產生專利池的反競爭問題,導致支配市場獨占性的隱憂值得關注。
Parasitic diseases (PDs) not only cause the huge health hazards to African populations, but also they further severely impact on African socio-economic system as resulting in huge economic and health losses as assessed by disability adjusted life-years. Since it is not easy for Africans to access the essential medicine to treat PDs, many of them will seek for the help of local healers in tribal communities to treat PDs. Although these traditional herbs are readily available, the content and quality of drug ingredients may even cause serious fatal side effects. Poor countries with insufficiencies or lacks of the pharmaceutical capacities may still access the patented medicines or cheaper generics to solve the national crisis caused by the specific public health events through compulsory licensing (CL) based on "national emergency or the other emergency situations" according to TRIPS Article 31 and Doha Declaration on the fifth and sixth paragraph due to that the large international pharmaceutical companies consider unprofitable, unwilling to spend money to invest on the research and development (R&D) of new drugs for prevention or treatment purpose. Moreover, the high-income countries also tend to exert some of the economic sanctions to force those poor countries to enact national patent law in order to protect drug patents. Furthermore, the mandatory obstacle of exportation authorized by CL from the amended TRIPS Agreement Article 31 (f) by the Doha Declaration has been improved; nevertheless, it is still fraught with difficulties in utilization of CL for the exporting countries because this should be dependent on whether they may actually get the supports from political and the pharmaceutical industry. Application of patent pools model may benefit to reduce transaction costs or legal dispute thus reconciling and resolving issues related to CL as well as doctrine of patent exhaustion and that it is beneficial to help solve dilemma for African countries to access patented drugs. Because Africans severely suffer from disabled caused by PDs thus leading to long-term pain and health life losses, African countries can grant CL as PDs may be regarded as national crisis like SARS causing "national emergency or the other emergency situations" as authorized from TRIPS Agreement Article 31 (f) and Doha Declaration paragraph 5 (c). Although the practice of individual licensing with royalty-free for BVGH is somewhat different from that of traditional patent pools, this licensing practice mode is beneficial to innovation in new drugs R&D to improve the side effects and drug-resistance of traditional essential medicines and help African countries to access patented new drugs in the future. Finally, it is recommended to cooperate with Award Foundation to encourage incentive for pharmaceutical companies which contribute most to new drugs R&D and voluntary licensing to BVGH. Owing to global warming and recent emergence of huge refugees into Europe rare PDs will be obviously spread out thus causing severe impacts on well-established public health system as leading to emergence of PDs in developed countries like Europe. Altogether, such situations definitely provide a good incentive in new drugs R&D for pharmaceutical companies; however, it guarantees concerns on anti-competitive and monopoly issues derived by biomedical pools in the future.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律科際整合研究所
101652012
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101652012
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 沈宗倫zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Shen, Chung Lunen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 范家堃zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Fan, Chia Kwungen_US
dc.creator (作者) 范家堃zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Fan, Chia Kwungen_US
dc.date (日期) 2016en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-八月-2016 10:16:32 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-八月-2016 10:16:32 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-八月-2016 10:16:32 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0101652012en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99615-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律科際整合研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101652012zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 「被忽視」的熱帶疾病(NTDs)中的寄生蟲疾病(Parasitic Diseases; PDs)除對非洲人群健康之危害甚鉅外,並進而對非洲地區社經體系造成嚴重衝擊與造成巨大的「失能調整人年」損失。由於不易取得治療PDs傳統基本藥物的問題,許多非洲民眾便以其部落社區的傳統治療師所採用的傳統草藥來進行PDs的治療,雖然這些傳統草藥容易取得,但是成分的內容和藥效品質甚或產生嚴重的致命副作用。雖然TRIPS協定第31條和杜哈宣言的第五和第六段對於製藥能力不足或大部分皆無製藥能力的貧窮國家,可以基於「國家緊急危難或其它緊急狀況」的事由,以強制授權方式取得專利藥或較便宜的學名藥以解決造成國家危難的特定公共健康事件,但是國際大藥廠認為無利可圖,不願意花費資金投注於預防或治療此類疾病藥物的相關研發外,高收入的國家為保護其大藥廠的藥物專利,也往往使用一些經濟制裁手段逼迫上述國家就制定國內專利法以保護其藥物專利。雖然經杜哈宣言修正TRIPS協定第31(f)條有關強制授權對外出口的障礙,但是出口國對於強制授權程序與是否能取得政治上和藥廠業者的支持,仍充滿困難。應用「專利池」可以減少交易成本或法律爭議而可調和「強制授權」與解決「權利耗盡」的爭議,有助於解決非洲開發中國家取得專利藥物的困境。PDs造成非洲開發中國家民眾失能等長期痛苦與健康生活損失,類推適用SARS模式,可依TRIPS協定第31條(b)與杜哈宣言第五段(c)將之視為「造成國家緊急危難或其它緊急狀況」的重大公共健康的事由而可行使強制授權。雖然「生醫專利池BVGH」的「非獨家個別授權與免授權費」的操作模式與傳統電信技術專利池不盡相同,但因藥廠不願投入治療PDs的傳統基本藥物存在的副作用與抗藥性的新藥研發,為鼓勵對治療PDs的藥物進行創新研發, BVGH彈性的授權方式與免繳交授權費,將有利於解決開發中國家未來取得新專利藥的困境。除BVGH外,建議結合全球獎勵基金以「激勵拉拔」的方式獎助願意投入治療PDs新藥研發並將專利自願授權給BVGH的藥廠。鑒於全球暖化與最近中東難民潮大量湧進歐洲,罕見的PDs可預期會大量傳播開來,將嚴重衝擊歐洲等先進國家良好的公共衛生體系,而使得「NTDs尤其是PDs不再只是專屬於貧窮國家的疾病,亦將常現於富有的先進國家」。這些NTDs疾病將提供藥廠進行新藥研發的利基,然而在未來可能產生專利池的反競爭問題,導致支配市場獨占性的隱憂值得關注。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Parasitic diseases (PDs) not only cause the huge health hazards to African populations, but also they further severely impact on African socio-economic system as resulting in huge economic and health losses as assessed by disability adjusted life-years. Since it is not easy for Africans to access the essential medicine to treat PDs, many of them will seek for the help of local healers in tribal communities to treat PDs. Although these traditional herbs are readily available, the content and quality of drug ingredients may even cause serious fatal side effects. Poor countries with insufficiencies or lacks of the pharmaceutical capacities may still access the patented medicines or cheaper generics to solve the national crisis caused by the specific public health events through compulsory licensing (CL) based on "national emergency or the other emergency situations" according to TRIPS Article 31 and Doha Declaration on the fifth and sixth paragraph due to that the large international pharmaceutical companies consider unprofitable, unwilling to spend money to invest on the research and development (R&D) of new drugs for prevention or treatment purpose. Moreover, the high-income countries also tend to exert some of the economic sanctions to force those poor countries to enact national patent law in order to protect drug patents. Furthermore, the mandatory obstacle of exportation authorized by CL from the amended TRIPS Agreement Article 31 (f) by the Doha Declaration has been improved; nevertheless, it is still fraught with difficulties in utilization of CL for the exporting countries because this should be dependent on whether they may actually get the supports from political and the pharmaceutical industry. Application of patent pools model may benefit to reduce transaction costs or legal dispute thus reconciling and resolving issues related to CL as well as doctrine of patent exhaustion and that it is beneficial to help solve dilemma for African countries to access patented drugs. Because Africans severely suffer from disabled caused by PDs thus leading to long-term pain and health life losses, African countries can grant CL as PDs may be regarded as national crisis like SARS causing "national emergency or the other emergency situations" as authorized from TRIPS Agreement Article 31 (f) and Doha Declaration paragraph 5 (c). Although the practice of individual licensing with royalty-free for BVGH is somewhat different from that of traditional patent pools, this licensing practice mode is beneficial to innovation in new drugs R&D to improve the side effects and drug-resistance of traditional essential medicines and help African countries to access patented new drugs in the future. Finally, it is recommended to cooperate with Award Foundation to encourage incentive for pharmaceutical companies which contribute most to new drugs R&D and voluntary licensing to BVGH. Owing to global warming and recent emergence of huge refugees into Europe rare PDs will be obviously spread out thus causing severe impacts on well-established public health system as leading to emergence of PDs in developed countries like Europe. Altogether, such situations definitely provide a good incentive in new drugs R&D for pharmaceutical companies; however, it guarantees concerns on anti-competitive and monopoly issues derived by biomedical pools in the future.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與範疇 1~4
第二節 研究方法 4
第三節 論文架構 4~7
第二章 熱帶疾病對非洲人群健康之衝擊與治療藥物取得之困境 7
第一節 世界衛生組織定義的「重要」與「被忽視」的熱帶疾病 7~9
第一項 「被忽視」的熱帶疾病態樣與「倫敦宣言」 10~11
第二項 對非洲地區危害甚鉅之「被忽視」的熱帶疾病中的鉤蟲病、血吸蟲病和淋巴絲蟲病與「失能調整人」 11~12
第一款 鉤蟲病(hookworm disease) 12~13
第二款 血吸蟲病(Schistosomiasis) 13~15
第三款 淋巴絲蟲病(lymphatic filariasis) 15
第三項 NTDs對非洲地區社經體系所造成之衝擊 16~18
第二節 聯合國『可持續性發展目標(SDGs)』對抗被忽略的熱帶疾病 18
第一項 背景 18~19
第二項 SDGs 3與SDGs 17 19~20
第三節 非洲開發中國家對治療NTDs藥物取得之困境與進展 21~28
第四節 偏遠貧困民眾對傳統草藥的取得和衍生之問題與展望 29~32
第三章 杜哈TRIPS協定與公共衛生宣言對治療熱帶疾病藥物取得的影響 32
第一節 TRIPS協定歷史背景與由來 32~34
第二節 TRIPS協定之爭議對開發中國家民眾健康權的影響 34~35
第一項 TRIPS 協定對基本藥品取得性的問題 35~36
第二項 美國對南非愛滋病藥品取得之貿易爭端 36~37
第三項 美國對巴西愛滋病藥品取得之貿易爭端 37~38
第四項 小結 38~39
第三節 杜哈公共衛生宣言對非洲開發中國家取得治療NTDs藥物的影響 39~41
第一項 「杜哈公共衛生宣言」對強制授權的修正 41
第二項 關於「國家緊急危難或其他緊急狀況」認定之法律爭議 41~43
第三項 NTDs是否可被認定為「國家緊急危難或其他緊急狀況」的構成要件之一 43
第四項 「杜哈公共衛生宣言」對解決非洲開發中或極不發達國家藥物取得之問題 43~44
第一款 非洲國家欠缺專利藥物之智慧財產權相關保護法律問題 44~45
第二款 「權利耗盡」認定之法律問題 45~47
第四節 小結 47~48
第四章 專利池對強制授權的調和與增進藥物取得的優勢 48
第一節 專利池源起、運作與法制 48~52
第一項 專利類型與專利池的關係 52~53
第二項 現代專利池的組建與運作 53~55
第三項 專利池對促進創新的正反面影響 56~57
第二節 專利池對非洲開發中國家取得專利藥物的進展 57~58
第一項 生醫專利池的態樣與授權方式 58
第一款 嚴重急性呼吸系統症候群(SARS)專利池 58~59
第二款 藥品專利池(MPP) 59~61
第三款 BVGH專利池 61~62
第二項 結算中心的概念與運作方式 62
第三項 SARS、MPP和BVGH三個專利池的差異與特性 62~63
第四項 小結 63~64
第三節 專利池對杜哈宣言「強制授權」的調和 64~68
第四節 藥物專利池發生濫用的可能問題 68~71
第五章 藉BVGH專利池與獎勵新藥研發以解決治療寄生蟲症傳統藥物的副作用或抗藥性問題 71
第一節 治療NTDs有關寄生蟲症的傳統基本藥物副作用的問題 71~76
第二節 治療NTDs有關寄生蟲症的藥物耐受性或抗藥性的問題 77~78
第三節 鼓勵全球籌資並資助NTDs新藥研發專利池的擴展和獎勵廠商開發新藥的貢獻 78~85
第六章 結論 86~91
第七章 參考資料 92
一、中文部分 92~94
二、英文部分 94~98
第八章 附錄 99
附錄一、TRIPS協定與公共衛生健康相關之重要條約 99~102
附錄二、杜哈宣言原文全文與中文翻譯 103~104
附錄三、WHO明列之NTDs而與治療寄生蟲病相關的基本藥物 105~108
附錄四、與公衛健康相關之聯合國永續發展目標(SDGs) 109~110
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2550686 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101652012en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 「被忽視」的熱帶疾病zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 失能調整人年zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) TRIPS杜哈公衛宣言zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 強制授權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) BVGH專利池zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Neglected Tropical Diseasesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Disability Adjusted Life-Yearsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) TRIPS Agreementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Doha Declarationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Compulsory Licensingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) BVGH Patent Poolen_US
dc.title (題名) 專利池對非洲治療公衛相關被忽略的熱帶疾病之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Study of patent pool in treatment of public health related neglected tropical diseases in Africaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分(依據時間先後):
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