學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 促進成年神經新生之藥物對大鼠海馬迴及其學習記憶的影響
A compound that promotes adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus enhances learning and memory作者 吳佩融 貢獻者 賴桂珍
吳佩融關鍵詞 神經新生
海馬迴
豐富性環境日期 2016 上傳時間 2-九月-2016 00:14:50 (UTC+8) 參考文獻 Abrous DN, Koehl M, Le Moal M (2005) Adult neurogenesis: from precursors to network and physiology. Physiological reviews 85:523-569. Adler J, Reuven N, Kahana C, Shaul Y (2010) c-Fos proteasomal degradation is activated by a default mechanism, and its regulation by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 determines c-Fos serum response kinetics. Mol Cell Biol 30:3767-3778. Aharoni R, Arnon R, Eilam R (2005) Neurogenesis and neuroprotection induced by peripheral immunomodulatory treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 25:8217-8228. Almeida NSaOFX (2002) Corticosteroids: Sulptors of the Hippocomapus formation. Reviews in the Neurosciences 13:59-84. Almira, Bruce L. McNaughton, Carol A. Barnes, Paul F. Worley, John F. Guzowski (2002) Experience-Dependent Coincident Expression of the Effector Immediate-Early Genes Arc and Homer 1a in Hippocampal and Neocortical Neuronal Networks. The Journal of Neuroscience 22:10067-10071. Alo (1989) Adrenalectomy decreases nerve growth factor in young adult rat hippocampus. Neurobiology 86:5636-5640. Altman JGDD (1965b) Post-Natal Origin of Microneurones in the Rat Brain. Nature 207:953-956. Arias-Carrión T-FYaO (2011) Adult Neurogenesis in the Hypothalamus: Evidence, Functions and Implications. Axel Nimmerjahn FK, Fritjof Helmchen (2005) Resting Microglial Cells Are Highly Dynamic Surveillants of Brain Parenchyma in Vivo. Science 308:1314-1318. Barker GR, Warburton EC (2011) When is the hippocampus involved in recognition memory? The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 31:10721-10731. Battaglia FP, Benchenane K, Sirota A, Pennartz CM, Wiener SI (2011) The hippocampus: hub of brain network communication for memory. Trends Cogn Sci 15:310-318. Bernier PJ, Bedard A, Vinet J, Levesque M, Parent A (2002) Newly generated neurons in the amygdala and adjoining cortex of adult primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99:11464-11469. Bilimoria PM, Stevens B (2015) Microglia function during brain development: New insights from animal models. Brain research 1617:7-17. Bolding K, Biedenkapp J (2006) What can immediate-early gene expression tell us about spatial memory retrieval? The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 26:1659-1660. Bonaguidi MA, Song J, Ming GL, Song H (2012) A unifying hypothesis on mammalian neural stem cell properties in the adult hippocampus. Current opinion in neurobiology 22:754-761. Broadbent NJ, Gaskin S, Squire LR, Clark RE (2010) Object recognition memory and the rodent hippocampus. Learn Mem 17:5-11. Bruno Bozon SD, and Serge Laroche (2003) A Requirement for the Immediate Early Gene zif268 in Reconsolidation of Recognition Memory after Retrieval. Neuron, 40:695-701. Charlotte B. Alme CM, Karel Jezek, Alessandro Treves, Edvard I. Moser, and May-Britt Moser (2014) Place cells in the hippocampus: Eleven maps for eleven rooms. PNAS 111:18428–18435. Chen Z, Trapp BD (2015) Microglia and neuroprotection. J Neurochem. Choudhry Z, Rikani AA, Choudhry AM, Tariq S, Zakaria F, Asghar MW, Sarfraz MK, Haider K, Shafiq AA, Mobassarah NJ (2014) Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway: a complex network. Annals of neurosciences 21:28-31. Conrad CD, Roy EJ (1993) Selective Loss of Hippocampal Granule Cells following Adrenalectomy: Implications for Spatial Memory. The Journal of Neuroscience 736 2562-2590. DAS JAAGD (1965a) Autoradiographic and Histological Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis. The Journal of comparative neurology 124:319-335. Davalos D, Grutzendler J, Yang G, Kim JV, Zuo Y, Jung S, Littman DR, Dustin ML, Gan WB (2005) ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. Nat Neurosci 8:752-758. Dorey R, Pierard C, Shinkaruk S, Tronche C, Chauveau F, Baudonnat M, Beracochea D (2011) Membrane mineralocorticoid but not glucocorticoid receptors of the dorsal hippocampus mediate the rapid effects of corticosterone on memory retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:2639-2649. Ernst A, Alkass K, Bernard S, Salehpour M, Perl S, Tisdale J, Possnert G, Druid H, Frisen J (2014) Neurogenesis in the striatum of the adult human brain. Cell 156:1072-1083. Faigle R, Song H (2013) Signaling mechanisms regulating adult neural stem cells and neurogenesis. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1830:2435-2448. Fanselow MS, Dong HW (2010) Are the dorsal and ventral hippocampus functionally distinct structures? Neuron 65:7-19. Florent Ginhoux, Shawn Lim, Guillaume Hoeffel, Donovan Low, Huber T (2013) Origin and differentiation of microglia. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 7:45. Galea LA, Wainwright SR, Roes MM, Duarte-Guterman P, Chow C, Hamson DK (2013) Sex, hormones and neurogenesis in the hippocampus: hormonal modulation of neurogenesis and potential functional implications. Journal of neuroendocrinology 25:1039-1061. Gay F, Laforgia V, Caputo I, Esposito C, Lepretti M, Capaldo A (2013) Chronic exposure to cadmium disrupts the adrenal gland activity of the newt Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Urodela). Biomed Res Int 2013:424358. Gothard, Skaggs, Moore, McNaughton (1996) Binding of Hippocampal CA1 Neural Activity to Multiple Reference Frames in a Landmark-Based Navigation Task. The Journal of Neuroscience 16:823-865. Gould E, Vail N, Wagers M, Gross CG (2001) Adult-generated hippocampal and neocortical neurons in macaques have a transient existence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:10910-10917. Gregory L. Lyford KY, Walter E. Kaufmann CAB, Laura K. Sanders NGC, Debra J. Gilbert NAJ, Anthony A. Lanahan aPFW (1995) Arc, a Growth Factor and Activity-Regulated Gene, Encodes a Novel C oskeleton-Associated Protein That Is Enriched in Neuronal Dendrites. Neuron 14:443-445. Guzowski, Gregory L. Lyford, Gail D. Stevenson, Frank P. Houston, James L. McGaugh, Paul F. Worley, Carol A. Barnes (2000) Inhibition of Activity-Dependent Arc Protein Expression in the Rat Hippocampus Impairs the Maintenance of Long-Term Potentiation and the Consolidation of Long-Term Memory. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20:3993-4001. Guzowski JF, McNaughton BL, Barnes CA, Worley PF (1999) Environment-specific expression of the immediate-early gene Arc in hippocampal neuronal ensembles. Nature 2:1120-1124. Hevner RF, Hodge RD, Daza RA, Englund C (2006) Transcription factors in glutamatergic neurogenesis: conserved programs in neocortex, cerebellum, and adult hippocampus. Neuroscience research 55:223-233. Hock BJ, Jr, Bunsey (1998) Differential Effects of Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampal Lesions. The Journal of Neuroscience 18:7027–7032. Honey MGaRC (1997) Dissociable Effects of Selective Lesions to Hippocampal Subsystems on Exploratory Behavior, Contextual Learning, and Spatial Learning. Behavioral neuroscience 111:487-493. Hsieh J (2012) Orchestrating transcriptional control of adult neurogenesis. Genes & development 26:1010-1021. Hu Z, Yuri K, Ozawa H, Lu H, Kawata M (1997) The In Vivo Time Course for Elimination of Adrenalectomy-Induced Apoptotic Profiles from the Granule Cell Layer of the Rat Hippocampus. The Journal of Neuroscience 17:3981-3989. Jankord R, Herman JP (2008) Limbic regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical function during acute and chronic stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1148:64-73. Jansen SW, Roelfsema F, Akintola AA, Oei NY, Cobbaert CM, Ballieux BE, van der Grond J, Westendorp RG, Pijl H, van Heemst D (2015) Characterization of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal-Axis in Familial Longevity under Resting Conditions. PLoS One 10:e0133119. Jeremy Hall KLT, and Barry J. Everitt (2001) Cellular Imaging of zif268 Expression in the Hippocampus and Amygdala during Contextual and Cued Fear Memory Retrieval: Selective Activation of Hippocampal CA1 Neurons during the Recall of Contextual Memories. The Journal of Neuroscience 21:2186-2193. Jessberger SC, R. E.Broadbent, N. J.Clemenson, G. D., Jr.Consiglio, A.Lie, D. C.Squire, L. R.Gage, F. H. (2009) Dentate gyrus-specific knockdown of adult neurogenesis impairs spatial and object recognition memory in adult rats. Learn Mem 16:147-154. Johnson RL, Scott MP (1998) New players and puzzles in the hedgehog signaling pathway. Genetics & Developement 8:450-456. Jungenitz T, Radic T, Jedlicka P, Schwarzacher SW (2014) High-frequency stimulation induces gradual immediate early gene expression in maturing adult-generated hippocampal granule cells. Cereb Cortex 24:1845-1857. Kawashima T, Okuno H, Bito H (2014) A new era for functional labeling of neurons: activity-dependent promoters have come of age. Frontiers in neural circuits 8:37. Kelly MP, Deadwyler aSA (2003) Experience-Dependent Regulation of the Immediate-Early Gene Arc Differs across Brain Regions. The Journal of Neuroscience 23:6443– 6451. Kempermann G (2011) Seven principles in the regulation of adult neurogenesis. The European journal of neuroscience 33:1018-1024. Kettenmann H, Hanisch UK, Noda M, Verkhratsky A (2011) Physiology of microglia. Physiological reviews 91:461-553. Kitamura T, Inokuchi K (2014) Role of adult neurogenesis in hippocampal-cortical memory consolidation. Molecular brain 7:13. Komada M, Takahashi M, Ikeda Y (2015) Involvement of SF-1 in neurogenesis and neuronal migration in the developing neocortex. Neurosci Lett 600:85-90. Konefal S, Elliot M, Crespi B (2013) The adaptive significance of adult neurogenesis: an integrative approach. Front Neuroanat 7:21. Koutmani Y, Karalis KP (2015) Neural stem cells respond to stress hormones: distinguishing beneficial from detrimental stress. Front Physiol 6:77. Krzysztof S, Wojciech S (2013) Hippocampus,hippocampal sclerosis and epilepsy. Pharmacological reports 65:555-556. Kubik S, Miyashita T, Guzowski JF (2007) Using immediate-early genes to map hippocampal subregional functions. Learn Mem 14:758-770. Li LC, J.Gao, X.Whitehead, J.Tourtellotte, W. G. (2005) The neuroplasticity-associated arc gene is a direct transcriptional target of early growth response (Egr) transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol 25:10286-10300. Lledo P, Alonso M, Grubb MS (2006) Adult neurogenesis and functional plasticity in neuronal circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:179-193. Maeda N, Tahata S, Yagi T, Tanaka E, Masu K, Sato M, Haeno S, Onaga T, Yokota H (2015) Assessment of testicular corticosterone biosynthesis in adult male rats. PLoS One 10:e0117795. Magarions, Verdugo, Mcewen (1997) Chronic stress alters synaptic terminal structure in hippocampus. Neurobiology 94:14002-14008. Martinez-Claros M, Steinbusch HW, van Selm A, van den Hove DL, Prickaerts J, Pawluski JL (2013) Adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement differentially alter CA3 dendritic morphology and new cell survival in the adult rat hippocampus. J Chem Neuroanat 48-49:23-28. Ming G-l, Song H (2005) Adult Neurogenesis in the Mammalian Central Nervous System. Ming GL, Song H (2011) Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain: significant answers and significant questions. Neuron 70:687-702. Monteiro BM, Moreira FA, Massensini AR, Moraes MF, Pereira GS (2014) Enriched environment increases neurogenesis and improves social memory persistence in socially isolated adult mice. Hippocampus 24:239-248. Morin JP, Guzman-Ramos K, Bermudez-Rattoni F (2015) New Insights on Retrieval-Induced and Ongoing Memory Consolidation: Lessons from Arc. Neural Plast 2015:184083. Moser E, Moser M, Andersen P (1993) Spatial Learning Impairment Parallels the Magnitude of Dorsal Hippocampal Lesions, but Is Hardly Present following Ventral Lesions. The Journal of Neuroscience 13:3916-3925. Moster, Moser, Forres, Andersen, MORRIS (1995) Spatial learning with a minislab in the dorsal hippocampus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92:9697-9701. O`Keefe, Burgess, Donnett , Jeiery, Maguire (1998) Place cells, navigational accuracy, and the human hippocampus. The Royal Society 353:1333-1340. O`Keefe J, Dosterovsk J (1971) The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain research 34:171-175. O’Keefe JaN, L. (1978) The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. OUP. Okamoto M, Hojo Y, Inoue K, Matsui T, Kawato S, McEwen BS, Soya H (2012) Mild exercise increases dihydrotestosterone in hippocampus providing evidence for androgenic mediation of neurogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109:13100-13105. Pencea V, Bingaman KD, Freedman LJ, Luskin MB (2001) Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the neonatal and adult primate forebrain. Exp Neurol 172:1-16. Philip A. Beachy SGH, Robert A. Lazarus, et al. (2010) Interactions between Hedgehog proteins and their binding partners come into view. Genes & development 24:2001-2012. Plath N, Ohana O, Dammermann B, Errington ML, Schmitz D, Gross C, Mao X, Engelsberg A, Mahlke C, Welzl H, Kobalz U, Stawrakakis A, Fernandez E, Waltereit R, Bick-Sander A, Therstappen E, Cooke SF, Blanquet V, Wurst W, Salmen B, Bosl MR, Lipp HP, Grant SG, Bliss TV, Wolfer DP, Kuhl D (2006) Arc/Arg3.1 is essential for the consolidation of synaptic plasticity and memories. Neuron 52:437-444. Rees SL, Panesar S, Steiner M, Fleming AS (2004) The effects of adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement on maternal behavior in the postpartum rat. Horm Behav 46:411-419. Ribak CE, Shapiro LA, Perez ZD, Spigelman I (2009) Microglia-associated granule cell death in the normal adult dentate gyrus. Brain Struct Funct 214:25-35. Robert E. Clark, Stuart M. Zola, Squire aLR (2000) Impaired Recognition Memory in Rats after Damage to the Hippocampus. The Journal of Neuroscience 20:8853-8860. Robert S. Sloviter GV, Gary M. AbramS,, Edward C. Ronk ALS, Linda A. Paul,, Simon Neubort (1989) Selective Loss of Hippocampal Granule Cells in the Mature Rat Brain after Adrenalectomy. Science 243:535-538. Rogelius NH, J. B.Lundberg, C.Parmar, M. (2008) Reprogramming of neonatal SVZ progenitors by islet-1 and neurogenin-2. Mol Cell Neurosci 38:453-459. Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (2011) Memory modulation. Behavioral neuroscience 125:797-824. Saaltink DJ, Vreugdenhil E (2014) Stress, glucocorticoid receptors, and adult neurogenesis: a balance between excitation and inhibition? Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 71:2499-2515. SAPOLSKY RM (1985) A Mechanism for Glucocorticoid Toxicity in the Hippocampus: Increased Neuronal Vulnerability to Metabolic Insults. The Journal of Neuroscrence 5:1228-1232. Sato K (2015) Effects of Microglia on Neurogenesis. Glia 63:1394-1405. Schwabe L, Joels M, Roozendaal B, Wolf OT, Oitzl MS (2012) Stress effects on memory: an update and integration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36:1740-1749. Scoviille WB, Milner B (1957) LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 20. Seib DR, Martin-Villalba A (2014) Neurogenesis in the Normal Ageing Hippocampus: A Mini-Review. Gerontology. Song J, Sun J, Moss J, Wen Z, Sun GJ, Hsu D, Zhong C, Davoudi H, Christian KM, Toni N, Ming GL, Song H (2013) Parvalbumin interneurons mediate neuronal circuitry-neurogenesis coupling in the adult hippocampus. Nat Neurosci 16:1728-1730. Spanswick SC, Lehmann H, Sutherland RJ (2011) A novel animal model of hippocampal cognitive deficits, slow neurodegeneration, and neuroregeneration. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011:527201. Spanswick SC, Sutherland RJ (2010) Object/context-specific memory deficits associated with loss of hippocampal granule cells after adrenalectomy in rats. Learn Mem 17:241-245. Speisman RB, Kumar A, Rani A, Foster TC, Ormerod BK (2013) Daily exercise improves memory, stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis and modulates immune and neuroimmune cytokines in aging rats. Brain, behavior, and immunity 28:25-43. Tremblay ME, Stevens B, Sierra A, Wake H, Bessis A, Nimmerjahn A (2011) The role of microglia in the healthy brain. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 31:16064-16069. Urban N, Guillemot F (2014) Neurogenesis in the embryonic and adult brain: same regulators, different roles. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 8:396. Varjosalo M, Taipale J (2008) Hedgehog: functions and mechanisms. Genes & development 22:2454-2472. Vivar C, Praag vH (2013) Functional circuits of new neurons in the dentate gyrus. Frontiers in neural circuits 7:15. Warburton EC, Brown MW (2015) Neural circuitry for rat recognition memory. Behavioural brain research 285:131-139. Wiltgen BJ, Sanders MJ, Anagnostaras SG, Sage JR, Fanselow MS (2006) Context fear learning in the absence of the hippocampus. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 26:5484-5491. Woodbury ME, Ikezu T (2014) Fibroblast growth factor-2 signaling in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology 9:92-101. Xavier, Oliveira-Filho, Santos (1991) Dentate Gyrus-Selective Colchicine Lesion and Disruption of Performance in Spatial Tasks: Difficulties in ‘‘Place Strategy’’ Because of a Lack of Flexibility in the Use of Environmental Cues? Hippocampus 9:668-681. Xavier GF, Costa VC (2009) Dentate gyrus and spatial behaviour. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 33:762-773. Zhao C, Deng W, Gage FH (2008) Mechanisms and Functional Implications of Adult Neurogenesis. Cell 132:645-660. Zhao M, Momma S, Delfani K, Carlen M, Cassidy RM, Johansson CB, Brismar H, Shupliakov O, Frisen J, Janson AM (2003) Evidence for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian substantia nigra. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100:7925-7930. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
神經科學研究所
102754006資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102754006 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 賴桂珍 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) 吳佩融 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 吳佩融 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2016 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-九月-2016 00:14:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-九月-2016 00:14:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-九月-2016 00:14:50 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0102754006 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/101132 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 神經科學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102754006 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要 英文摘要 縮寫對照表 第一章-緒論 一、成體的神經新生(Adult neurogenesis) 1-1 神經新生------------------------------------- 1 1-2 促進神經新生的因子----------------------------- 4 1-3 Shh(Sonic hedgehog) ------------------------ 5 (1) 由系統演化樹看Shh的演化 (2) Sonic hedgehog (Shh) 的蛋白質構造 (3) Shh的訊號傳遞路徑 二、海馬迴(hippocampus) 2-1 海馬迴的解剖構造-------------------------------- 9 2-2 海馬迴的訊息路徑及學習記憶----------------------- 10 2-3 海馬迴相關的學習記憶行為實驗--------------------- 14 三、微小膠細胞(microglia) -------------------------- 14 四、腎上腺摘除手術(Adrenalectomy)的影響 4-1 腎上腺(Adrenal gland) ------------------------ 17 4-2下視丘-腦垂腺-腎上腺軸---------------------------- 18 4-3 腎上腺摘除手術(Adrenalectomy) ----------------- 20 五、使用立刻表現基因(immediate-early gene, IEG)來觀察細胞 活化情形 5-1 立即表現基因(immediate-early gene, IEG) ------- 21 5-2 Arc (Activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein)- 23 第二章、研究目標------------------------ 25 第三章、材料方法------------------------------------- 26 3-1 實驗流程圖-------------------------------------- 26 3-2 實驗動物---------------------------------------- 26 3-3 實驗儀器---------------------------------------- 27 3-4 腎上腺摘除手術(Adrenalectomy) ------------------- 27 3-5皮質固醇Corticosterone (CORT) ------------------- 29 3-6 Prime pump------------------------------------- 29 3-7 立體定位手術(Stereotaxic surgery)及埋管----------- 31 3-8 術後環境---------------------------------------- 33 3-9 行為實驗---------------------------------------- 33 3-10腦組織的灌流製備與切片--------------------------- 36 3-11腦組織染色(Immunohistochemistry,IHC) ----------- 37 3-12封片膠的製備------------------------------------ 38 3-13切片細胞計數分析軟體----------------------------- 39 3-14行為結果分析------------------------------------ 39 第四章、 結果 4-1 摘除腎上腺後ADX與Sham細胞體積比較-------------- 40 4-2 短時間給予dellta s後觀察對老鼠海馬迴細胞的影響--- 42 4-3 長時間給予delta s 後的物體辨識行為------------- 61 4-4 新生成的神經細胞是否參與行為------------------- 65 4-5 ADX後給予delta s 及Shh的比較----------------- 76 第五章、 討論------------------------------------ 78 第六章、 結論------------------------------------ 80 文獻---------------------------------------- 82 zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102754006 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 神經新生 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 海馬迴 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 豐富性環境 zh_TW dc.title (題名) 促進成年神經新生之藥物對大鼠海馬迴及其學習記憶的影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A compound that promotes adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus enhances learning and memory en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abrous DN, Koehl M, Le Moal M (2005) Adult neurogenesis: from precursors to network and physiology. Physiological reviews 85:523-569. Adler J, Reuven N, Kahana C, Shaul Y (2010) c-Fos proteasomal degradation is activated by a default mechanism, and its regulation by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 determines c-Fos serum response kinetics. Mol Cell Biol 30:3767-3778. Aharoni R, Arnon R, Eilam R (2005) Neurogenesis and neuroprotection induced by peripheral immunomodulatory treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 25:8217-8228. Almeida NSaOFX (2002) Corticosteroids: Sulptors of the Hippocomapus formation. Reviews in the Neurosciences 13:59-84. Almira, Bruce L. McNaughton, Carol A. Barnes, Paul F. Worley, John F. Guzowski (2002) Experience-Dependent Coincident Expression of the Effector Immediate-Early Genes Arc and Homer 1a in Hippocampal and Neocortical Neuronal Networks. The Journal of Neuroscience 22:10067-10071. Alo (1989) Adrenalectomy decreases nerve growth factor in young adult rat hippocampus. Neurobiology 86:5636-5640. Altman JGDD (1965b) Post-Natal Origin of Microneurones in the Rat Brain. Nature 207:953-956. Arias-Carrión T-FYaO (2011) Adult Neurogenesis in the Hypothalamus: Evidence, Functions and Implications. Axel Nimmerjahn FK, Fritjof Helmchen (2005) Resting Microglial Cells Are Highly Dynamic Surveillants of Brain Parenchyma in Vivo. Science 308:1314-1318. Barker GR, Warburton EC (2011) When is the hippocampus involved in recognition memory? The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 31:10721-10731. Battaglia FP, Benchenane K, Sirota A, Pennartz CM, Wiener SI (2011) The hippocampus: hub of brain network communication for memory. Trends Cogn Sci 15:310-318. Bernier PJ, Bedard A, Vinet J, Levesque M, Parent A (2002) Newly generated neurons in the amygdala and adjoining cortex of adult primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99:11464-11469. Bilimoria PM, Stevens B (2015) Microglia function during brain development: New insights from animal models. Brain research 1617:7-17. Bolding K, Biedenkapp J (2006) What can immediate-early gene expression tell us about spatial memory retrieval? The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 26:1659-1660. Bonaguidi MA, Song J, Ming GL, Song H (2012) A unifying hypothesis on mammalian neural stem cell properties in the adult hippocampus. Current opinion in neurobiology 22:754-761. Broadbent NJ, Gaskin S, Squire LR, Clark RE (2010) Object recognition memory and the rodent hippocampus. Learn Mem 17:5-11. Bruno Bozon SD, and Serge Laroche (2003) A Requirement for the Immediate Early Gene zif268 in Reconsolidation of Recognition Memory after Retrieval. Neuron, 40:695-701. Charlotte B. Alme CM, Karel Jezek, Alessandro Treves, Edvard I. Moser, and May-Britt Moser (2014) Place cells in the hippocampus: Eleven maps for eleven rooms. PNAS 111:18428–18435. Chen Z, Trapp BD (2015) Microglia and neuroprotection. J Neurochem. Choudhry Z, Rikani AA, Choudhry AM, Tariq S, Zakaria F, Asghar MW, Sarfraz MK, Haider K, Shafiq AA, Mobassarah NJ (2014) Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway: a complex network. Annals of neurosciences 21:28-31. Conrad CD, Roy EJ (1993) Selective Loss of Hippocampal Granule Cells following Adrenalectomy: Implications for Spatial Memory. The Journal of Neuroscience 736 2562-2590. DAS JAAGD (1965a) Autoradiographic and Histological Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis. The Journal of comparative neurology 124:319-335. Davalos D, Grutzendler J, Yang G, Kim JV, Zuo Y, Jung S, Littman DR, Dustin ML, Gan WB (2005) ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. Nat Neurosci 8:752-758. Dorey R, Pierard C, Shinkaruk S, Tronche C, Chauveau F, Baudonnat M, Beracochea D (2011) Membrane mineralocorticoid but not glucocorticoid receptors of the dorsal hippocampus mediate the rapid effects of corticosterone on memory retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:2639-2649. Ernst A, Alkass K, Bernard S, Salehpour M, Perl S, Tisdale J, Possnert G, Druid H, Frisen J (2014) Neurogenesis in the striatum of the adult human brain. Cell 156:1072-1083. Faigle R, Song H (2013) Signaling mechanisms regulating adult neural stem cells and neurogenesis. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1830:2435-2448. Fanselow MS, Dong HW (2010) Are the dorsal and ventral hippocampus functionally distinct structures? Neuron 65:7-19. Florent Ginhoux, Shawn Lim, Guillaume Hoeffel, Donovan Low, Huber T (2013) Origin and differentiation of microglia. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 7:45. Galea LA, Wainwright SR, Roes MM, Duarte-Guterman P, Chow C, Hamson DK (2013) Sex, hormones and neurogenesis in the hippocampus: hormonal modulation of neurogenesis and potential functional implications. Journal of neuroendocrinology 25:1039-1061. Gay F, Laforgia V, Caputo I, Esposito C, Lepretti M, Capaldo A (2013) Chronic exposure to cadmium disrupts the adrenal gland activity of the newt Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Urodela). Biomed Res Int 2013:424358. Gothard, Skaggs, Moore, McNaughton (1996) Binding of Hippocampal CA1 Neural Activity to Multiple Reference Frames in a Landmark-Based Navigation Task. The Journal of Neuroscience 16:823-865. Gould E, Vail N, Wagers M, Gross CG (2001) Adult-generated hippocampal and neocortical neurons in macaques have a transient existence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:10910-10917. Gregory L. Lyford KY, Walter E. Kaufmann CAB, Laura K. Sanders NGC, Debra J. Gilbert NAJ, Anthony A. Lanahan aPFW (1995) Arc, a Growth Factor and Activity-Regulated Gene, Encodes a Novel C oskeleton-Associated Protein That Is Enriched in Neuronal Dendrites. Neuron 14:443-445. Guzowski, Gregory L. Lyford, Gail D. Stevenson, Frank P. Houston, James L. McGaugh, Paul F. Worley, Carol A. Barnes (2000) Inhibition of Activity-Dependent Arc Protein Expression in the Rat Hippocampus Impairs the Maintenance of Long-Term Potentiation and the Consolidation of Long-Term Memory. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20:3993-4001. Guzowski JF, McNaughton BL, Barnes CA, Worley PF (1999) Environment-specific expression of the immediate-early gene Arc in hippocampal neuronal ensembles. Nature 2:1120-1124. Hevner RF, Hodge RD, Daza RA, Englund C (2006) Transcription factors in glutamatergic neurogenesis: conserved programs in neocortex, cerebellum, and adult hippocampus. Neuroscience research 55:223-233. Hock BJ, Jr, Bunsey (1998) Differential Effects of Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampal Lesions. The Journal of Neuroscience 18:7027–7032. Honey MGaRC (1997) Dissociable Effects of Selective Lesions to Hippocampal Subsystems on Exploratory Behavior, Contextual Learning, and Spatial Learning. Behavioral neuroscience 111:487-493. Hsieh J (2012) Orchestrating transcriptional control of adult neurogenesis. Genes & development 26:1010-1021. Hu Z, Yuri K, Ozawa H, Lu H, Kawata M (1997) The In Vivo Time Course for Elimination of Adrenalectomy-Induced Apoptotic Profiles from the Granule Cell Layer of the Rat Hippocampus. The Journal of Neuroscience 17:3981-3989. Jankord R, Herman JP (2008) Limbic regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical function during acute and chronic stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1148:64-73. Jansen SW, Roelfsema F, Akintola AA, Oei NY, Cobbaert CM, Ballieux BE, van der Grond J, Westendorp RG, Pijl H, van Heemst D (2015) Characterization of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal-Axis in Familial Longevity under Resting Conditions. PLoS One 10:e0133119. Jeremy Hall KLT, and Barry J. Everitt (2001) Cellular Imaging of zif268 Expression in the Hippocampus and Amygdala during Contextual and Cued Fear Memory Retrieval: Selective Activation of Hippocampal CA1 Neurons during the Recall of Contextual Memories. The Journal of Neuroscience 21:2186-2193. Jessberger SC, R. E.Broadbent, N. J.Clemenson, G. D., Jr.Consiglio, A.Lie, D. C.Squire, L. R.Gage, F. H. (2009) Dentate gyrus-specific knockdown of adult neurogenesis impairs spatial and object recognition memory in adult rats. Learn Mem 16:147-154. Johnson RL, Scott MP (1998) New players and puzzles in the hedgehog signaling pathway. Genetics & Developement 8:450-456. Jungenitz T, Radic T, Jedlicka P, Schwarzacher SW (2014) High-frequency stimulation induces gradual immediate early gene expression in maturing adult-generated hippocampal granule cells. Cereb Cortex 24:1845-1857. Kawashima T, Okuno H, Bito H (2014) A new era for functional labeling of neurons: activity-dependent promoters have come of age. Frontiers in neural circuits 8:37. Kelly MP, Deadwyler aSA (2003) Experience-Dependent Regulation of the Immediate-Early Gene Arc Differs across Brain Regions. The Journal of Neuroscience 23:6443– 6451. Kempermann G (2011) Seven principles in the regulation of adult neurogenesis. The European journal of neuroscience 33:1018-1024. Kettenmann H, Hanisch UK, Noda M, Verkhratsky A (2011) Physiology of microglia. Physiological reviews 91:461-553. Kitamura T, Inokuchi K (2014) Role of adult neurogenesis in hippocampal-cortical memory consolidation. Molecular brain 7:13. Komada M, Takahashi M, Ikeda Y (2015) Involvement of SF-1 in neurogenesis and neuronal migration in the developing neocortex. Neurosci Lett 600:85-90. Konefal S, Elliot M, Crespi B (2013) The adaptive significance of adult neurogenesis: an integrative approach. Front Neuroanat 7:21. Koutmani Y, Karalis KP (2015) Neural stem cells respond to stress hormones: distinguishing beneficial from detrimental stress. Front Physiol 6:77. Krzysztof S, Wojciech S (2013) Hippocampus,hippocampal sclerosis and epilepsy. Pharmacological reports 65:555-556. Kubik S, Miyashita T, Guzowski JF (2007) Using immediate-early genes to map hippocampal subregional functions. Learn Mem 14:758-770. Li LC, J.Gao, X.Whitehead, J.Tourtellotte, W. G. (2005) The neuroplasticity-associated arc gene is a direct transcriptional target of early growth response (Egr) transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol 25:10286-10300. Lledo P, Alonso M, Grubb MS (2006) Adult neurogenesis and functional plasticity in neuronal circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:179-193. Maeda N, Tahata S, Yagi T, Tanaka E, Masu K, Sato M, Haeno S, Onaga T, Yokota H (2015) Assessment of testicular corticosterone biosynthesis in adult male rats. PLoS One 10:e0117795. Magarions, Verdugo, Mcewen (1997) Chronic stress alters synaptic terminal structure in hippocampus. Neurobiology 94:14002-14008. Martinez-Claros M, Steinbusch HW, van Selm A, van den Hove DL, Prickaerts J, Pawluski JL (2013) Adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement differentially alter CA3 dendritic morphology and new cell survival in the adult rat hippocampus. J Chem Neuroanat 48-49:23-28. Ming G-l, Song H (2005) Adult Neurogenesis in the Mammalian Central Nervous System. Ming GL, Song H (2011) Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain: significant answers and significant questions. Neuron 70:687-702. Monteiro BM, Moreira FA, Massensini AR, Moraes MF, Pereira GS (2014) Enriched environment increases neurogenesis and improves social memory persistence in socially isolated adult mice. Hippocampus 24:239-248. Morin JP, Guzman-Ramos K, Bermudez-Rattoni F (2015) New Insights on Retrieval-Induced and Ongoing Memory Consolidation: Lessons from Arc. Neural Plast 2015:184083. Moser E, Moser M, Andersen P (1993) Spatial Learning Impairment Parallels the Magnitude of Dorsal Hippocampal Lesions, but Is Hardly Present following Ventral Lesions. The Journal of Neuroscience 13:3916-3925. Moster, Moser, Forres, Andersen, MORRIS (1995) Spatial learning with a minislab in the dorsal hippocampus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92:9697-9701. O`Keefe, Burgess, Donnett , Jeiery, Maguire (1998) Place cells, navigational accuracy, and the human hippocampus. The Royal Society 353:1333-1340. O`Keefe J, Dosterovsk J (1971) The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain research 34:171-175. O’Keefe JaN, L. (1978) The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. OUP. Okamoto M, Hojo Y, Inoue K, Matsui T, Kawato S, McEwen BS, Soya H (2012) Mild exercise increases dihydrotestosterone in hippocampus providing evidence for androgenic mediation of neurogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109:13100-13105. Pencea V, Bingaman KD, Freedman LJ, Luskin MB (2001) Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the neonatal and adult primate forebrain. Exp Neurol 172:1-16. Philip A. Beachy SGH, Robert A. Lazarus, et al. (2010) Interactions between Hedgehog proteins and their binding partners come into view. Genes & development 24:2001-2012. Plath N, Ohana O, Dammermann B, Errington ML, Schmitz D, Gross C, Mao X, Engelsberg A, Mahlke C, Welzl H, Kobalz U, Stawrakakis A, Fernandez E, Waltereit R, Bick-Sander A, Therstappen E, Cooke SF, Blanquet V, Wurst W, Salmen B, Bosl MR, Lipp HP, Grant SG, Bliss TV, Wolfer DP, Kuhl D (2006) Arc/Arg3.1 is essential for the consolidation of synaptic plasticity and memories. Neuron 52:437-444. Rees SL, Panesar S, Steiner M, Fleming AS (2004) The effects of adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement on maternal behavior in the postpartum rat. Horm Behav 46:411-419. Ribak CE, Shapiro LA, Perez ZD, Spigelman I (2009) Microglia-associated granule cell death in the normal adult dentate gyrus. Brain Struct Funct 214:25-35. Robert E. Clark, Stuart M. Zola, Squire aLR (2000) Impaired Recognition Memory in Rats after Damage to the Hippocampus. The Journal of Neuroscience 20:8853-8860. Robert S. Sloviter GV, Gary M. AbramS,, Edward C. Ronk ALS, Linda A. Paul,, Simon Neubort (1989) Selective Loss of Hippocampal Granule Cells in the Mature Rat Brain after Adrenalectomy. Science 243:535-538. Rogelius NH, J. B.Lundberg, C.Parmar, M. (2008) Reprogramming of neonatal SVZ progenitors by islet-1 and neurogenin-2. Mol Cell Neurosci 38:453-459. Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (2011) Memory modulation. Behavioral neuroscience 125:797-824. Saaltink DJ, Vreugdenhil E (2014) Stress, glucocorticoid receptors, and adult neurogenesis: a balance between excitation and inhibition? Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 71:2499-2515. SAPOLSKY RM (1985) A Mechanism for Glucocorticoid Toxicity in the Hippocampus: Increased Neuronal Vulnerability to Metabolic Insults. The Journal of Neuroscrence 5:1228-1232. Sato K (2015) Effects of Microglia on Neurogenesis. Glia 63:1394-1405. Schwabe L, Joels M, Roozendaal B, Wolf OT, Oitzl MS (2012) Stress effects on memory: an update and integration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36:1740-1749. Scoviille WB, Milner B (1957) LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 20. Seib DR, Martin-Villalba A (2014) Neurogenesis in the Normal Ageing Hippocampus: A Mini-Review. Gerontology. Song J, Sun J, Moss J, Wen Z, Sun GJ, Hsu D, Zhong C, Davoudi H, Christian KM, Toni N, Ming GL, Song H (2013) Parvalbumin interneurons mediate neuronal circuitry-neurogenesis coupling in the adult hippocampus. Nat Neurosci 16:1728-1730. Spanswick SC, Lehmann H, Sutherland RJ (2011) A novel animal model of hippocampal cognitive deficits, slow neurodegeneration, and neuroregeneration. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011:527201. Spanswick SC, Sutherland RJ (2010) Object/context-specific memory deficits associated with loss of hippocampal granule cells after adrenalectomy in rats. Learn Mem 17:241-245. Speisman RB, Kumar A, Rani A, Foster TC, Ormerod BK (2013) Daily exercise improves memory, stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis and modulates immune and neuroimmune cytokines in aging rats. Brain, behavior, and immunity 28:25-43. Tremblay ME, Stevens B, Sierra A, Wake H, Bessis A, Nimmerjahn A (2011) The role of microglia in the healthy brain. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 31:16064-16069. Urban N, Guillemot F (2014) Neurogenesis in the embryonic and adult brain: same regulators, different roles. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 8:396. Varjosalo M, Taipale J (2008) Hedgehog: functions and mechanisms. Genes & development 22:2454-2472. Vivar C, Praag vH (2013) Functional circuits of new neurons in the dentate gyrus. Frontiers in neural circuits 7:15. Warburton EC, Brown MW (2015) Neural circuitry for rat recognition memory. Behavioural brain research 285:131-139. Wiltgen BJ, Sanders MJ, Anagnostaras SG, Sage JR, Fanselow MS (2006) Context fear learning in the absence of the hippocampus. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 26:5484-5491. Woodbury ME, Ikezu T (2014) Fibroblast growth factor-2 signaling in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology 9:92-101. Xavier, Oliveira-Filho, Santos (1991) Dentate Gyrus-Selective Colchicine Lesion and Disruption of Performance in Spatial Tasks: Difficulties in ‘‘Place Strategy’’ Because of a Lack of Flexibility in the Use of Environmental Cues? Hippocampus 9:668-681. Xavier GF, Costa VC (2009) Dentate gyrus and spatial behaviour. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 33:762-773. Zhao C, Deng W, Gage FH (2008) Mechanisms and Functional Implications of Adult Neurogenesis. Cell 132:645-660. Zhao M, Momma S, Delfani K, Carlen M, Cassidy RM, Johansson CB, Brismar H, Shupliakov O, Frisen J, Janson AM (2003) Evidence for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian substantia nigra. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100:7925-7930. zh_TW