1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. 文學院
  4. 學位論文
  5. Item

學術產出-學位論文

文章檢視/開啟

書目匯出

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

引文資訊

TAIR相關學術產出

題名 柏克的保守主義 : 探討其與英國憲政傳統之關係
作者 劉唐芬
貢獻者 江金太
劉唐芬
日期 1984
上傳時間 8-十一月-2016 15:19:35 (UTC+8)
摘要 論文提要
本文係由柏克對英國憲政體制的維護及對習慣法傳統的傳承與闡釋此一角度探討柏克的保守主義。從一七六○年代至一七九○年代，英國處於由王權擴張及激進主義興起所引發的憲政危機之中，柏克針對當時的憲政問題，先後提出政黨理論、實質代議論及古憲法論，謀求維繫英憲傳統於不墜。本文各章的要點如下：
第一章「英國憲政的危機」：探討喬治三世擴張其影響力，建立個人統治，剝奪內閣的權力，並使國會喪失獨立性。復以政策失當，引起殖民地的反抗以及英國國內激進人士的改革運動，及至法國大革命爆發後改革運動更形熾烈。
第二章「政黨理論」：柏克對於喬治三世建立的新政府體系所產生的危機，提出補救之道，即促使政黨合法化，團結公正人士，建立政黨政府的體制，以延續內閣制度的發展。柏克的政黨理論是羅京漢輝格的政綱，同時也是建立其「自然貴族」政治理想的手段。
第三章「實質代議論」：是柏克對於激進的代議理論及選舉改革的要求所提出的反駁。柏克認為代議士應由國家的菁英―自然貴族擔任，由其透過理性判斷而代表超然的利益。柏克所依據的是自然法傳統及習慣法傳統中的慣例說，對於在公民社會中訴諸自然權利的理論加以駁斥，並提出憲政改革應以在慣例的架構內進行為原則。
第四章「古憲法論」：柏克傳承並闡釋古憲法學說，強調慣例、成見及習俗等歷史經驗，懷疑抽象理性的功能，指出人性及政治和道德事務具有複雜性。同時，確認繼承法則，重申古老的自由與權利，以維護英國既有的政教體制，抗拒革命的意識型態對英國傳統制度的所構成的威脅。
序言 壹
導論1
一、關於柏克1
二、柏克思想的特質及所謂「柏克問題」5
三、本文研究的觀點與方法8
第一章 英國憲政的危機11
第一節 十八世紀英國的政況12
第二節 王權的擴張15
一、十八世紀英國憲法的運作及內閣制度的演進16
二、喬治三世的個人統治24
第三節 激進主義的興起28
一、激進主義的緣起28
二、美國獨立革命與激進主義的發展33
三、法國大革命與激進主義的興衰39
第二章 政黨理論51
第一節 羅京漢輝格與喬治三世個人統治的對抗51
第二節 政黨與英憲混合政府原則的恢復55
一、新政府體系所導致的憲政危機56
二、混合政府的原則63
三、補救之道―政黨的合法化66
第三節 政黨與貴族政治的理想71
一、羅京漢輝格的政綱―兼論政黨理論的起源72
二、政黨與士紳之治77
第三章 實質代議論90
第一節 實質代議論的理論基礎90
一、理性與超然的利益91
二、公民社會與自然貴族代議士100
三、對人民主權和多數統治理論的批判114
第二節 實質代議論與英憲選舉制度的維繫121
一、慣例說121
二、論選舉改革及憲政改革的原則131
第四章 古憲法論146
第一節 古憲法學說的傳承與闡釋147
一、法國大革命所引發的危機意識147
二、古憲法學說的源流及習慣法的傳統154
三、經驗、成見及風俗161
第二節 古憲法論與政教體制之賡續170
一、繼承法則的確認171
二、古老自由與權利的重申179
三、宗教體制的延續181
結論189
一、本文的要旨189
二、評論193
徵引書目196
附錄：柏克年表 一
參考文獻 一、中文部分
1.江金太著，「法國大革命對英國的衝激及其政治意義」，國立政治大學歷史學報第一期，台北：國立政治大學歷史學系，七十二年三月。
2.江金太著，「柏克的保守思想」，歷史與政治，台北：桂冠圖書股份有限公司，民國七十年十一月卅日初版。
3.徐懷瑩譯述，憲政制度論，台北：正中書局，民國五十九年四月台二版。
4.張佛泉著，自由與人權，台北：全國出版社，民國六十八年五月
5.羅孟浩編著，英國政府與政治，台北：正中書局，民國六十九年九月六版。
二、英文部份
(1)柏克原著：
1. Burke, Edmund. The Works and Correspondence of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. 8 vols, London: Francis & John Rivington, 1852.
2. Burke, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France. 7th ed., edited, with an Introduction by Thomas H. D. Mohoney, Indianapolis, Indiana: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1976.
3. Bredvold, Louis I. and Ralph G. Ross ed., The Philosophy of Edmund Burke: A Selection from His Speeches and Writings. Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan Press, 1960.
4. Hoffman, Ross J. S., and Paul Levack ed., Burke’s Politics: Selected Writings and Speechs of Edmund Burke on Reform, Revolution, and War. New York:
Alfred A. Knope, 1959.
(2)其他徵引書目：
1. Adams, George Burton. Constitutional History of England. rev. ed., edited by R. L. Schuyler, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1946,
2. A. R. Kiraley, “Common Law”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15ed. s.v.:998-1005.
3. Bagehot, Walter. The English Constitution. with an introduction by the First Earl of Balfour. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.
4. Barker, Ernest. Essays on Government. 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951.
5. Boulton, James T., The Language of Politics in the Age of Wilkes and Burke. London: Kegan Paul, 1963.
6. Browning, Reed. “Burke on the Couch”. 22 Modern Age (Winter 1978):105-8.
7. Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor. The Growth of the British Party System. 2 vols, 2d ed., rev., London: John Baker, 1967.
8. Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor. The Party System in Great Britain. London: Phoenix House Ltd., 1953.
9. Canavan, Francis P., S. J., The Political Reason of Edmund Burke. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 1960.
10. Chapman, Gerald W. Edmund Burke: The Practical Imagination. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
11. Chrimes, S. B. English Constitutional History. 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968.
12. Cobban, Alfred. Edmund Burke and the Revolt against the Eighteenth Century. New York: AMS Press, 1968.
13. Courtney, Cecil Patrick. Montesquieu and Burke. Oxford: Basil Blackwell,
1963, reprint ed., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1975.
14. Freeman, Michael. “Edmund Burke and the Theory of Revolution.” Political Theory, 6 (August 1978): 277-97.
15. Freeman, Michael. Edmund Burke and the Critique of Political Radicalism, Chicago: the University of Chicago Press, 1980.
16. Goodwin, A. ed., The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. VIII The American and French Revolutions, 1763-93. Cambridge University Press, 1968.
17. Graham, William. English Political Philosophy: From Hobbes to Maine. New York: Burt Franklin, 1899; reprint ed., 1971.
18. Guroian, Vigen. “Natural Law and Historicity: Burke and Niebuhr.” 26 Ｍodern Age (Spring 1981): 162-72.
19. Harris, Ronald W. Political Ideas, 1760-1792. London: Victor Golancz Ltd., 1963.
20. Holt, J. C. Magna Carta. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
21. Hunt, William and Reginald L. Poole, ed., The Political History of England,12 vols, New York: Greenwood Press, 1969.
22. Keir, David Lindsay. The Constitutional History of Modern Britain, since 1485. 9th ed. London: Adam & Charles Black, 1969.
23. Kilcup, Rodney W. “Reason and the Basis of Morality in Burke,” Journal of the History of Philosophy 17 (July 1979): 271-84.
24. Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Santayana. Chicago:Henry Regnery Co., 1953.
25. Kirk, Russell. Edmund Burke: A Genius Reconsidered, New Rockelle, NewYork: Arlington House, 1967.
26. Kramnick, Issac. ed., Edmund Burke, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1974.
27. Kramnick, Issac. The Rage of Edmund Burke: Portrait of an Ambivalent Conservative, New York: Basic Book, 1977.
28. Laski, Harold. Political Thought in England: Locke to Bentham. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1920; reprint ed., 1950.
29. Lecky, William E. H. A History of England in the Eighteenth Century. 7 vols, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1892; reprint ed., New York: AMS Press, 1968.
30. Lincoln, Anthony. Some Political and Social Ideas of English Dissent, 1763-1800. New York: Octagon Books, 1971 ;reprint ed., 1938.
31. Lovell, Colin Rhys. English Constitutional and Legal History: A Survey.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.
32. MacCunn, John. Political Philosophy of Burke, New York: Russell & Russell, Inc., 1965.
33. Macpherson, C. B. Burke New York: Hill and Wang, 1980.
34. Maitland, Frederick William. The Constitutional History of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
35. Mannheim, Karl. Essays on Sociology and Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.
36. Mansfield, Harvey C. Jr., Statesmanship and Party Government: A Study of Burke and Bolingbroke. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press, 1965.
37. Mcllwain, Charles Howard. Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern, rev. ed., Ithaca, New York: Great Seal Books, 1947.
38. Miller, David. “The Macpherson Version.” Political Studies, 30 (March 1982) pp. 120-7.
39. Morley, John. Edmund Burke: A Historical Study. ed., J. P. Mayer, London: MacMillan and Co., 1867.
40. Namier, Lewis and John Brooke. The House of Commons, 1754-1790. 3 vols, the History of Parliament. London: Her Majesty`s Stationary Office,1964.
41. O`Gorman, Frank. “Party and Burke: The Rockingham Whigs” in Studies in Opposition. ed. Redney Barker, London: MacMillan Press Ltd., 1971.
42. Palmer, Robert Roswell. The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959-1964.
43. Pares, Richard. King George III and the Politicans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953, reprint ed., 1967.
44. Parkin, Charles. The Moral Basis of Burke`s Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956; reprint ed., New York: Russell & Russell, 1968.
45. Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley & Los Angeles: the University of California Press, 1967.
46. Pocock, J. G. A. The Ancient Constitution and the Feudual Law: A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957.
47. Pocock, J.G.A. Politics, Language and Time : Essays on Political Thought and History.New York: Atheneum, 1971.
48. Ruggiego, Guido De. The Rise of European Liberalism, translated by R. G. Collingwood, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927.
49. Stanlis, Peter J. Edmund Burke and the Natural Law, Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan Press, 1958; also in paperback edition by the same publisher, 1965.
50. Stephen, Leslie. History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century. with a preface by Crane Brinton, 2 vols, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., 1962.
51. Strauss, Leo. Natural Right and History. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press, 1953.
52. Trevelyan, George Macaulay. History of England. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1927.
53. Veitch, G. S. “The Early English Radicals.” in The Social and Political Ideas of Some Representative Thinkers of the Revolutionary Era. ed. F. J. C. Hearnshaw, New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1931 ; reprint ed., 1967.
54. Viereck, Peter. “Conservatism”., Encyclopaedia Britannica 15 ed., s.v.: 62-9.
55. Viehaus, Rudolf. “Conservatism”,Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas. ed. Philip P. Wiener, 1974, s.v. :477-85.
56. Watson, J. Steven ed. The Reign of George III, 1760-1815. Vol. XII, George Clark gen. ed., The Oxford History of England. 14 vols, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960.
關聯 國立政治大學
歷史研究所
碩士
72
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 江金太
dc.contributor.author (作者) 劉唐芬
dc.creator (作者) 劉唐芬zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1984
dc.date.accessioned 8-十一月-2016 15:19:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 8-十一月-2016 15:19:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 8-十一月-2016 15:19:35 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/103539-
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論文提要
本文係由柏克對英國憲政體制的維護及對習慣法傳統的傳承與闡釋此一角度探討柏克的保守主義。從一七六○年代至一七九○年代，英國處於由王權擴張及激進主義興起所引發的憲政危機之中，柏克針對當時的憲政問題，先後提出政黨理論、實質代議論及古憲法論，謀求維繫英憲傳統於不墜。本文各章的要點如下：
第一章「英國憲政的危機」：探討喬治三世擴張其影響力，建立個人統治，剝奪內閣的權力，並使國會喪失獨立性。復以政策失當，引起殖民地的反抗以及英國國內激進人士的改革運動，及至法國大革命爆發後改革運動更形熾烈。
第二章「政黨理論」：柏克對於喬治三世建立的新政府體系所產生的危機，提出補救之道，即促使政黨合法化，團結公正人士，建立政黨政府的體制，以延續內閣制度的發展。柏克的政黨理論是羅京漢輝格的政綱，同時也是建立其「自然貴族」政治理想的手段。
第三章「實質代議論」：是柏克對於激進的代議理論及選舉改革的要求所提出的反駁。柏克認為代議士應由國家的菁英―自然貴族擔任，由其透過理性判斷而代表超然的利益。柏克所依據的是自然法傳統及習慣法傳統中的慣例說，對於在公民社會中訴諸自然權利的理論加以駁斥，並提出憲政改革應以在慣例的架構內進行為原則。
第四章「古憲法論」：柏克傳承並闡釋古憲法學說，強調慣例、成見及習俗等歷史經驗，懷疑抽象理性的功能，指出人性及政治和道德事務具有複雜性。同時，確認繼承法則，重申古老的自由與權利，以維護英國既有的政教體制，抗拒革命的意識型態對英國傳統制度的所構成的威脅。
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 序言 壹
導論1
一、關於柏克1
二、柏克思想的特質及所謂「柏克問題」5
三、本文研究的觀點與方法8
第一章 英國憲政的危機11
第一節 十八世紀英國的政況12
第二節 王權的擴張15
一、十八世紀英國憲法的運作及內閣制度的演進16
二、喬治三世的個人統治24
第三節 激進主義的興起28
一、激進主義的緣起28
二、美國獨立革命與激進主義的發展33
三、法國大革命與激進主義的興衰39
第二章 政黨理論51
第一節 羅京漢輝格與喬治三世個人統治的對抗51
第二節 政黨與英憲混合政府原則的恢復55
一、新政府體系所導致的憲政危機56
二、混合政府的原則63
三、補救之道―政黨的合法化66
第三節 政黨與貴族政治的理想71
一、羅京漢輝格的政綱―兼論政黨理論的起源72
二、政黨與士紳之治77
第三章 實質代議論90
第一節 實質代議論的理論基礎90
一、理性與超然的利益91
二、公民社會與自然貴族代議士100
三、對人民主權和多數統治理論的批判114
第二節 實質代議論與英憲選舉制度的維繫121
一、慣例說121
二、論選舉改革及憲政改革的原則131
第四章 古憲法論146
第一節 古憲法學說的傳承與闡釋147
一、法國大革命所引發的危機意識147
二、古憲法學說的源流及習慣法的傳統154
三、經驗、成見及風俗161
第二節 古憲法論與政教體制之賡續170
一、繼承法則的確認171
二、古老自由與權利的重申179
三、宗教體制的延續181
結論189
一、本文的要旨189
二、評論193
徵引書目196
附錄：柏克年表 一
dc.format.extent 115 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype text/html-
dc.relation (關聯) 國立政治大學
dc.relation (關聯) 歷史研究所
dc.relation (關聯) 碩士
dc.relation (關聯) 72
dc.title (題名) 柏克的保守主義 : 探討其與英國憲政傳統之關係zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesis
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分
1.江金太著，「法國大革命對英國的衝激及其政治意義」，國立政治大學歷史學報第一期，台北：國立政治大學歷史學系，七十二年三月。
2.江金太著，「柏克的保守思想」，歷史與政治，台北：桂冠圖書股份有限公司，民國七十年十一月卅日初版。
3.徐懷瑩譯述，憲政制度論，台北：正中書局，民國五十九年四月台二版。
4.張佛泉著，自由與人權，台北：全國出版社，民國六十八年五月
5.羅孟浩編著，英國政府與政治，台北：正中書局，民國六十九年九月六版。
二、英文部份
(1)柏克原著：
1. Burke, Edmund. The Works and Correspondence of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. 8 vols, London: Francis & John Rivington, 1852.
2. Burke, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France. 7th ed., edited, with an Introduction by Thomas H. D. Mohoney, Indianapolis, Indiana: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1976.
3. Bredvold, Louis I. and Ralph G. Ross ed., The Philosophy of Edmund Burke: A Selection from His Speeches and Writings. Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan Press, 1960.
4. Hoffman, Ross J. S., and Paul Levack ed., Burke’s Politics: Selected Writings and Speechs of Edmund Burke on Reform, Revolution, and War. New York:
Alfred A. Knope, 1959.
(2)其他徵引書目：
1. Adams, George Burton. Constitutional History of England. rev. ed., edited by R. L. Schuyler, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1946,
2. A. R. Kiraley, “Common Law”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15ed. s.v.:998-1005.
3. Bagehot, Walter. The English Constitution. with an introduction by the First Earl of Balfour. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.
4. Barker, Ernest. Essays on Government. 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951.
5. Boulton, James T., The Language of Politics in the Age of Wilkes and Burke. London: Kegan Paul, 1963.
6. Browning, Reed. “Burke on the Couch”. 22 Modern Age (Winter 1978):105-8.
7. Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor. The Growth of the British Party System. 2 vols, 2d ed., rev., London: John Baker, 1967.
8. Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor. The Party System in Great Britain. London: Phoenix House Ltd., 1953.
9. Canavan, Francis P., S. J., The Political Reason of Edmund Burke. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 1960.
10. Chapman, Gerald W. Edmund Burke: The Practical Imagination. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
11. Chrimes, S. B. English Constitutional History. 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968.
12. Cobban, Alfred. Edmund Burke and the Revolt against the Eighteenth Century. New York: AMS Press, 1968.
13. Courtney, Cecil Patrick. Montesquieu and Burke. Oxford: Basil Blackwell,
1963, reprint ed., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1975.
14. Freeman, Michael. “Edmund Burke and the Theory of Revolution.” Political Theory, 6 (August 1978): 277-97.
15. Freeman, Michael. Edmund Burke and the Critique of Political Radicalism, Chicago: the University of Chicago Press, 1980.
16. Goodwin, A. ed., The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. VIII The American and French Revolutions, 1763-93. Cambridge University Press, 1968.
17. Graham, William. English Political Philosophy: From Hobbes to Maine. New York: Burt Franklin, 1899; reprint ed., 1971.
18. Guroian, Vigen. “Natural Law and Historicity: Burke and Niebuhr.” 26 Ｍodern Age (Spring 1981): 162-72.
19. Harris, Ronald W. Political Ideas, 1760-1792. London: Victor Golancz Ltd., 1963.
20. Holt, J. C. Magna Carta. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
21. Hunt, William and Reginald L. Poole, ed., The Political History of England,12 vols, New York: Greenwood Press, 1969.
22. Keir, David Lindsay. The Constitutional History of Modern Britain, since 1485. 9th ed. London: Adam & Charles Black, 1969.
23. Kilcup, Rodney W. “Reason and the Basis of Morality in Burke,” Journal of the History of Philosophy 17 (July 1979): 271-84.
24. Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Santayana. Chicago:Henry Regnery Co., 1953.
25. Kirk, Russell. Edmund Burke: A Genius Reconsidered, New Rockelle, NewYork: Arlington House, 1967.
26. Kramnick, Issac. ed., Edmund Burke, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1974.
27. Kramnick, Issac. The Rage of Edmund Burke: Portrait of an Ambivalent Conservative, New York: Basic Book, 1977.
28. Laski, Harold. Political Thought in England: Locke to Bentham. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1920; reprint ed., 1950.
29. Lecky, William E. H. A History of England in the Eighteenth Century. 7 vols, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1892; reprint ed., New York: AMS Press, 1968.
30. Lincoln, Anthony. Some Political and Social Ideas of English Dissent, 1763-1800. New York: Octagon Books, 1971 ;reprint ed., 1938.
31. Lovell, Colin Rhys. English Constitutional and Legal History: A Survey.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.
32. MacCunn, John. Political Philosophy of Burke, New York: Russell & Russell, Inc., 1965.
33. Macpherson, C. B. Burke New York: Hill and Wang, 1980.
34. Maitland, Frederick William. The Constitutional History of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
35. Mannheim, Karl. Essays on Sociology and Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.
36. Mansfield, Harvey C. Jr., Statesmanship and Party Government: A Study of Burke and Bolingbroke. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press, 1965.
37. Mcllwain, Charles Howard. Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern, rev. ed., Ithaca, New York: Great Seal Books, 1947.
38. Miller, David. “The Macpherson Version.” Political Studies, 30 (March 1982) pp. 120-7.
39. Morley, John. Edmund Burke: A Historical Study. ed., J. P. Mayer, London: MacMillan and Co., 1867.
40. Namier, Lewis and John Brooke. The House of Commons, 1754-1790. 3 vols, the History of Parliament. London: Her Majesty`s Stationary Office,1964.
41. O`Gorman, Frank. “Party and Burke: The Rockingham Whigs” in Studies in Opposition. ed. Redney Barker, London: MacMillan Press Ltd., 1971.
42. Palmer, Robert Roswell. The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959-1964.
43. Pares, Richard. King George III and the Politicans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953, reprint ed., 1967.
44. Parkin, Charles. The Moral Basis of Burke`s Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956; reprint ed., New York: Russell & Russell, 1968.
45. Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley & Los Angeles: the University of California Press, 1967.
46. Pocock, J. G. A. The Ancient Constitution and the Feudual Law: A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957.
47. Pocock, J.G.A. Politics, Language and Time : Essays on Political Thought and History.New York: Atheneum, 1971.
48. Ruggiego, Guido De. The Rise of European Liberalism, translated by R. G. Collingwood, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927.
49. Stanlis, Peter J. Edmund Burke and the Natural Law, Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan Press, 1958; also in paperback edition by the same publisher, 1965.
50. Stephen, Leslie. History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century. with a preface by Crane Brinton, 2 vols, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., 1962.
51. Strauss, Leo. Natural Right and History. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press, 1953.
52. Trevelyan, George Macaulay. History of England. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1927.
53. Veitch, G. S. “The Early English Radicals.” in The Social and Political Ideas of Some Representative Thinkers of the Revolutionary Era. ed. F. J. C. Hearnshaw, New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1931 ; reprint ed., 1967.
54. Viereck, Peter. “Conservatism”., Encyclopaedia Britannica 15 ed., s.v.: 62-9.
55. Viehaus, Rudolf. “Conservatism”,Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas. ed. Philip P. Wiener, 1974, s.v. :477-85.
56. Watson, J. Steven ed. The Reign of George III, 1760-1815. Vol. XII, George Clark gen. ed., The Oxford History of England. 14 vols, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960.