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題名 萬變不離其宗： 建立台灣華語中英語借字之機率感知語法
Where variation vanishes : constructing the stochastic perception grammar for English loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin
作者 呂明昌
Lu, Mingchang
貢獻者 蕭宇超
Hsiao, Yuchao E.
呂明昌
Lu, Mingchang
關鍵詞 借字調整
感知
詞彙變異
機率感知語法
訊號制約
Loanword adaptation
Perception
Lexical variation
SPG
Cue constraint
日期 2017
上傳時間 1-Mar-2017 17:01:03 (UTC+8)
摘要 觀察台灣華語中英語借字的輔音調整，得以窺見一系列由感知顯著性之差異所誘發的借字調整傾向。此感知顯著性或許屬於該輔音本身之內在聲學特質，抑或源自於由該輔音所在之環境所提供之外部感知訊號。儘管存在著調整傾向，借入語言調整者針對調整策略之決定，例如元音加插或輔音刪除，卻幾乎沒有絕對之調整形態。這些調整能夠修正不合法的借出語言結構，使之遵守借入語言相對較為嚴格之音韻規範。本論文正視此借字調整所浮現之詞彙變異性，以結構性制約及訊號制約所構成的單一機率感知語法（stochastic perception grammar, SPG）將其形式化，而非視之為核心形式分析中之異常。此機制以機率優選理論（stochastic OT, Boersma 1997, 1998; Boersma and Hayes 2001）之制約覆蓋範圍及重疊等重要觀念為基礎，重新定義制約之互動：藉由各種變異值在二元變異及多元變異中發生機率之分配，設計出可計算制約排序值的數學運算方式。此單一化之SPG不僅臻於理論簡易性之目標，並具備優越性，可將借字音韻中由感知所驅使之調整形態，做出明確之量化預測。
Consonant adaptation in Taiwan Mandarin (TM) loanwords from English reveals a series of tendencies that are majorly induced by degrees of perceptual salience pertaining either to the innate acoustic properties of the target consonant per se, or to external perceptual cues provided by the context where the consonant resides. Despite these inclinations, there is hardly any absoluteness in the L1 adapter’s determination of strategy, such as vowel insertion or consonant deletion, that works to repair the forbidden L2 structure to fit it into the relatively severe restrictions of the native phonotactics. Rather than treating it as exceptional to the core of formal analyses, this dissertation takes the lexical variation emerging from loanword adaptation seriously and couches it within a single stochastic perception grammar (SPG), of which the main ingredients are structural and cue constraints. This mechanism redefines constraint interaction through the key notions of constraint coverage and overlapping, designed in stochastic OT (Boersma 1997, 1998; Boersma and Hayes 2001), by providing mathematical operations that aim at figuring out the ranking values of constraints based on the percentage distribution of the variants’ occurrences in both binary and multiple variations. The unified SPG not simply achieves theoretical simplicity but excels in making specific quantitative prediction of the perceptually inspired adaptation patterns in loanword phonology.
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描述 博士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
98555502
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098555502
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蕭宇超zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hsiao, Yuchao E.en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 呂明昌zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lu, Mingchangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 呂明昌zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lu, Mingchangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2017 17:01:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Mar-2017 17:01:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2017 17:01:03 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098555502en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/106803-
dc.description (描述) 博士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98555502zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 觀察台灣華語中英語借字的輔音調整，得以窺見一系列由感知顯著性之差異所誘發的借字調整傾向。此感知顯著性或許屬於該輔音本身之內在聲學特質，抑或源自於由該輔音所在之環境所提供之外部感知訊號。儘管存在著調整傾向，借入語言調整者針對調整策略之決定，例如元音加插或輔音刪除，卻幾乎沒有絕對之調整形態。這些調整能夠修正不合法的借出語言結構，使之遵守借入語言相對較為嚴格之音韻規範。本論文正視此借字調整所浮現之詞彙變異性，以結構性制約及訊號制約所構成的單一機率感知語法（stochastic perception grammar, SPG）將其形式化，而非視之為核心形式分析中之異常。此機制以機率優選理論（stochastic OT, Boersma 1997, 1998; Boersma and Hayes 2001）之制約覆蓋範圍及重疊等重要觀念為基礎，重新定義制約之互動：藉由各種變異值在二元變異及多元變異中發生機率之分配，設計出可計算制約排序值的數學運算方式。此單一化之SPG不僅臻於理論簡易性之目標，並具備優越性，可將借字音韻中由感知所驅使之調整形態，做出明確之量化預測。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Consonant adaptation in Taiwan Mandarin (TM) loanwords from English reveals a series of tendencies that are majorly induced by degrees of perceptual salience pertaining either to the innate acoustic properties of the target consonant per se, or to external perceptual cues provided by the context where the consonant resides. Despite these inclinations, there is hardly any absoluteness in the L1 adapter’s determination of strategy, such as vowel insertion or consonant deletion, that works to repair the forbidden L2 structure to fit it into the relatively severe restrictions of the native phonotactics. Rather than treating it as exceptional to the core of formal analyses, this dissertation takes the lexical variation emerging from loanword adaptation seriously and couches it within a single stochastic perception grammar (SPG), of which the main ingredients are structural and cue constraints. This mechanism redefines constraint interaction through the key notions of constraint coverage and overlapping, designed in stochastic OT (Boersma 1997, 1998; Boersma and Hayes 2001), by providing mathematical operations that aim at figuring out the ranking values of constraints based on the percentage distribution of the variants’ occurrences in both binary and multiple variations. The unified SPG not simply achieves theoretical simplicity but excels in making specific quantitative prediction of the perceptually inspired adaptation patterns in loanword phonology.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Loanword adaptation……………… 1
1.2 Categorization of TM adaptations of English loanwords…3
1.3 The focal points and a bipartite processing model…9
1.4 Goals and organization of the dissertation…………17

Chapter 2 Loanword Phonology and Theoretical Background
2.1 Introduction…………………………… 22
2.2 The diverse views on word-loaning processes………26
2.2.1 The production-based account… 27
2.2.2 The perception-based account… 31
2.2.3 The perception-production account………………… 38
2.3 Cue constraints………………………49
2.4 Optimality Theory………………………52
2.4.1 Universality and Markedness…52
2.4.2 Violability.......................................... 54
2.4.3 Markedness and faithfulness: tug of wars……………………54
2.4.4 The input-output mechanism of OT……………………56
2.4.5 Demonstration of constraint activities…………57
2.5 OT-based theories for language variation………59
2.5.1 Cophonology…………………60
2.5.2 Rank-ordering of EVAL………65
2.5.3 Stochastic OT…………………70
2.6 Two general issues in literature…………76
2.6.1 Learnability……………………76
2.6.2 Native phonology vs. loanword phonology………80
2.7 Conclusion………84

Chapter 3 The Sound Systems
3.1 Introduction………………………86
3.2 Consonants………86
3.2.1 Voicing…………………………89
3.2.2 Aspiration……………………… 91
3.2.3 Place of articulation……… 92
3.3 Vowels…... 94
3.3.1 High vowels……………………99
3.3.2 Mid vowels……………………100
3.3.3 Low vowels……………………100
3.4 Syllable structures………102
3.5 Conclusion………103

Chapter 4 The Corpus and Patterns
4.1 Introduction………………………105
4.2 The corpus………107
4.3 Simplex onsets……………………112
4.3.1 Stops……………………………112
4.3.2 Fricatives………………………116
4.3.3 Affricates………………………123
4.3.4 Nasals…………………………125
4.3.5 Liquids………………………126
4.4 Complex onsets…………………127
4.4.1 The “[]-stop” sequences……128
4.4.2 The “[]” sequence………130
4.4.3 The “[]-nasal” sequences……130
4.4.4 The “obstruent-[]” sequences…131
4.4.5 The “stop-[•]” sequences………132
4.4.6 The “fricative-[•]” sequences…134
4.5 Simplex codas……………………135
4.5.1 Stops……………………………136
4.5.2 Fricatives..……………………139
4.5.3 Affricates………………………142
4.5.4 Nasals.…………………………143
4.5.5 Liquids…………………………144
4.6 Complex codas…………………147
4.6.1 The “sibilant-stop” and “stop-sibilant” sequences……148
4.6.2 The “fricative-stop” sequence…150
4.6.3 The “stop-stop” sequence……151
4.6.4 The “nasal-stop” sequences……152
4.6.5 The “nasal-fricative” sequence...154
4.6.6 The “nasal-affricate” sequence...154
4.6.7 The “liquid-consonant” sequences……154
4.7 Conclusion………156
Chapter 5 Perceptual Effects on English Consonant Interpretation
5.1 Introduction……………………………158
5.2 Positional influence……………………160
5.2.1 Syllable-initial privilege of simplex onsets…160
5.2.2 Intermediate status of second/third onsets………162
5.2.3 Perceptual weakness of codas…167
5.2.4 Interim summary………………172
5.3 Asymmetric mappings of stop voicing and aspiration……172
5.4 Vowel insertion as perceptual hallucination……………………………177
5.5 Effect of universal place-markedness hierarchy………………………182
5.6 Nondistinctive voicing of stop codas……184
5.7 Coalescence of coronals…………………187
5.8 Effect of sonority scale on perception…190
5.9 High salience of friction noise…………192
5.10 The masking effect of sibilants…………194
5.10.1 Onset…………………………195
5.10.2 Coda…………………………196
5.11 Rhyme Harmony………………………197
5.12 Similarity between the nuclear vowel and liquid coda……201
5.13 Suprasegmental factors in loanword adaptation……………203
5.13.1 The effect of TM prosody on loanword adaptation…………204
5.13.2 The role of English stressing in loanword adaptation………207
5.14 Conclusion………208

Chapter 6 Constructing the SPG for TM Loanword Adaptation
6.1 Introduction……………………………211
6.2 Calculation of ranking values………214
6.2.1 Binary variation……………214
6.2.2 Multiple variation……………217
6.2.3 Interim summary………………221
6.3 Positional influence……………………221
6.3.1 An OT Analysis with cue constraints……………222
6.3.2 Cue constraints in stochastic evaluation………229
6.3.2.1 Simplex onsets……230
6.3.2.2 Second/third onsets…233
6.3.2.3 Codas………………235
6.3.3 Interim summary………………237
6.4 Asymmetric mappings of stop voicing and aspiration…………238
6.4.1 An OT analysis with cue constraints……………239
6.4.2 Cue constraints in stochastic evaluation………245
6.4.3 Interim summary………………249
6.5 Effect of universal place-markedness hierarchy……………………250
6.5.1 An OT analysis with cue constraints………………251
6.5.2 Cue constraints in stochastic evaluation………256
6.5.2.1 Labial stop codas………257
6.5.2.2 Dorsal stop codas…………258
6.5.2.3 Coronal stop codas…260
6.5.3 Interim summary………………261
6.6 Effect of coronal coalescence…………263
6.6.1 An OT analysis with cue constraints……………264
6.6.2 Cue constraints in stochastic evaluation……270
6.6.3 Interim summary………………273
6.7 Effect of sonority scale…………………274
6.7.1 An OT analysis with cue constraints………………275
6.7.2 Cue constraints in stochastic evaluation………279
6.7.2.1 Stop codas…………279
6.7.2.2 [•]-codas……………280
6.7.3 Interim summary………………282
6.8 High salience of friction noise…………283
6.8.1 An OT analysis with cue constraints……………284
6.8.2 Cue constraints in stochastic evaluation………287
6.8.2.1 Fricatives……………288
6.8.2.2 Affricates…………289
6.8.3 Interim summary………………290
6.9 Masking effect of sibilants………………291
6.9.1 An OT analysis with cue constraints………293
6.9.2 Cue constraints in stochastic evaluation………………………297
6.9.3 Interim summary………………298
6.10 Effect of Rhyme Harmony………………300
6.10.1 An OT analysis with cue constraints……………301
6.10.2 Cue constraints in stochastic evaluation………306
6.10.2.1 Analysis of English []-codas in TM…307
6.10.2.2 Analysis of [] and [] rhymes……308
6.10.3 Interim summary……………309
6.11 Effect of similarity between the nuclear vowel and the liquid coda……311
6.11.1 An OT analysis with cue constraints……………312
6.11.2 Cue constraints in stochastic evaluation……316
6.11.2.1 V[–back]-liquid…316
6.11.2.2 V[+back]-liquid…317
6.11.3 Interim summary……………318
6.12 Effect of the native prosody……………319
6.12.1 An OT analysis with cue constraints…………321
6.12.2 Cue constraints in stochastic evaluation………324
6.12.3 Interim summary……………326
6.13 Conclusion ……… 327

Chapter 7 General Conclusions
7.1 Introduction……………………331
7.2 Categorization and a bipartite processing model of loanwords…………332
7.3 Previous studies on loanword adaptation and language variation………334
7.4 The patterns and perceptual accounts…337
7.5 Construction of SPG……………………339
7.6 Potential challenges to SPG and the perceptual account………343
7.6.1 Can the selection points of overlapping constraints have the
same value?...................... 343
7.6.2 How can SPG predict?.............. 344
7.6.3 Can a general constraint contrdict a specific constraint?....... 346
7.6.4 What if the ranking between Constraints B and C makes a
difference?................................ 348
7.6.5 Is it all about orthography?........... 352
7.7 Residual problem………………………353
7.8 Concluding remarks……………………355

Bibliography…357		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3886976 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098555502en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 借字調整zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 感知zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞彙變異zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 機率感知語法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 訊號制約zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Loanword adaptationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Perceptionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lexical variationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) SPGen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cue constrainten_US
dc.title (題名) 萬變不離其宗： 建立台灣華語中英語借字之機率感知語法zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Where variation vanishes : constructing the stochastic perception grammar for English loanwords in Taiwan Mandarinen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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