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題名 目標理解影響嬰兒的動作模仿
Goal understanding influences infants` imitation of actions
作者 王維屏
Wang, Wei Ping
貢獻者 黃啟泰
王維屏
Wang, Wei Ping
關鍵詞 模仿
目標
嬰兒
口語線索
Imitation
Goal
Infant
Verbal cue
日期 2017
上傳時間 31-Jul-2017 11:11:59 (UTC+8)
摘要 目標解讀在許多不同的模仿理論中均受到重視，並被認為是模仿學習中的關鍵。其中，目標導向的模仿理論認為在模仿過程裡，觀察者會將動作要素以階層關係重組為主要目標和次要目標，在資源有限的情況下，次要目標在模仿中容易被忽略，只重現主要目標。本研究修訂過去研究嬰兒目標導向模仿之作業，探索示範中的動作方向及口語提示線索如何影響嬰兒的目標導向模仿。在實驗1中，嬰兒看到示範者以跳躍或滑行的動作方式將玩偶移動至桌面或盒子裡，結果發現嬰兒會在沒有盒子的情境中模仿不同的動作方式，並在有盒子的情境裡模仿示範者的位置選擇。實驗2修訂實驗1的程序，延後呈現運動方向提示目標的時間，結果發現移動路徑的改變會使嬰兒在有盒子情境裡模仿位置選擇的正確性下降。實驗3在示範開始前加入口語提示協助嬰兒區辨目標位置，並使用與實驗2相同的移動路徑，結果發現口語提示無法增加有盒子情境位置選擇的正確性，反而使無盒子情境中模仿動作方式的表現減少。嬰兒的模仿行為不能完全用目標導向模仿理論中目標的階層排序解釋，示範情境、溝通互動以及語言等不同線索皆可能影響嬰兒推理目標的方式，改變模仿的傾向。
The goal-directed theory of imitation claims that infants imitate an action by decomposing it into separate and hierarchically organized goals. When resources are limited, infants ignore less important goals to reproduce main goals. The evidence of this theory is that infants prefer to imitate action outcomes over styles when an external goal was present. In contrast, infants take action styles as major goals when there was no observable outcome. In this research, we investigated how movement direction and verbal information influence the goal-directed imitation process. In Experiment 1, we replicated the goal-choice imitation task used in previous research. 18-month-old infants observed an adult moving a toy animal in different action styles (slide or hop) into one of the two boxes (box condition) or onto the table (no-box condition).The results showed that infants imitated the action styles in no-box condition and matched the location choice in box condition. In Experiment 2, we modify the task by delaying the timing of movement direction cue for goal choice. Infants imitated the box choices less accurately after observing the modified demonstration. In Experiment 3, we verbalized the actor’s goal to investigate whether the goal choice errors in Experiment 2 are due to the lack of goal salience. We found no increase for the accuracy of matching location in the box condition but a decrease for the imitation of action styles in the no-box condition. In addition to the tendency to imitate different goals in different conditions, the study suggests important roles of movement direction and verbal cues in infants’ goal-directed imitation.
參考文獻 Bauer, P. J., & Hertsgaard, L. A. (1993). Increasing Steps in Recall of Events: Factors Facilitating Immediate and Long‐Term Memory in 13.5‐and 16.5‐Month‐Old Children. Child development, 64(4), 1204-1223.
Behne, T., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2005). One‐year‐olds comprehend the communicative intentions behind gestures in a hiding game. Developmental Science, 8(6), 492-499.
Bekkering, H., Brass, M., Woschina, S., & Jacobs, A. M. (2005). Goal-directed imitation in patients with ideomotor apraxia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(3-4), 419-432.
Bekkering, H., Wohlschlager, A., & Gattis, M. (2000). Imitation of gestures in children is goal-directed. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 53(1), 153-164.
Bird, G., Brindley, R., Leighton, J., & Heyes, C. (2007). General processes, rather than" goals," explain imitation errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(5), 1158-1169.
Butler, L. P., & Markman, E. M. (2012). Preschoolers use intentional and pedagogical cues to guide inductive inferences and exploration. Child development, 83(4), 1416-1428.
Cannon, E. N., & Woodward, A. L. (2012). Infants generate goal‐based action predictions. Developmental Science, 15(2), 292-298.
Carpenter, M., Akhtar, N., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Fourteen-through 18-month-old infants differentially imitate intentional and accidental actions. Infant Behavior and Development, 21(2), 315-330.
Carpenter, M., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2005). Twelve‐and 18‐month‐olds copy actions in terms of goals. Developmental Science, 8(1), F13-F20.
Chen, M. L., & Waxman, S. R. (2013). “Shall we blick?”: Novel words highlight actors` underlying intentions for 14-month-old infants. Developmental psychology, 49(3), 426-431.
Csibra, G., & Gergely, G. (2006). Social learning and social cognition: The case for pedagogy. Processes of change in brain and cognitive development. Attention and performance XXI, 21, 249-274.
Cusack, J. P., Williams, J. H., & Neri, P. (2015). Action perception is intact in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(5), 1849-1857.
Daum, M. M., Prinz, W., & Aschersleben, G. (2008). Encoding the goal of an object‐directed but uncompleted reaching action in 6‐and 9‐month‐old infants. Developmental Science, 11(4), 607-619.
De Villiers, J. G., & De Villiers, P. A. (2000). Linguistic determinism and the understanding of false. Children’s reasoning and the mind, 191-228.
Elsner, B., & Pfeifer, C. (2012). Movement or goal: Goal salience and verbal cues affect preschoolers’ imitation of action components. Journal of experimental child psychology, 112(3), 283-295.
Falck-Ytter, T., Gredebäck, G., & von Hofsten, C. (2006). Infants predict other people`s action goals. Nature neuroscience, 9(7), 878-879.
Figueras-Costa, B., & Harris, P. (2001). Theory of mind development in deaf children: A nonverbal test of false-belief understanding. Journal of deaf studies and deaf education, 6(2), 92-102.
Fukuyama, H., & Myowa-Yamakoshi, M. (2013). Fourteen-month-old infants copy an action style accompanied by social-emotional cues. Infant Behavior and Development, 36(4), 609-617.
Gattis, M., Bekkering, H., & Wohlschläger, A. (2002). Goal-directed imitation. In A. N. M. W. Prinz (Ed.), The imitative mind: development, evolution and brain bases (pp. 183–205). New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Gergely, G., Bekkering, H., & Király, I. (2002). Developmental psychology: Rational imitation in preverbal infants. Nature, 415(6873), 755-755.
Gleissner, B., Bekkering, H., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2000). Children’s coding of human action: cognitive factors influencing imitaation in 3‐year‐old. Developmental Science, 3(4), 405-414.
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Gredebäck, G., Stasiewicz, D., Falck-Ytter, T., Rosander, K., & von Hofsten, C. (2009). Action type and goal type modulate goal-directed gaze shifts in 14-month-old infants. Developmental psychology, 45(4), 1190-1194.
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Hamilton, A. F. d. C., Brindley, R. M., & Frith, U. (2007). Imitation and action understanding in autistic spectrum disorders: how valid is the hypothesis of a deficit in the mirror neuron system? Neuropsychologia, 45(8), 1859-1868.
Hamlin, J. K., Hallinan, E. V., & Woodward, A. L. (2008). Do as I do: 7‐month‐old infants selectively reproduce others’ goals. Developmental Science, 11(4), 487-494.
Hauf, P., & Aschersleben, G. (2008). Action–effect anticipation in infant action control. Psychological Research, 72(2), 203-210.
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Kanakogi, Y., & Itakura, S. (2011). Developmental correspondence between action prediction and motor ability in early infancy. Nature communications, 2, 341.
Legare, C. H., & Nielsen, M. (2015). Imitation and innovation: The dual engines of cultural learning. Trends in cognitive sciences, 19(11), 688-699.
Legare, C. H., Wen, N. J., Herrmann, P. A., & Whitehouse, H. (2015). Imitative flexibility and the development of cultural learning. Cognition, 142, 351-361.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
103752009
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103752009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃啟泰zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王維屏zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wang, Wei Pingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 王維屏zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wang, Wei Pingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 31-Jul-2017 11:11:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 31-Jul-2017 11:11:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 31-Jul-2017 11:11:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0103752009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/111500-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103752009zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 目標解讀在許多不同的模仿理論中均受到重視，並被認為是模仿學習中的關鍵。其中，目標導向的模仿理論認為在模仿過程裡，觀察者會將動作要素以階層關係重組為主要目標和次要目標，在資源有限的情況下，次要目標在模仿中容易被忽略，只重現主要目標。本研究修訂過去研究嬰兒目標導向模仿之作業，探索示範中的動作方向及口語提示線索如何影響嬰兒的目標導向模仿。在實驗1中，嬰兒看到示範者以跳躍或滑行的動作方式將玩偶移動至桌面或盒子裡，結果發現嬰兒會在沒有盒子的情境中模仿不同的動作方式，並在有盒子的情境裡模仿示範者的位置選擇。實驗2修訂實驗1的程序，延後呈現運動方向提示目標的時間，結果發現移動路徑的改變會使嬰兒在有盒子情境裡模仿位置選擇的正確性下降。實驗3在示範開始前加入口語提示協助嬰兒區辨目標位置，並使用與實驗2相同的移動路徑，結果發現口語提示無法增加有盒子情境位置選擇的正確性，反而使無盒子情境中模仿動作方式的表現減少。嬰兒的模仿行為不能完全用目標導向模仿理論中目標的階層排序解釋，示範情境、溝通互動以及語言等不同線索皆可能影響嬰兒推理目標的方式，改變模仿的傾向。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The goal-directed theory of imitation claims that infants imitate an action by decomposing it into separate and hierarchically organized goals. When resources are limited, infants ignore less important goals to reproduce main goals. The evidence of this theory is that infants prefer to imitate action outcomes over styles when an external goal was present. In contrast, infants take action styles as major goals when there was no observable outcome. In this research, we investigated how movement direction and verbal information influence the goal-directed imitation process. In Experiment 1, we replicated the goal-choice imitation task used in previous research. 18-month-old infants observed an adult moving a toy animal in different action styles (slide or hop) into one of the two boxes (box condition) or onto the table (no-box condition).The results showed that infants imitated the action styles in no-box condition and matched the location choice in box condition. In Experiment 2, we modify the task by delaying the timing of movement direction cue for goal choice. Infants imitated the box choices less accurately after observing the modified demonstration. In Experiment 3, we verbalized the actor’s goal to investigate whether the goal choice errors in Experiment 2 are due to the lack of goal salience. We found no increase for the accuracy of matching location in the box condition but a decrease for the imitation of action styles in the no-box condition. In addition to the tendency to imitate different goals in different conditions, the study suggests important roles of movement direction and verbal cues in infants’ goal-directed imitation.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、緒論 3
第一節、研究動機與目的 3
第二章、文獻回顧 5
第一節、不同模仿理論中的目標理解 5
第二節、目標導向模仿理論的研究證據 9
第三節、研究問題與假設 16
第三章、實驗1嬰兒的目標導向模仿：直線路徑 20
第一節、研究目的 20
第二節、參與者 20
第三節、實驗器材 20
第四節、研究程序 21
第五節、資料分析 23
第六節、研究結果 24
第七節、討論 29
第四章、實驗2嬰兒的目標導向模仿：轉彎路徑 31
第一節、研究目的 31
第二節、參與者 31
第三節、實驗器材 31
第四節、研究程序 32
第五節、資料分析 32
第六節、研究結果 32
第七節、討論 37
第五章、實驗3嬰兒的目標導向模仿：轉彎路徑與口語提示 40
第一節、研究目的 40
第二節、參與者 40
第三節、實驗器材 40
第四節、研究程序 40
第五節、資料分析 41
第六節、研究結果 41
第七節、討論 46
第六章、綜合討論 49
第一節、其他可能解釋的理論觀點 50
第二節、本研究的限制與未來方向 55
第三節、結論 56
參考文獻 57		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 948217 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103752009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 模仿zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 目標zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 嬰兒zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 口語線索zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Imitationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Goalen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Infanten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Verbal cueen_US
dc.title (題名) 目標理解影響嬰兒的動作模仿zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Goal understanding influences infants` imitation of actionsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bauer, P. J., & Hertsgaard, L. A. (1993). Increasing Steps in Recall of Events: Factors Facilitating Immediate and Long‐Term Memory in 13.5‐and 16.5‐Month‐Old Children. Child development, 64(4), 1204-1223.
Behne, T., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2005). One‐year‐olds comprehend the communicative intentions behind gestures in a hiding game. Developmental Science, 8(6), 492-499.
Bekkering, H., Brass, M., Woschina, S., & Jacobs, A. M. (2005). Goal-directed imitation in patients with ideomotor apraxia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(3-4), 419-432.
Bekkering, H., Wohlschlager, A., & Gattis, M. (2000). Imitation of gestures in children is goal-directed. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 53(1), 153-164.
Bird, G., Brindley, R., Leighton, J., & Heyes, C. (2007). General processes, rather than" goals," explain imitation errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(5), 1158-1169.
Butler, L. P., & Markman, E. M. (2012). Preschoolers use intentional and pedagogical cues to guide inductive inferences and exploration. Child development, 83(4), 1416-1428.
Cannon, E. N., & Woodward, A. L. (2012). Infants generate goal‐based action predictions. Developmental Science, 15(2), 292-298.
Carpenter, M., Akhtar, N., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Fourteen-through 18-month-old infants differentially imitate intentional and accidental actions. Infant Behavior and Development, 21(2), 315-330.
Carpenter, M., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2005). Twelve‐and 18‐month‐olds copy actions in terms of goals. Developmental Science, 8(1), F13-F20.
Chen, M. L., & Waxman, S. R. (2013). “Shall we blick?”: Novel words highlight actors` underlying intentions for 14-month-old infants. Developmental psychology, 49(3), 426-431.
Csibra, G., & Gergely, G. (2006). Social learning and social cognition: The case for pedagogy. Processes of change in brain and cognitive development. Attention and performance XXI, 21, 249-274.
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