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題名 電腦軟體專利適格性之法制與政策——以美國法為中心
The law and policy of patent eligibility of computer software—focusing on U.S. law
作者 劉文燦
Liu, Wencan
貢獻者 沈宗倫
劉文燦
Liu, Wencan
關鍵詞 軟體專利
適格性
Alice
Mayo測試
軟體創新
Software patent
Eligibility
Alice
Mayo inquiry
Software innovation
日期 2017
上傳時間 10-Aug-2017 10:01:19 (UTC+8)
摘要 在電腦軟體產業初露锋芒的1970至1980年代，美國曾一度就軟體是否是可專利的標的發生爭論。美國聯邦最高法院先後作出Gottschalk v. Benson (1972)、Parker v. Flook (1978)、Diamond v. Diehr (1981)等相關判決，為軟體的適格性問題定下了基調。
沉寂數十年後，在該議題幾乎要被人淡忘的時候，軟體的適格性在近年再次被推上了風口浪尖。美國聯邦最高法院連續作出數個專利適格性方面的判決。在其中的Alice Corp. Pty. v. CLS Bank International (2014)一案中，最高法院為判斷專利標的適格性設置了一套系統的測試方法。此後，雖然軟體在理論上依然是適格的專利標的，但在實務中軟體相關專利卻頻頻因不適格而被宣告為無效。變相的，軟體專利的效力被大幅削弱。
本文溯本求源，試圖了解這種政策背後的原因。本文從現象層面入手，介紹軟體專利遇到的相關問題。通過了解軟體的特徵，本文分析軟體創新與專利制度的相容性，發現專利制度的一些設定對於軟體創新並不合適。以此為基礎，本文主要針對專利激勵創新的理論論證現行專利制度對於軟體創新意義較小，進而支持美國聯邦最高法院弱化軟體專利的舉措。最後，本文將回顧部分美國聯邦最高法院和聯邦巡迴上訴法院在專利適格性方面的重要判決，並特別關注其中適格性測試的運用。通過梳理對該測試的理解，本文就適格性測試的適用提出了幾點建議。
In the early stage of software industry in 1970s to 1980s, it was controversial as to whether software was a patent eligible subject matter. The Supreme Court of United States made a series of eligibility-related cases, i.e. Gottschalk v. Benson (1972), Parker v. Flook (1978) and Diamond v. Diehr (1981) which are still influencing the issue of eligibility at present.
After decades of peace and when the issue is nearly forgotten, eligibility of software has become disputed again recently. The Supreme Court started another series of eligibility cases. Among them, Alice Corp. Pty. v. CLS Bank International (2014), a highly influential one, set forth a systemic rule for eligibility testing. After Alice, software-related patents are frequently invalidated due to eligibility by lower courts, though software in theory is patentable. In this way, the Supreme Court has greatly weakened software patent rights.
This thesis attempts to explore the reasons behind the policy. Starting from phenomena aspect, it introduces various issues that software patents encounter. Then the features of software will be discussed, the compatibility between software innovations and the patent system will be analyzed, and a conclusion will be reached that the current patent system is unfit for software innovations. On this account, the thesis argues that the patent system is less than effective for software innovations as far as the theory that patents encourage innovations is concerned. As a result, the policy of weakening software patents is supported. In the end, the thesis retraces some important legal cases delivered by the Supreme Court of United States and the Court of Appeals for Federal Circuit, and looks into how they check eligibility of patents. Proposing how the eligibility test the courts are using should be construed, the thesis offers several suggestions as to how the test should be applied.
參考文獻 中文書籍
崔國斌，專利法：原理與案例，2016年2月，2版。
李明德，美國知識產權法，2014年4月，2版。
吳軍，浪潮之巔，2011年8月，初版。

中文論文
李玄、王立達，美國後eBay時代專利侵權案件之永久禁制令：以法院見解發展與實證研究為中心，智慧財產評論，第12卷第2期，頁153-194，2014年12月。
李治安，由AMP v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.案談基因專利之適格性，智慧財產評論，第12卷第2期，頁1-46，2014年12月。

英文書籍
Bessen, James, & Michael J. Meurer (2008). PATENT FAILURE: HOW JUDGES, BUREAUCRATS AND LAWYERS PUT INNOVATORS AT RISK. Princeton University Press.
Boldrin, Michele, & David K. Levine (2008). AGAINST INTELLECTUAL MONOPOLY. Cambridge University Press.
Buxmann, Peter, Heiner Diefenbach, & Thomas Hess (2013). THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY: ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES, STRATEGIES, PERSPECTIVES. Springer.
Feldman, Robin (2012). RETHINKING PATENT LAW. Harvard University Press.
Jaffe, Adam B. & Josh Lerner (2004). INNOVATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS: HOW OUR BROKEN PATENT SYSTEM IS ENDANGERING INNOVATION AND PROGRESS, AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT. Princeton University Press.
Kinney & Lange, P.A. (2016-2017 ed.), INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW FOR BUSINESS LAWYERS. Thomson West.
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Macfie, Robert Andrew (1864). THE PATENT QUESTION UNDER FREE TRADE: A SOLUTION OF DIFFICULTIES BY ABOLISHING OR SHORTENING THE INVENTORS` MONOPOLY, AND INSTITUTING NATIONAL RECOMPENSES. Johnson.
Merges, Robert P., Peter S. Menell, & Mark A. Lemley (5 ed. 2009). INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE NEW TECHNOLOGICAL AGE. Aspen Publishers.
Naughton, John (2000). A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FUTURE: FROM RADIO DAYS TO INTERNET YEARS IN A LIFETIME. Overlook Books.
Rivette, Kevin G. & David Kline (1999). REMBRANDTS IN THE ATTIC: UNLOCKING THE HIDDEN VALUE OF PATENTS. Harvard Business Review Press.
Rossman, Joseph (3d ed. 1964). INDUSTRIAL CREATIVITY: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INVENTOR. University Books.
Schief, Markus (2013). BUSINESS MODELS IN THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY: THE IMPACT ON FIRM AND M&A PERFORMANCE. Springer Gabler.

英文論文
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判決
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學系
103651067
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103651067
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 沈宗倫zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 劉文燦zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Liu, Wencanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 劉文燦zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Liu, Wencanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 10-Aug-2017 10:01:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 10-Aug-2017 10:01:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 10-Aug-2017 10:01:19 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0103651067en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/111795-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103651067zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在電腦軟體產業初露锋芒的1970至1980年代，美國曾一度就軟體是否是可專利的標的發生爭論。美國聯邦最高法院先後作出Gottschalk v. Benson (1972)、Parker v. Flook (1978)、Diamond v. Diehr (1981)等相關判決，為軟體的適格性問題定下了基調。
沉寂數十年後，在該議題幾乎要被人淡忘的時候，軟體的適格性在近年再次被推上了風口浪尖。美國聯邦最高法院連續作出數個專利適格性方面的判決。在其中的Alice Corp. Pty. v. CLS Bank International (2014)一案中，最高法院為判斷專利標的適格性設置了一套系統的測試方法。此後，雖然軟體在理論上依然是適格的專利標的，但在實務中軟體相關專利卻頻頻因不適格而被宣告為無效。變相的，軟體專利的效力被大幅削弱。
本文溯本求源，試圖了解這種政策背後的原因。本文從現象層面入手，介紹軟體專利遇到的相關問題。通過了解軟體的特徵，本文分析軟體創新與專利制度的相容性，發現專利制度的一些設定對於軟體創新並不合適。以此為基礎，本文主要針對專利激勵創新的理論論證現行專利制度對於軟體創新意義較小，進而支持美國聯邦最高法院弱化軟體專利的舉措。最後，本文將回顧部分美國聯邦最高法院和聯邦巡迴上訴法院在專利適格性方面的重要判決，並特別關注其中適格性測試的運用。通過梳理對該測試的理解，本文就適格性測試的適用提出了幾點建議。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In the early stage of software industry in 1970s to 1980s, it was controversial as to whether software was a patent eligible subject matter. The Supreme Court of United States made a series of eligibility-related cases, i.e. Gottschalk v. Benson (1972), Parker v. Flook (1978) and Diamond v. Diehr (1981) which are still influencing the issue of eligibility at present.
After decades of peace and when the issue is nearly forgotten, eligibility of software has become disputed again recently. The Supreme Court started another series of eligibility cases. Among them, Alice Corp. Pty. v. CLS Bank International (2014), a highly influential one, set forth a systemic rule for eligibility testing. After Alice, software-related patents are frequently invalidated due to eligibility by lower courts, though software in theory is patentable. In this way, the Supreme Court has greatly weakened software patent rights.
This thesis attempts to explore the reasons behind the policy. Starting from phenomena aspect, it introduces various issues that software patents encounter. Then the features of software will be discussed, the compatibility between software innovations and the patent system will be analyzed, and a conclusion will be reached that the current patent system is unfit for software innovations. On this account, the thesis argues that the patent system is less than effective for software innovations as far as the theory that patents encourage innovations is concerned. As a result, the policy of weakening software patents is supported. In the end, the thesis retraces some important legal cases delivered by the Supreme Court of United States and the Court of Appeals for Federal Circuit, and looks into how they check eligibility of patents. Proposing how the eligibility test the courts are using should be construed, the thesis offers several suggestions as to how the test should be applied.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 壹、 緒論 1
貳、 軟體專利相關問題 6
一、 基本問題 6
(一) 功能性請求項用語 6
(二) 專利的無效比率與判決的錯誤比率 12
(三) 軟體專利質量低下而數量龐大 18
二、 衍生或相關的問題 20
(一) 反公地悲劇 20
(二) 忽視專利 23
(三) 專利蟑螂 26
(四) 專利軍備競賽 29
(五) 無意侵權與後起技術 31
參、 軟體與軟體產業的特徵 37
一、 對專利的依賴程度 37
(一) 軟體創新成本 37
(二) 專利以外的選擇 42
二、 與專利系統的相容性 52
(一) 不適時的專利保護 52
(二) 非文件形式的先前技術 54
(三) 封鎖性專利理論的失敗 56
(四) 軟體的功能性本質 61
肆、 弱化軟體專利 65
一、 弱化軟體專利的原因 65
二、 反對專利的聲音 67
三、 軟體專利保護的歷史回顧和反省 69
四、 專利鼓勵軟體創新之迷思 73
(一) 軟體專利阻礙下游創新 74
(二) 軟體專利加劇過度投資之勢 81
五、 開源軟體與自由軟體 85
六、 小結 90
伍、 專利適格性測試 91
一、 最高法院案件 91
二、 聯邦巡迴上訴法院案件 96
(一) 適格的軟體專利 96
(二) 不適格的軟體專利 100
三、 分析與建議 105
(一) 解釋Mayo測試 106
(二) 運用Mayo測試時的幾點建議 115
陸、 總結 126
參考文獻 127		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1486319 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103651067en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 軟體專利zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 適格性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Alicezh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mayo測試zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 軟體創新zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Software patenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Eligibilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Aliceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mayo inquiryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Software innovationen_US
dc.title (題名) 電腦軟體專利適格性之法制與政策——以美國法為中心zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The law and policy of patent eligibility of computer software—focusing on U.S. lawen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文書籍
崔國斌，專利法：原理與案例，2016年2月，2版。
李明德，美國知識產權法，2014年4月，2版。
吳軍，浪潮之巔，2011年8月，初版。

中文論文
李玄、王立達，美國後eBay時代專利侵權案件之永久禁制令：以法院見解發展與實證研究為中心，智慧財產評論，第12卷第2期，頁153-194，2014年12月。
李治安，由AMP v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.案談基因專利之適格性，智慧財產評論，第12卷第2期，頁1-46，2014年12月。

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