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題名 社會焦慮在難民庇護政策中的角色：以德國、法國與奧地利為例
The role of societal anxiety in asylum policy: the cases of Germany, France and Austria
作者 楊博智
Yang, Bo Chih
貢獻者 盧倩儀
Lu, Chien Yi
楊博智
Yang, Bo Chih
關鍵詞 歐洲難民危機
難民庇護政策
社會焦慮
European refugee crisis
Asylum policy
Societal anxiety
日期 2017
上傳時間 10-八月-2017 10:05:49 (UTC+8)
摘要 面對此次難民危機的挑戰，歐盟無法團結一致推行共同的難民庇護政策，反而造成各國內鬨爭端；整體而言，歐洲各國的難民庇護政策大致呈現緊縮的態勢，於此，本文試圖進一步探索：什麼因素促使反難民情緒逐漸高漲，進而影響難民庇護政策轉趨緊縮？其中，又有哪些面向對政策轉變具有顯著的效果？本文以德國、法國與奧地利為研究個案，聚焦國內經濟、文化與安全三大面向，試圖理解衝擊人民心理與情緒的社會焦慮，並提供一項更細緻的觀察與解釋。\n 本文發現，此次難民危機前，焦慮因子早已深埋各國社會之中，人民的經濟不安全感在歐債危機與撙節政策的衝擊下日漸加深，同時各國社會也為日益加劇的種族緊張關係所苦，而此兩項經濟與文化的焦慮因子是生成反難民社會焦慮的關鍵因素。難民危機期間，大批難民湧入衝擊人民的心理與情緒，不僅誘發並催化經濟與文化的焦慮因子，同時也帶來安全上的擔憂與威脅，催化各國的反難民社會焦慮，進而使各國的難民庇護政策轉趨緊縮。
Faced with the refugee crisis, the EU had not only failed to come up with a common asylum strategy, but been plagued by increasing disputes among its Member States. The asylum policy of individual states had, in general, become more and more restrictive as the refugee crisis intensified. In order to understand the domestic factors contributing to the surge of anti-refugee sentiments, I take Germany, France and Austria as the cases and examine the dynamic developments of anti-refugee sentiments as well as the restriction-oriented asylum policy reforms that followed. \n The existence of the agents of societal anxiety in European countries predated the refugee crisis. Prior to the European debt crisis, the sense of economic insecurity was already palpable. The implementation of austerity policies greatly enhanced this sense of insecurity. Meanwhile, ethnic tensions or even conflicts were chronic in western European countries. These two agents of societal anxiety turned out to be significant factors in explaining the surge of anti-refugee sentiments. Furthermore, during the crisis, the sudden mass influx of refugees also had an impact on people’s perceptions and sentiments. Not only did it trigger the economic and cultural agents of societal anxiety, but also brought about the perceived security threat as well. Eventually, the anti-refugee sentiments, catalyzed and reinforced by these dynamics, contributed to restrictive asylum policy reforms.
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2017).\nDer Spiegel. 2016b. “CDU in Sachsen-Anhalt vorne - AfD kommt auf 24 Prozent”. \nhttp://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/wahl-in-sachsen-anhalt-afd-kommt-locker-ueber-20-prozent-a-1082077.html (Accessed on March 19, 2017).\nDer Spiegel. 2016c. “Österreich will Asylschnellverfahren einführen”. \nhttp://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/fluechtlinge-oesterreich-will-asylschnellverfahren-einfuehren-obergrenze-rechtswidrig-a-1084685.html (Accessed on April 15, 2017).\nDer Standard. 2015. “Über 70 tote Flüchtlinge im Burgenland: Mikl-Leitner will \nAnlaufstellen an EU-Grenze”. http://derstandard.at/2000021354835/Offenbar-mehrere-tote-Fluechtlinge-in-Schlepperfahrzeug-auf-A4 (Accessed on April 14, 2017).\nDer Tagespiegel. 2015. “De Maizière will Asylrecht mit Hilfe der EU einschränken”. \nhttp://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/feste-kontingente-fuer-fluechtlinge-de-maiziere-will-asylrecht-mit-hilfe-der-eu-einschraenken/12342562.html (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nDer Tagesspiegel. 2016. “Zahl der Asylsuchenden sinkt drastisch”. \nhttp://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/fluechtlinge-in-deutschland-zahl-der-asylsuchenden-sinkt-drastisch/13420814.html (Accessed on May 27, 2017). \nDeutsche Welle. 2015. “Austria relegates refugees to tent cities”. \nhttp://www.dw.com/en/austria-relegates-refugees-to-tent-cities/a-18478301 (Accessed on April 13, 2017).\nDeutsche Welle. 2016a. “Kompromiss im Asylstreit”. \nhttp://www.dw.com/de/kompromiss-im-asylstreit/a-19010662 (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nDeutsche Welle. 2016b. “So funktioniert der EU-Türkei-Deal”. \nhttp://www.dw.com/de/so-funktioniert-der-eu-t%C3%BCrkei-deal/a-19162970 (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nDeutsche Welle. 2016c. “German labor minister threatens `non-integrating` refugees \nwith welfare cuts”. http://www.dw.com/en/german-labor-minister-threatens-non-integrating-refugees-with-welfare-cuts/a-19015000 (Accessed on May 14, 2017).\nDeutsche Welle. 2017a. “Study: 50 percent of refugees at work in Germany within \nfive 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2017).\nEuractiv. 2013. “Germany refuses to take in more refugees”. \nhttps://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/germany-refuses-to-take-in-more-refugees/ (Accessed on March 11, 2017).\nEuronews. 2015. “ ‘Ethnic Apartheid’ Exists in France, Says PM Manuel Valls”. \nhttp://www.euronews.com/2015/01/20/ethnic-apartheid-exists-in-france-says-pm-manuel-valls (Accessed on April 3, 2017).\nFOCUS Online. 2016. “Umfrage zeigt: Das denken die Deutschen wirklich über den \nIslam”. http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/bevoelkerung-ist-gespalten-umfrage-zeigt-das-denken-die-deutschen-wirklich-ueber-den-islam_id_5502084.html (Accesssed on May 19, 2017).\nFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 2015. “Mehrheit der Deutschen lehnt Merkels \nUmgang mit Flüchtlingskrise ab”. http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/fluechtlingskrise/viele-deutsche-gegen-angela-merkels-fluechtlingspolitik-13910248.html (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 2016. “AfD in Umfrage drittstärkste 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http://www.gouvernement.fr/en/refugees-we-must-act-in-accordance-with-the-principles-of-humanity-solidarity-responsibility-and (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nGouvernement de la République française. 2015d. “European interior ministers adopt \nthe key measures requested by France”. http://www.gouvernement.fr/en/european-interior-ministers-adopt-the-key-measures-requested-by-france (accessed on April 1, 2017).\nHandelsblatt. 2012. “Österreich will kräftig sparen”. \nhttp://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/defizit-2016-nahe-null-oesterreich-will-kraeftig-sparen/6197718.html (Accessed on April 19, 2017).\nHuffington Post. 2015. “Marine Le Pen Decides 99 Percent of Incoming Refugees \nAre Men, Opposes Giving Them Political Refugee Status”. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/09/09/marine-le-pen-refugees_n_8110376.html (Accessed on April 10, 2017).\nHuman Rights Watch. 2012a. ““The Root of Humiliation” Abusive Identity Checks in \nFrance”. https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/01/26/root-humiliation/abusive-identity-checks-france (Accessed on April 3, 2017).\nHuman Rights Watch. 2012b. “France: European Court of Human Rights Condemns \nFaulty Asylum Procedure”. https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/02/france-european-court-human-rights-condemns-faulty-asylum-procedure (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nHuman Rights Watch. 2012b. “France: European Court of Human Rights Condemns \nFaulty Asylum Procedure”. https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/02/france-european-court-human-rights-condemns-faulty-asylum-procedure (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nKurier. 2015. “20.000 Menschen bei "Demo Blanche" für Flüchtlinge”. \nhttps://kurier.at/chronik/wien/20-000-menschen-bei-demo-blanche-fuer-fluechtlinge/150.051.278 (Accessed on April 14, 2017).\nn.tv. 2017. “Zahl der Flüchtlinge sinkt”. \nhttp://www.n-tv.de/politik/Zahl-der-Fluechtlinge-sinkt-article19523206.html (Accessed on May 22, 2017).\nNew York Times. 2012a. “Austerity Faces Sharper Debate After European \nElections”. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/world/europe/francois-hollandes-victory-sharpens-european-austerity-debate.html (Accessed on April 5, 2017).\nNew York Times. 2012b. “New French Budget Focuses on Slicing Deficit”. \nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/29/world/europe/hollandes-new-budget-focuses-on-cutting-frances-deficit.html (Accessed on April 5, 2017).\nNew York Times. 2015. “Marine Le Pen’s Anti-Islam Message Gains Influence in \nFrance”. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/18/world/europe/marine-le-pens-anti-islam-message-gains-influence-in-france.html (Accessed on April 10, 2017). \nNewsweek. 2016a. “France to evict Refugees in Calais ‘Jungle’ Camp”. \nhttp://www.newsweek.com/france-evict-jungle-refugee-camp-calais-430210 (Accessed on April 1, 2017).\nNewsweek. 2016b. “Austrian Interior Minister: No Refugee Work Permits”. \nhttp://www.newsweek.com/austria-interior-minister-refugee-crisis-migrant-crisis-480288 (Accessed on May 15, 2017).\noe24. 2017. “Experte: "Terror-Gefahr auch in Österreich hoch"”. \nhttp://www.oe24.at/oesterreich/chronik/Experte-Terror-Gefahr-auch-in-Oesterreich-hoch/280033653 (Accessed on May 25, 2017).\nPew Research Center. 2016. “European Opinions of the Refugee Crisis in 5 Charts”, \nhttp://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/16/european-opinions-of-the-refugee-crisis-in-5-charts/. (Accessed on January 12, 2017).\nRadio France Internationale. 2014. “France`s debt shoots over two trillion euros”. \nhttp://en.rfi.fr/economy/20140930-frances-public-debt-over-20-trillion-euros (Accessed on April 2, 2017).\nReuters. 2012. “Expulsions of illegal migrants soar under Sarkozy”. \nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/us-french-expulsions-idUSTRE8091PB20120110 (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nReuters. 2016. “French PM rejects permanent quota system for refugees”. \nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-idUSKCN0VM0NI (Accessed on April 1, 2017).\nThe European Union Times. 2012. “French government cuts immigrants welfare by \n83%”. http://www.eutimes.net/2012/12/french-government-cuts-immigrants-welfare-by-83/ (Accessed on May 2, 2017).\nThe Guardian. 2013. “French police try to move Syrian refugees seeking asylum in \nUK”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/04/french-police-syrian-refugees-calais-asylum-uk (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nThe Guardian. 2015. “Marine Le Pen`s Front National makes political gains after \nParis attacks”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/01/marine-le-pen-front-national-political-gains-paris-attacks (Accessed on April 4, 2017).\nThe Guardian. 2016a. “German court rules Muslim girls must take part in swimming \nlessons”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/07/german-court-rules-against-muslim-girl-in-burkini-case (Accessed on March 22, 2017).\nThe Guardian. 2016b. “France to close Calais refugee camp and tells UK it must play \nits part”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/26/calais-migrant-camp-must-go-by-end-of-year-francois-hollande (Accessed on April 7, 2017).\nThe Guardian. 2016c. “French burkini ban row escalates after clothing incident at \nNice beach”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/french-burkini-ban-row-escalates-clothing-incident-woman-police-nice-beach (Accessed on April 4, 2017).\nThe Independent. 2016. “Muslim face veil ban for workers is not discriminatory, \nAustrian court rules”. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/muslim-face-veil-niqab-burka-burqa-hijab-ban-workers-is-not-discriminatory-austrian-court-rules-a7131311.html (Accessed on April 16, 2017).\nThe Independent. 2017. “German parliament votes in favour of partial burqa ban”. \nhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germany-burqa-ban-law-vote-favour-angela-merkel-islam-muslim-civil-servants-judges-military-a7706781.html (Accessed on May 19, 2017).\nThe Local. 2014a. “France rejects four out of five asylum seekers”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.fr/20140324/france-asylum-refugee-rejects-four-out-of-five-asylum-seekers (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nThe Local. 2014b. “Austrian states agree on new asylum centres”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20141118/austrian-states-agree-on-new-asylum-centres (Accessed on April 13, 2017). \nThe Local. 2014c. “An 18 year long wait for asylum”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20140620/an-18-year-wait-for-asylum (Accessed on April 10, 2017).\nThe Local. 2015. “Gap between rich and poor widens”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20150521/gap-between-rich-and-poor-widens-in-austria (Accessed on April 15, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016a. “France clears Calais camp as concern mounts in Paris”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.fr/20161101/france-clears-calais-camp-as-concern-mounts-in-paris (Accessed on April 7, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016b. “Over 14 percent of the French live below poverty line”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.fr/20160907/over-14-percent-of-the-french-live-below-poverty-line (Accessed on April 5, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016c. “Immigration to cause massive increase in benefit costs”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20160927/immigration-to-cause-massive-increase-in-benefit-costs (Accessed on April 15, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016d. “Anti-Semitism up by 82 percent in Austria”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20160407/anti-semitism-up-by-82-percent-in-austria (Accessed on April 16, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016e. “Further evidence of rise in far-right crime in Austria”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20160503/further-evidence-of-increasing-far-right-crime-in-austria (Accessed on April 16, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016f. “Survey: `Almost 40 percent of Turks would leave Austria for \nmoney`”. https://www.thelocal.at/20160908/survey-almost-40-percent-of-turks-would-leave-austria-for-money (Accessed on April 16, 2017).\nThe Telegraph. 2009. “France hit by national strike on `Black Thursday` ”. \nhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/4384543/France-hit-by-national-strike-on-Black-Thursday.html (Accessed on May 19, 2017).\nThe Telegraph. 2011. “Nicolas Sarkozy pledges drastic austerity measures as French \nbank shares crash”. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/8694238/Nicolas-Sarkozy-pledges-drastic-austerity-measures-as-French-bank-shares-crash.html (Accessed on April 5, 2017).\nUNHCR. 2012. “Mediterranean takes record as most deadly stretch of water for \nrefugees and migrants in 2011”. 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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治學系
103252006
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103252006
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 盧倩儀zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lu, Chien Yien_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 楊博智zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Yang, Bo Chihen_US
dc.creator (作者) 楊博智zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yang, Bo Chihen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 10-八月-2017 10:05:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 10-八月-2017 10:05:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 10-八月-2017 10:05:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0103252006en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/item?item_id=128673-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 政治學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103252006zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 面對此次難民危機的挑戰，歐盟無法團結一致推行共同的難民庇護政策，反而造成各國內鬨爭端；整體而言，歐洲各國的難民庇護政策大致呈現緊縮的態勢，於此，本文試圖進一步探索：什麼因素促使反難民情緒逐漸高漲，進而影響難民庇護政策轉趨緊縮？其中，又有哪些面向對政策轉變具有顯著的效果？本文以德國、法國與奧地利為研究個案，聚焦國內經濟、文化與安全三大面向，試圖理解衝擊人民心理與情緒的社會焦慮，並提供一項更細緻的觀察與解釋。\n 本文發現，此次難民危機前，焦慮因子早已深埋各國社會之中，人民的經濟不安全感在歐債危機與撙節政策的衝擊下日漸加深，同時各國社會也為日益加劇的種族緊張關係所苦，而此兩項經濟與文化的焦慮因子是生成反難民社會焦慮的關鍵因素。難民危機期間，大批難民湧入衝擊人民的心理與情緒，不僅誘發並催化經濟與文化的焦慮因子，同時也帶來安全上的擔憂與威脅，催化各國的反難民社會焦慮，進而使各國的難民庇護政策轉趨緊縮。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Faced with the refugee crisis, the EU had not only failed to come up with a common asylum strategy, but been plagued by increasing disputes among its Member States. The asylum policy of individual states had, in general, become more and more restrictive as the refugee crisis intensified. In order to understand the domestic factors contributing to the surge of anti-refugee sentiments, I take Germany, France and Austria as the cases and examine the dynamic developments of anti-refugee sentiments as well as the restriction-oriented asylum policy reforms that followed. \n The existence of the agents of societal anxiety in European countries predated the refugee crisis. Prior to the European debt crisis, the sense of economic insecurity was already palpable. The implementation of austerity policies greatly enhanced this sense of insecurity. Meanwhile, ethnic tensions or even conflicts were chronic in western European countries. These two agents of societal anxiety turned out to be significant factors in explaining the surge of anti-refugee sentiments. Furthermore, during the crisis, the sudden mass influx of refugees also had an impact on people’s perceptions and sentiments. Not only did it trigger the economic and cultural agents of societal anxiety, but also brought about the perceived security threat as well. Eventually, the anti-refugee sentiments, catalyzed and reinforced by these dynamics, contributed to restrictive asylum policy reforms.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1\n第一節 前言 1\n第二節 問題意識 3\n第三節 文獻檢閱 5\n第四節 理論架構 12\n第五節 研究方法 17\n第六節 章節安排 19\n第二章 難民危機前的經濟與社會情勢 21\n第一節 德國 23\n第二節 法國 28\n第三節 奧地利 33\n第三章 德國的難民危機、社會焦慮與政策緊縮 39\n第一節 難民危機與德國之因應 39\n第二節 社會焦慮之發酵 45\n第三節 社會焦慮與難民庇護政策之轉變 49\n第四章 法國的難民危機、社會焦慮與政策緊縮 55\n第一節 難民危機與法國之因應 55\n第二節 社會焦慮之發酵 60\n第三節 社會焦慮與難民庇護政策之轉變 65\n第五章 奧地利的難民危機、社會焦慮與政策緊縮 69\n第一節 難民危機與奧地利之因應 69\n第二節 社會焦慮之發酵 74\n第三節 社會焦慮與難民庇護政策之轉變 78\n第六章 結論 83\n參考文獻 89zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103252006en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐洲難民危機zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 難民庇護政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會焦慮zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) European refugee crisisen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Asylum policyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Societal anxietyen_US
dc.title (題名) 社會焦慮在難民庇護政策中的角色：以德國、法國與奧地利為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The role of societal anxiety in asylum policy: the cases of Germany, France and Austriaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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\nhttp://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/anti-austerity-protests-spark-violence-in-european-countries-a-867316.html (Accessed on April 19, 2017).\nDer Spiegel. 2015a. “Seehofer droht Merkel mit Verfassungsklage”. \nhttp://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/horst-seehofer-droht-angela-merkel-mit-verfassungsklage-a-1057085.html (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nDer Spiegel. 2015b. “48 Prozent gegen weitere Amtszeit Merkels”. \nhttp://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/umfrage-48-prozent-gegen-weitere-amtszeit-merkels-a-1065082.html (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nDer Spiegel. 2015c. “Österreich macht dicht”. \nhttp://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/fluechtlinge-eu-innenminister-beraten-ueber-verteilung-oesterreich-macht-dicht-a-1044414.html (Accessed on April 13, 2017).\nDer Spiegel. 2016a. “Mehrheit der Deutschen wendet sich gegen Merkel”. \nhttp://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/fluechtlinge-deutsche-wenden-sich-laut-umfrage-gegen-angela-merkel-a-1072192.html (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nDer Spiegel. 2016b. “CDU in Sachsen-Anhalt vorne - AfD kommt auf 24 Prozent”. \nhttp://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/wahl-in-sachsen-anhalt-afd-kommt-locker-ueber-20-prozent-a-1082077.html (Accessed on March 19, 2017).\nDer Spiegel. 2016c. “Österreich will Asylschnellverfahren einführen”. \nhttp://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/fluechtlinge-oesterreich-will-asylschnellverfahren-einfuehren-obergrenze-rechtswidrig-a-1084685.html (Accessed on April 15, 2017).\nDer Standard. 2015. “Über 70 tote Flüchtlinge im Burgenland: Mikl-Leitner will \nAnlaufstellen an EU-Grenze”. http://derstandard.at/2000021354835/Offenbar-mehrere-tote-Fluechtlinge-in-Schlepperfahrzeug-auf-A4 (Accessed on April 14, 2017).\nDer Tagespiegel. 2015. “De Maizière will Asylrecht mit Hilfe der EU einschränken”. \nhttp://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/feste-kontingente-fuer-fluechtlinge-de-maiziere-will-asylrecht-mit-hilfe-der-eu-einschraenken/12342562.html (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nDer Tagesspiegel. 2016. “Zahl der Asylsuchenden sinkt drastisch”. \nhttp://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/fluechtlinge-in-deutschland-zahl-der-asylsuchenden-sinkt-drastisch/13420814.html (Accessed on May 27, 2017). \nDeutsche Welle. 2015. “Austria relegates refugees to tent cities”. \nhttp://www.dw.com/en/austria-relegates-refugees-to-tent-cities/a-18478301 (Accessed on April 13, 2017).\nDeutsche Welle. 2016a. “Kompromiss im Asylstreit”. \nhttp://www.dw.com/de/kompromiss-im-asylstreit/a-19010662 (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nDeutsche Welle. 2016b. “So funktioniert der EU-Türkei-Deal”. \nhttp://www.dw.com/de/so-funktioniert-der-eu-t%C3%BCrkei-deal/a-19162970 (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nDeutsche Welle. 2016c. “German labor minister threatens `non-integrating` refugees \nwith welfare cuts”. http://www.dw.com/en/german-labor-minister-threatens-non-integrating-refugees-with-welfare-cuts/a-19015000 (Accessed on May 14, 2017).\nDeutsche Welle. 2017a. “Study: 50 percent of refugees at work in Germany within \nfive years”. http://www.dw.com/en/study-50-percent-of-refugees-at-work-in-germany-within-five-years/a-38510486 (Accessed on May 14, 2017).\nDeutsche Welle. 2017b. “Österreich beschließt Burka-Verbot”. \nhttp://www.dw.com/de/%C3%B6sterreich-beschlie%C3%9Ft-burka-verbot/a-38866847 (Accessed on May 23, 2017).\nDeutsche Welle. 2017c. “EU countries decline to help Italy with Mediterranean \nrefugee crisis”. http://www.dw.com/en/eu-countries-decline-to-help-italy-with-mediterranean-refugee-crisis/a-39585373 (Accessed on July 15, 2017).\nDie Presse. 2017. “Regierung einigt sich auf Integrationsgesetz”. \nhttp://diepresse.com/home/innenpolitik/5191024/Regierung-einigt-sich-auf-Integrationsgesetz (Accessed on May 25, 2017).\nDie Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2015a. “Merkel bleibt dabei: "Wir schaffen das”. \nhttp://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/treffen-mit-oesterreichs-kanzler-merkel-bleibt-dabei-wir-schaffen-das-1.2649030 (Accessed on March 23, 2017).\nDie Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2015b. “Drunter und drüber in der Asylpolitik”. \nhttp://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/deutschland-drunter-und-drueber-in-der-fluechtlingspolitik-1.2734136 (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nDie Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2016. “Österreich kann Flüchtlinge per Notverordnung \nabweisen”. http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/fluechtlinge-oesterreich-kann-fluechtlinge-per-notverordnung-abweisen-1.2969317 (Accessed on April 15, 2017).\nDie Welt. 2010. “Deutsche misstrauen dem Kapitalismus”. \nhttps://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article9074415/Deutsche-misstrauen-dem-Kapitalismus.html (Accessed on March 8, 2017).\nDie Welt. 2015. “Flüchtlingskrise lässt Deutsche um ihre Jobs fürchten”. \nhttps://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article148825339/Fluechtlingskrise-laesst-Deutsche-um-ihre-Jobs-fuerchten.html (Accessed on March 22, 2017).\nDie Welt. 2015b. “Auf dem Balkan braut sich etwas zusammen”. \nhttps://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article146591621/Auf-dem-Balkan-braut-sich-etwas-zusammen.html (Accessed on April 14, 2017).\nDie Welt. 2016a. “Flüchtlinge retten Deutschland vor der Rezession”. \nhttps://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article159728771/Fluechtlinge-retten-Deutschland-vor-der-Rezession.html (Accessed on March 22, 2017).\nDie Welt. 2016b. “Warum die Flüchtlingskosten 2016 aus dem Ruder liefen”. \nhttps://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article160312839/Warum-die-Fluechtlingskosten-2016-aus-dem-Ruder-liefen.html (Accessed on March 22, 2017).\nDie Welt. 2017. “Jeder Zweite für deutsche "Leitkultur" ”. \nhttps://www.welt.de/newsticker/dpa_nt/infoline_nt/brennpunkte_nt/article164638134/Jeder-Zweite-fuer-deutsche-Leitkultur.html (Accessed on May 23, 2017).\nDie Zeit. 2010. “Deutsch ist wichtig für Integration”. \nhttp://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2010-03/merkel-integration-erdogan (Accessed on May 19, 2017).\nDie Zeit. 2016. “Österreich schafft Obergrenze für Asylbewerber”. \nhttp://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2016-01/fluechtlingspolitik-oesterreich-reinhold-mitterlehner-beschraenkung (Accessed on April 15, 2017).\nEuractiv. 2013. “Germany refuses to take in more refugees”. \nhttps://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/germany-refuses-to-take-in-more-refugees/ (Accessed on March 11, 2017).\nEuronews. 2015. “ ‘Ethnic Apartheid’ Exists in France, Says PM Manuel Valls”. \nhttp://www.euronews.com/2015/01/20/ethnic-apartheid-exists-in-france-says-pm-manuel-valls (Accessed on April 3, 2017).\nFOCUS Online. 2016. “Umfrage zeigt: Das denken die Deutschen wirklich über den \nIslam”. http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/bevoelkerung-ist-gespalten-umfrage-zeigt-das-denken-die-deutschen-wirklich-ueber-den-islam_id_5502084.html (Accesssed on May 19, 2017).\nFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 2015. “Mehrheit der Deutschen lehnt Merkels \nUmgang mit Flüchtlingskrise ab”. http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/fluechtlingskrise/viele-deutsche-gegen-angela-merkels-fluechtlingspolitik-13910248.html (Accessed on March 13, 2017).\nFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 2016. “AfD in Umfrage drittstärkste Partei im \nBund”. http://www.faz.net/aktuell/nach-berlin-wahl-afd-in-umfrage-drittstaerkste-partei-im-bund-14449278.html (Accessed on March 22, 2017).\nFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 2017. “Bundestag beschließt Burka-Verbot für \nBeamte”. http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/nicht-hinnehmbar-bundestag-beschliesst-burka-verbot-fuer-beamte-14991595.html (Accessed on May 2, 2017).\nGouvernement de la République française. 2015a. “Asylum reform definitively \nadopted by Parliament”. http://www.gouvernement.fr/en/asylum-reform-definitively-adopted-by-parliament (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nGouvernement de la République française. 2015b. “France opposes introduction of \nmigrant quotas”. http://www.gouvernement.fr/en/france-opposes-introduction-of-migrant-quotas (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nGouvernement de la République française. 2015c. “Refugees: "We must act in \naccordance with the principles of humanity, solidarity, responsibility and control" ”. http://www.gouvernement.fr/en/refugees-we-must-act-in-accordance-with-the-principles-of-humanity-solidarity-responsibility-and (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nGouvernement de la République française. 2015d. “European interior ministers adopt \nthe key measures requested by France”. http://www.gouvernement.fr/en/european-interior-ministers-adopt-the-key-measures-requested-by-france (accessed on April 1, 2017).\nHandelsblatt. 2012. “Österreich will kräftig sparen”. \nhttp://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/defizit-2016-nahe-null-oesterreich-will-kraeftig-sparen/6197718.html (Accessed on April 19, 2017).\nHuffington Post. 2015. “Marine Le Pen Decides 99 Percent of Incoming Refugees \nAre Men, Opposes Giving Them Political Refugee Status”. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/09/09/marine-le-pen-refugees_n_8110376.html (Accessed on April 10, 2017).\nHuman Rights Watch. 2012a. ““The Root of Humiliation” Abusive Identity Checks in \nFrance”. https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/01/26/root-humiliation/abusive-identity-checks-france (Accessed on April 3, 2017).\nHuman Rights Watch. 2012b. “France: European Court of Human Rights Condemns \nFaulty Asylum Procedure”. https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/02/france-european-court-human-rights-condemns-faulty-asylum-procedure (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nHuman Rights Watch. 2012b. “France: European Court of Human Rights Condemns \nFaulty Asylum Procedure”. https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/02/france-european-court-human-rights-condemns-faulty-asylum-procedure (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nKurier. 2015. “20.000 Menschen bei "Demo Blanche" für Flüchtlinge”. \nhttps://kurier.at/chronik/wien/20-000-menschen-bei-demo-blanche-fuer-fluechtlinge/150.051.278 (Accessed on April 14, 2017).\nn.tv. 2017. “Zahl der Flüchtlinge sinkt”. \nhttp://www.n-tv.de/politik/Zahl-der-Fluechtlinge-sinkt-article19523206.html (Accessed on May 22, 2017).\nNew York Times. 2012a. “Austerity Faces Sharper Debate After European \nElections”. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/world/europe/francois-hollandes-victory-sharpens-european-austerity-debate.html (Accessed on April 5, 2017).\nNew York Times. 2012b. “New French Budget Focuses on Slicing Deficit”. \nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/29/world/europe/hollandes-new-budget-focuses-on-cutting-frances-deficit.html (Accessed on April 5, 2017).\nNew York Times. 2015. “Marine Le Pen’s Anti-Islam Message Gains Influence in \nFrance”. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/18/world/europe/marine-le-pens-anti-islam-message-gains-influence-in-france.html (Accessed on April 10, 2017). \nNewsweek. 2016a. “France to evict Refugees in Calais ‘Jungle’ Camp”. \nhttp://www.newsweek.com/france-evict-jungle-refugee-camp-calais-430210 (Accessed on April 1, 2017).\nNewsweek. 2016b. “Austrian Interior Minister: No Refugee Work Permits”. \nhttp://www.newsweek.com/austria-interior-minister-refugee-crisis-migrant-crisis-480288 (Accessed on May 15, 2017).\noe24. 2017. “Experte: "Terror-Gefahr auch in Österreich hoch"”. \nhttp://www.oe24.at/oesterreich/chronik/Experte-Terror-Gefahr-auch-in-Oesterreich-hoch/280033653 (Accessed on May 25, 2017).\nPew Research Center. 2016. “European Opinions of the Refugee Crisis in 5 Charts”, \nhttp://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/16/european-opinions-of-the-refugee-crisis-in-5-charts/. (Accessed on January 12, 2017).\nRadio France Internationale. 2014. “France`s debt shoots over two trillion euros”. \nhttp://en.rfi.fr/economy/20140930-frances-public-debt-over-20-trillion-euros (Accessed on April 2, 2017).\nReuters. 2012. “Expulsions of illegal migrants soar under Sarkozy”. \nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/us-french-expulsions-idUSTRE8091PB20120110 (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nReuters. 2016. “French PM rejects permanent quota system for refugees”. \nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-idUSKCN0VM0NI (Accessed on April 1, 2017).\nThe European Union Times. 2012. “French government cuts immigrants welfare by \n83%”. http://www.eutimes.net/2012/12/french-government-cuts-immigrants-welfare-by-83/ (Accessed on May 2, 2017).\nThe Guardian. 2013. “French police try to move Syrian refugees seeking asylum in \nUK”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/04/french-police-syrian-refugees-calais-asylum-uk (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nThe Guardian. 2015. “Marine Le Pen`s Front National makes political gains after \nParis attacks”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/01/marine-le-pen-front-national-political-gains-paris-attacks (Accessed on April 4, 2017).\nThe Guardian. 2016a. “German court rules Muslim girls must take part in swimming \nlessons”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/07/german-court-rules-against-muslim-girl-in-burkini-case (Accessed on March 22, 2017).\nThe Guardian. 2016b. “France to close Calais refugee camp and tells UK it must play \nits part”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/26/calais-migrant-camp-must-go-by-end-of-year-francois-hollande (Accessed on April 7, 2017).\nThe Guardian. 2016c. “French burkini ban row escalates after clothing incident at \nNice beach”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/french-burkini-ban-row-escalates-clothing-incident-woman-police-nice-beach (Accessed on April 4, 2017).\nThe Independent. 2016. “Muslim face veil ban for workers is not discriminatory, \nAustrian court rules”. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/muslim-face-veil-niqab-burka-burqa-hijab-ban-workers-is-not-discriminatory-austrian-court-rules-a7131311.html (Accessed on April 16, 2017).\nThe Independent. 2017. “German parliament votes in favour of partial burqa ban”. \nhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germany-burqa-ban-law-vote-favour-angela-merkel-islam-muslim-civil-servants-judges-military-a7706781.html (Accessed on May 19, 2017).\nThe Local. 2014a. “France rejects four out of five asylum seekers”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.fr/20140324/france-asylum-refugee-rejects-four-out-of-five-asylum-seekers (Accessed on March 31, 2017).\nThe Local. 2014b. “Austrian states agree on new asylum centres”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20141118/austrian-states-agree-on-new-asylum-centres (Accessed on April 13, 2017). \nThe Local. 2014c. “An 18 year long wait for asylum”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20140620/an-18-year-wait-for-asylum (Accessed on April 10, 2017).\nThe Local. 2015. “Gap between rich and poor widens”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20150521/gap-between-rich-and-poor-widens-in-austria (Accessed on April 15, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016a. “France clears Calais camp as concern mounts in Paris”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.fr/20161101/france-clears-calais-camp-as-concern-mounts-in-paris (Accessed on April 7, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016b. “Over 14 percent of the French live below poverty line”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.fr/20160907/over-14-percent-of-the-french-live-below-poverty-line (Accessed on April 5, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016c. “Immigration to cause massive increase in benefit costs”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20160927/immigration-to-cause-massive-increase-in-benefit-costs (Accessed on April 15, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016d. “Anti-Semitism up by 82 percent in Austria”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20160407/anti-semitism-up-by-82-percent-in-austria (Accessed on April 16, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016e. “Further evidence of rise in far-right crime in Austria”. \nhttps://www.thelocal.at/20160503/further-evidence-of-increasing-far-right-crime-in-austria (Accessed on April 16, 2017).\nThe Local. 2016f. “Survey: `Almost 40 percent of Turks would leave Austria for \nmoney`”. https://www.thelocal.at/20160908/survey-almost-40-percent-of-turks-would-leave-austria-for-money (Accessed on April 16, 2017).\nThe Telegraph. 2009. “France hit by national strike on `Black Thursday` ”. \nhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/4384543/France-hit-by-national-strike-on-Black-Thursday.html (Accessed on May 19, 2017).\nThe Telegraph. 2011. “Nicolas Sarkozy pledges drastic austerity measures as French \nbank shares crash”. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/8694238/Nicolas-Sarkozy-pledges-drastic-austerity-measures-as-French-bank-shares-crash.html (Accessed on April 5, 2017).\nUNHCR. 2012. “Mediterranean takes record as most deadly stretch of water for \nrefugees and migrants in 2011”. http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2012/1/4f27e01f9/mediterranean-takes-record-deadly-stretch-water-refugees-migrants-2011.html (Accessed on December 5, 2016).\nUNHCR. 2013. “First group of Syrian refugees flies to Germany”. \nhttp://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2013/9/523076919/first-group-syrian-refugees-flies-germany.html (Accessed on March 11, 2017).\nUNHCR. 2014. “UNHCR concerned over ending of rescue operation in the \nMediterranean”. http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2014/10/5440ffa16/unhcr-concerned-ending-rescue-operation-mediterranean.html (Accessed on March 12, 2017).\nVienna Online. 2015. “Asyl in Österreich: Die Pläne des Innenministeriums im \nDetail”. http://www.vienna.at/asyl-in-oesterreich-die-plaene-des-innenministeriums-im-detail/4215420 (Accessed on April 13, 2017).\nWashington Post. 2016. “What French Muslims think about France’s secular laws”. \nhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/09/19/what-french-muslims-think-about-frances-secular-laws/?utm_term=.5b7a0950fce0 (Accessed on April 3, 2017).zh_TW