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題名 恐怖組織「伊斯蘭國」(Islamic State) 傳播策略之研究
The communication strategies of terrorist organization – A case study of Islamic State(IS)作者 李毓珊
Lee, Yoke San貢獻者 張京育
Chang, King Yuh
李毓珊
Lee, Yoke San關鍵詞 伊斯蘭國
傳播策略
恐怖主義
恐怖組織
恐怖行銷
Islamic State
Communication strategies
Terrorism
Terrorist organization
Terror marketing日期 2017 上傳時間 28-八月-2017 11:21:16 (UTC+8) 摘要 伊斯蘭國2014年6月悍然宣佈建立「哈里發國」後,在短短數年內竄升成為當前最危險、最富有、最具影響力與知名度的恐怖組織,更被聯合國安理會認定為「國際和平與安全面臨前所未有的全球性威脅」。然而,伊斯蘭國並非一群僥倖得逞的暴徒,而是透過各種策略性手段急遽壯大的恐怖強敵。精準的傳播策略是伊斯蘭國快速崛起的重要因素,通過專業與系統性的宣傳機制,特別是社群媒體的運用,成功獲得全球各地的年輕人對組織的認同與支持,繼而加入和移居伊斯蘭國。本研究認為,伊斯蘭國的傳播策略與內容主要可分成三大部分:宗教理念與政治訴求的宣傳、對敵對勢力或異教徒的恐嚇威脅,以及吸引外籍人士加入或移居伊斯蘭國。伊斯蘭國通過官方雜誌、自製視頻和社群媒體等多種宣傳管道,宣揚恐怖主義思潮,同時散播恐懼氛圍和塑造社會輿論,進一步擴大組織影響力。面對伊斯蘭國的壯大與極端思維的滲透,除了關注其發起的恐怖行動,更需警惕其意識形態的傳播,因此有必要深入探究其傳播策略的實施與運用,瓦解伊斯蘭國在宣傳戰上的優勢地位,遏止該組織繼續擴張。
In June 2014, Islamic State (IS) formally declared the establishment of “Caliphate” and had become the richest, most dangerous, most influential and well-known terrorist organization in just a few years. At the same time, United Nations Security Council had determined that IS constituted an “unprecedented threat” to international peace and security. However, IS is not a group of “lucky” thugs, but a strong enemy of terror that grows rapidly through a variety of strategic means.The effective communication strategies play an important role in the rise of IS. Through the professional and systematic publicity mechanism, especially the use of social media, IS had gained the recognition and support of the youths around the world, as well as the immigration to the regions that controlled by IS. This study assumes that the communication strategies and media content of IS can be divided into three parts, which include the propaganda of religious concept and political appeal, the intimidation and threat to hostile forces or Infidel, and the attraction for foreign fighters of joining and immigrating to IS. As the expansion of IS and the infiltration of extreme ideology is getting serious nowadays, it is more vigilant to the spread of extreme ideology in addition to concern about the terrorist acts. 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Commons Lab of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Report 1-17.六、 官方網站BBC News http://www.bbc.com/Clarion Project https://clarionproject.org/Central Intelligence Agency https://www.cia.gov/index.htmlConflict Armament Research http://www.conflictarm.com/Department of Homeland Security https://www.dhs.gov/European Union http://europa.eu/european-union/index_enFederal Bureau of Investigation https://www.fbi.gov/Forbes https://www.forbes.com/Global Terrorism Database https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/Jihadology http://jihadology.net/Marist Institute for Public Opinion http://maristpoll.marist.edu/National Counterterrorism Center https://www.nctc.gov/NATO Standardization Office http://nso.nato.int/nso/Rasmussen Reports http://www.rasmussenreports.com/The White House https://www.whitehouse.gov/United Nations http://www.un.org/en/index.htmlUnited Nations Office of Legal Affairs http://legal.un.org/ola/United States Department of Defense https://www.defense.gov/United States Department of State https://www.state.gov/中央通訊社 http://www.cna.com.tw/ 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
新聞學系
102451024資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1024510243 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 張京育 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chang, King Yuh en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 李毓珊 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Lee, Yoke San en_US dc.creator (作者) 李毓珊 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lee, Yoke San en_US dc.date (日期) 2017 en_US dc.date.accessioned 28-八月-2017 11:21:16 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 28-八月-2017 11:21:16 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 28-八月-2017 11:21:16 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G1024510243 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/112141 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 新聞學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102451024 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 伊斯蘭國2014年6月悍然宣佈建立「哈里發國」後,在短短數年內竄升成為當前最危險、最富有、最具影響力與知名度的恐怖組織,更被聯合國安理會認定為「國際和平與安全面臨前所未有的全球性威脅」。然而,伊斯蘭國並非一群僥倖得逞的暴徒,而是透過各種策略性手段急遽壯大的恐怖強敵。精準的傳播策略是伊斯蘭國快速崛起的重要因素,通過專業與系統性的宣傳機制,特別是社群媒體的運用,成功獲得全球各地的年輕人對組織的認同與支持,繼而加入和移居伊斯蘭國。本研究認為,伊斯蘭國的傳播策略與內容主要可分成三大部分:宗教理念與政治訴求的宣傳、對敵對勢力或異教徒的恐嚇威脅,以及吸引外籍人士加入或移居伊斯蘭國。伊斯蘭國通過官方雜誌、自製視頻和社群媒體等多種宣傳管道,宣揚恐怖主義思潮,同時散播恐懼氛圍和塑造社會輿論,進一步擴大組織影響力。面對伊斯蘭國的壯大與極端思維的滲透,除了關注其發起的恐怖行動,更需警惕其意識形態的傳播,因此有必要深入探究其傳播策略的實施與運用,瓦解伊斯蘭國在宣傳戰上的優勢地位,遏止該組織繼續擴張。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) In June 2014, Islamic State (IS) formally declared the establishment of “Caliphate” and had become the richest, most dangerous, most influential and well-known terrorist organization in just a few years. At the same time, United Nations Security Council had determined that IS constituted an “unprecedented threat” to international peace and security. However, IS is not a group of “lucky” thugs, but a strong enemy of terror that grows rapidly through a variety of strategic means.The effective communication strategies play an important role in the rise of IS. Through the professional and systematic publicity mechanism, especially the use of social media, IS had gained the recognition and support of the youths around the world, as well as the immigration to the regions that controlled by IS. This study assumes that the communication strategies and media content of IS can be divided into three parts, which include the propaganda of religious concept and political appeal, the intimidation and threat to hostile forces or Infidel, and the attraction for foreign fighters of joining and immigrating to IS. As the expansion of IS and the infiltration of extreme ideology is getting serious nowadays, it is more vigilant to the spread of extreme ideology in addition to concern about the terrorist acts. Thus, it is necessary to discuss further about the implementation of its communication strategies so that the anti-terrorism alliance can collapse the dominance of IS in the propaganda war and impede IS from the continuous expansion. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二節 研究途徑與方法 5第三節 研究範圍與限制 6第四節 文獻回顧 7第五節 研究架構 9第貳章 恐怖主義的時代:發展與特徵 10第一節 恐怖主義歷史與發展 10第二節 恐怖主義定義與內涵 16第三節 恐怖主義現況與趨勢 25第參章 恐怖主義與媒體 39第一節 恐怖主義即傳播 39第二節 恐怖組織與大衆媒體 43第三節 恐怖組織與社群媒體 48第肆章 伊斯蘭國傳播策略 56第一節 伊斯蘭國恐怖主義的輸出 56第二節 伊斯蘭國宣傳效應 74第三節 美國反應與處理對策 84第伍章 結論 89參考文獻 92 zh_TW dc.format.extent 5695944 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1024510243 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 伊斯蘭國 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 傳播策略 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 恐怖主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 恐怖組織 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 恐怖行銷 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Islamic State en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Communication strategies en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Terrorism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Terrorist organization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Terror marketing en_US dc.title (題名) 恐怖組織「伊斯蘭國」(Islamic State) 傳播策略之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The communication strategies of terrorist organization – A case study of Islamic State(IS) en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 網絡資料三立新聞網,2015,〈回不了家!IS宣傳海報模特 想逃卻被鐵鎚活活打死〉。http://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=108728,取用日期:2017年7月7日。王金雪,2004,〈安理會通過反恐新決議 恐怖主義定義爭論激烈〉。人民網,http://people.com.cn/BIG5/guoji/14549/2907632.html,取用日期:2017年2月19日。王衛星,2000,〈早熟的戰爭 晚熟的和平 20世紀,在戰爭中等待和平(軍情展望)〉。環球時報,http://www.people.com.cn/BIG5/paper68/2332/367664.html, 取用日期:2016年12月20日。中國新聞網,2015,〈日本13歲男孩遭殺害 媒體稱兇手或受IS視頻影響〉。http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2015/02-27/7085004.shtml, 取用日期:2017年7月7日。中國新聞網,2016,〈部分法媒不再刊登恐怖分子照片:不給其「出名」機會〉。http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2016/07-28/7954300.shtml,取用日期:2017年4月23日。自由時報,2016,〈反制IS網路戰 歐巴馬政府邀蘋果、FB組正義聯盟〉。http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1612762, 取用日期:2017年7月12日。何秉松,2007,〈現代恐怖主義演進之研究〉,《國政研究報告》。http://www.npf.org.tw/2/992 ,取用日期:2016年5月30日。李佳恒,2016,〈為阿富汗「量身打造」宣傳策略 伊斯蘭國跨足廣播電台〉。風傳媒,http://www.storm.mg/article/79538, 取用日期:2017年7月2日。周戎,2015,〈從「伊斯蘭國」看恐怖主義背後的宗教訴求〉。學習時報,http://dzb.studytimes.cn/Shtml/xxsb/20150817/13831.shtml, 取用日期:2017年7月9日。東森新聞雲,2017,〈漂亮幼園老師深信「IS是真諦」 星國以激進思想逮捕她〉。http://www.ettoday.net/news/20170613/943874.htm, 取用日期:2017年7月9日。新浪軍事,2014,〈美通過社交媒體對「伊斯蘭國」 發動網宣反擊戰〉。http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2014-09-08/1350799623.html, 取用日期: 2017年7月12日。新浪財經,2015,〈互聯網中立原則在恐怖主義威脅下的道德困境〉。https://finance.sina.cn/usstock/hlwgs/2015-11-20/tech-ifxkwuwx0250163.d.html?vt=4&cid=76556,取用日期: 2017年7月5日。趙衍龍,2015,〈日本抓獲一槍支瞄準器走私嫌犯 其電腦中查出IS雜誌〉。環球網,http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2015-12/8175700.html, 取用日期: 2017年7月5日。蘋果日報,2016,〈IS外籍戰士敗走回國 法嚴防滲透恐襲〉。http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20160611/19649655,取用日期: 2017年7月10日。Abdelaty, Ali, 2016, “Islamic State Identifies Abi al-Hassan al-Muhajer as New Spokesman”. 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Chicago : Profile Books Limited.)三、 中文期刊論文王一帆、梅建明、高賀,2016,〈「伊斯蘭國」宣傳策略分析及抑制措施〉。《雲南行政學院學報》6:68-75。白桂梅,2002,〈從國際法角度看國際恐怖主義的界定問題〉。《現代國際關係》 10: 28-34。包澄章、孫德剛,2016,〈「伊斯蘭國」組織與中東恐怖主義治理新理念〉。《理論視野》 2:57-62。朱蓓蕾,2016,〈「伊斯蘭國」新興恐怖威脅評析〉。《展望與探索》 14(2):17-24。李寧,2015,〈「伊斯蘭國」影響下的西方青年極端化現象分析〉。《阿拉伯世界研究》 6:88-106。邵志擇,2006,〈恐怖主義與西方媒介的關係〉。《新聞記者》 5:54-56。邵培仁,2007,〈媒介恐慌論與媒介恐怖論的興起、演變及理性抉擇〉。《現代傳播》 4:27-29。邱佳琪,2013,〈文本分析法在閱讀教學中的應用與建議——以記敘文為例〉。華文世界 112:151-154。周明、曾向紅,2016,〈「基地」與「伊斯蘭國」的戰略差異及走勢〉。《外交評論》 4:130-156。金衛星,2003,〈國際恐怖主義的歷史演變與界定〉。《蘇州科技學院學報:社會科學版》 20(3): 107-115。柳思思,2016,〈「伊斯蘭國」的互聯網攻勢及其影響〉。《現代國際關係》 2:32-40。孫冉、唐恬波,2014,〈「伊斯蘭國」極端組織的特點〉。《現代國際關係》 9: 56-59。陳佩修,2006,〈國際恐怖主義發展與東南亞安全情勢的演化〉。《全球政治評論》13:21-40。陳雙環,2004,《當前中華民國反恐對策之研究》。臺北:國立政治大學外交學系戰略及國際事務研究所碩士論文。陳鶴洲,2010,〈觀古、知今、鑑未來──論恐怖主義攻擊思維之演進〉。論文發表於「第六屆『恐怖主義與國家安全』學術暨實務研討會」,桃園:中央警察大學,2010年12月8日。張中勇,2002,〈國際恐怖主義的演變與發展〉。《戰略與國際研究季刊》4(1):1-58。張家棟,2007,〈現代恐怖主義的四次浪潮〉。《國際觀察》6:62-68。張福昌,2011,〈歐美反恐合作剖析:理論與實務〉。論文發表於「第七屆『恐怖主義與國家安全』學術暨實務研討會」,桃園:中央警察大學,2011 年 10 月 31 日。游美惠,2000,〈內容分析、文本分析與論述分析在社會研究的運用〉。《調查研究》8:5-42。潘光,2009,〈國際反恐合作面臨的新挑戰及其績效評估〉。頁9-24,收錄於「第五屆恐怖主義與國家安全學術研討暨實務座談會論文集」。桃園:中央警察大學恐怖主義研究中心主辦。楊恕、徐慧,2004,〈全球化時代的新恐怖主義〉。《蘭州大學學報(社會科學版)》 32(6):6-13。簡嘉宏,2012,〈全球化脈絡下的恐怖主義與媒體〉。《國防雜誌》 27(5):3-25。四、 英文專書Barnett, B., & Reynolds, A., 2009, Terrorism and The Press: An Uneasy Relationship. New York: Peter Lang.Chaliand, G., & Blin, A., 2007, The History of Terrorism: from Antiquity to Al Qaeda. California: University of California Press.Hoffman, B., 1998, Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.Hoffman, B., 2002, “The Emergence of the New Terrorism.” Pp. 30-49 in The New Terrorism: Anatomy, Trends and Counter-Strategies, edited by Tan, Andrew and Ramakrishna, Kumar. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.Jowett, G., & O`Donnell, V., 2015, Propaganda & Persuasion (Sixth Edition). California: Sage.Kurtz, L. R., 1999, Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict, Three-Volume Set. California: Academic Press.Laqueur, W., 1977, Terrorism. London: Sphere Books Ltd.Laqueur, W., 1987, The Age of Terrorism. Boston: Little & Brown.Laqueur, W., 2001, The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction. London: Phoenix Press.Martin, G., 2013, Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. California: Sage Publications.Schmid, A. P., Albert, J. et al., 1988, Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature. New Jersey: Transaction Books.Simon, J., 2016, Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat. New York: Prometheus Books.Taylor, R., 2002, The History of Terrorism. California: Lucent Books.Thornton, T., 2006, “Terror as a Weapon of Political Agitation.” Pp. 41-63 in Terrorism: Critical Concepts in Political Science, Vol.3, edited by Rapoport, David. London: Routledge.Weimann, G., 2006, Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, The New Challenges. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.Wilkinson, P., 2006, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response (Second Edition). New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.五、 英文期刊/官方報告Amble, J., 2012, “Combating Terrorism in the New Media Environment”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 35:339-353.Berger, J., & Morgan, J.,2015, The ISIS Twitter Census: Defining and Describing the Population of ISIS Supporters on Twitter. Washington: The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World 1-65.Bodine-Baron, E., Helmus, T., Magnuson, M., & Winkelman, Z., 2016, Examining ISIS Support and Opposition Networks on Twitter. California: RAND Corporation.Fischer, P., Fischer, J., Weisweiler, S. & Frey, D., 2010, “Terrorism as Collective Communication: The Collective Communication Model of Terrorism (CCMT)”. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4(9): 692-703.Ganor, B., 2002, “Defining Terrorism: Is One Man`s Terrorist Another Man`s Freedom Fighter?”. Police Practice and Research 3(4): 287-304.Gambhir, H., 2014, “Dabiq: The Strategic Messaging of the Islamic State”. Institute for the Study of War 1-12.Jenkins, B., 1974, International Terrorism: A New Kind of Warfare. California: RAND Corporation.Jenkins, B., 1980, The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems. California: RAND Corporation.Kydd, A., & Walter, B., 2006, “The Strategies of Terrorism”. International Security 31(1): 49-80.Laqueur, W., 1996, “Postmodern Terrorism”. Foreign Affairs 75(5): 24-36.Lynch, M., 2006, “Al-Qaeda’s Media Strategies”. The National Interest 83: 50-56.Nacos, B., 2003, “The Terrorist Calculus behind 9-11: A Model for Future Terrorism?”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26: 1-16.The Soufan Group, 2017, Foreign Fighters: An Updated Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria and Iraq. New York: The Soufan Group.Weimann, G., 2004, “How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet”. United States Institute of Peace Special Report 116: 1-12.Weimann, G., 2007, “Mass-media Theater”. eJournal USA 1-8.Weimann, G., 2014, “New Terrorism and New Media”. Commons Lab of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Report 1-17.六、 官方網站BBC News http://www.bbc.com/Clarion Project https://clarionproject.org/Central Intelligence Agency https://www.cia.gov/index.htmlConflict Armament Research http://www.conflictarm.com/Department of Homeland Security https://www.dhs.gov/European Union http://europa.eu/european-union/index_enFederal Bureau of Investigation https://www.fbi.gov/Forbes https://www.forbes.com/Global Terrorism Database https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/Jihadology http://jihadology.net/Marist Institute for Public Opinion http://maristpoll.marist.edu/National Counterterrorism Center https://www.nctc.gov/NATO Standardization Office http://nso.nato.int/nso/Rasmussen Reports http://www.rasmussenreports.com/The White House https://www.whitehouse.gov/United Nations http://www.un.org/en/index.htmlUnited Nations Office of Legal Affairs http://legal.un.org/ola/United States Department of Defense https://www.defense.gov/United States Department of State https://www.state.gov/中央通訊社 http://www.cna.com.tw/ zh_TW