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題名 論競選支出管制之合憲性
On the Constitutionality of Campaign Expenditure Regulation作者 邱品嘉
Chiu, Pin Chia貢獻者 廖元豪
邱品嘉
Chiu, Pin Chia關鍵詞 競選言論
競選經費
競選支出
獨立支出
政治平等
政治腐敗
共和主義
多元主義
巴克利訴瓦萊奧案
聯合公民訴聯邦選舉委員會案
Campaign speech
Campaign finance
Campaign expenditure
Independent expenditure
Political equality
Political corruption
Republicanism
Pluralism
Buckley v. Valeo
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission日期 2018 上傳時間 2-三月-2018 11:50:45 (UTC+8) 摘要 競選支出管制體現著一國政治發展的軌跡。美國各時期的競選支出管制,皆是為了因應政治發展下無可避免的弊害。這些制度的偏離,有些源自於科技的自然發展,有些則是先前的管制的不良產物。由此可知,政治並不存在完全的「自然狀態」,制度環境深深影響著民主的運作。然而,美國聯邦最高法院卻不這麼認為。在目前法院的觀點中,只有「去管制化」的選舉才會是正常的政治運作。在法院的憲法解釋下,無限制的競選支出是自然狀態下的產物,因此幾乎所有的競選支出管制都是民主制度中的異物。不過,本文並不贊同聯邦最高法院的看法。本文指出,聯邦最高法院的憲法見解其實也只是源自多元主義的民主觀點,絕不是所謂的自然狀態。而且,與聯邦最高法院的認知不同,憲法之中其實更蘊藏著共和主義的典範。在共和主義的典範下,競選支出管制並非不容於美國憲法之中。回到我國,雖然競選支出管制目前仍屬於低度管制的狀態,但是基於促進政治平等與對抗政治腐敗的重要價值,勢必需要參考美國的管制經驗以改善我國當下的選舉環境。而且,與美國類似,我國憲法也蘊藏著共和主義的理念。因此,我國憲法也不會完全排斥管制競選支出。最後,本文並借鏡美國法制附帶地提出一些管制芻議,供立法參考。
The regulation of campaign expenditure traces a country’s political development. Regulations enacted in different periods in U.S. history are intended to respond to certain inevitable maladies arising from political developments. Some of the institutional distractions come from the natural progress of technology, others are the results of previous regulations. Therefore, there is nothing “natural” in politics, democracy is deeply affected by the institutional background in which it operates.However, the current U.S. Supreme Court comes with a different idea. According to recent opinions of the Court, deregulated elections are the basis of the ideal political process, and unlimited expenditure is natural in politics. As a result, almost every measure to regulate campaign expenditure is abnormal in a democracy.This thesis disagrees with the U.S. Supreme Court’s opinions. As this thesis points out, these opinions are derived from a pluralistic view of democracy, rather than the natural status of democracy. Furthermore, contrary to the recognition of the Court, the U.S. Constitution implies a paradigm of Republicanism. Based on this paradigm, the regulation of expenditure is not “wholly foreign” to the Constitution.In Taiwan, campaign expenditure is still under a light touch regulation regime. However, in order to promote political equality and prevent political corruption in the election process, it is necessary to learn from the U.S. experiences. In addition, our Constitution similarly implies an idea of Republicanism to that of the U.S. Therefore, the regulation of campaign expenditure is not “wholly foreign” to our constitution, either. 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國立政治大學
法律學系
102651016資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1026510161 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 廖元豪 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) 邱品嘉 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Chiu, Pin Chia en_US dc.creator (作者) 邱品嘉 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chiu, Pin Chia en_US dc.date (日期) 2018 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-三月-2018 11:50:45 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-三月-2018 11:50:45 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-三月-2018 11:50:45 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G1026510161 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/116087 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 法律學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102651016 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 競選支出管制體現著一國政治發展的軌跡。美國各時期的競選支出管制,皆是為了因應政治發展下無可避免的弊害。這些制度的偏離,有些源自於科技的自然發展,有些則是先前的管制的不良產物。由此可知,政治並不存在完全的「自然狀態」,制度環境深深影響著民主的運作。然而,美國聯邦最高法院卻不這麼認為。在目前法院的觀點中,只有「去管制化」的選舉才會是正常的政治運作。在法院的憲法解釋下,無限制的競選支出是自然狀態下的產物,因此幾乎所有的競選支出管制都是民主制度中的異物。不過,本文並不贊同聯邦最高法院的看法。本文指出,聯邦最高法院的憲法見解其實也只是源自多元主義的民主觀點,絕不是所謂的自然狀態。而且,與聯邦最高法院的認知不同,憲法之中其實更蘊藏著共和主義的典範。在共和主義的典範下,競選支出管制並非不容於美國憲法之中。回到我國,雖然競選支出管制目前仍屬於低度管制的狀態,但是基於促進政治平等與對抗政治腐敗的重要價值,勢必需要參考美國的管制經驗以改善我國當下的選舉環境。而且,與美國類似,我國憲法也蘊藏著共和主義的理念。因此,我國憲法也不會完全排斥管制競選支出。最後,本文並借鏡美國法制附帶地提出一些管制芻議,供立法參考。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The regulation of campaign expenditure traces a country’s political development. Regulations enacted in different periods in U.S. history are intended to respond to certain inevitable maladies arising from political developments. Some of the institutional distractions come from the natural progress of technology, others are the results of previous regulations. Therefore, there is nothing “natural” in politics, democracy is deeply affected by the institutional background in which it operates.However, the current U.S. Supreme Court comes with a different idea. According to recent opinions of the Court, deregulated elections are the basis of the ideal political process, and unlimited expenditure is natural in politics. As a result, almost every measure to regulate campaign expenditure is abnormal in a democracy.This thesis disagrees with the U.S. Supreme Court’s opinions. As this thesis points out, these opinions are derived from a pluralistic view of democracy, rather than the natural status of democracy. Furthermore, contrary to the recognition of the Court, the U.S. Constitution implies a paradigm of Republicanism. Based on this paradigm, the regulation of expenditure is not “wholly foreign” to the Constitution.In Taiwan, campaign expenditure is still under a light touch regulation regime. However, in order to promote political equality and prevent political corruption in the election process, it is necessary to learn from the U.S. experiences. In addition, our Constitution similarly implies an idea of Republicanism to that of the U.S. Therefore, the regulation of campaign expenditure is not “wholly foreign” to our constitution, either. Building on the experiences of campaign expenditure regulation in the U.S., I believe that some legislative reform proposals are worthy of consideration. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 問題意識 1第一項 研究目的 1第二項 問題的具體背景 2第三項 問題的提出 6第二節 我國管制競選支出的法制現狀 7第一項 競選宣傳的直接限制 7第二項 競選宣傳的間接限制 9第三項 現行制度的問題 11第三節 研究方法、範圍、限制與文獻回顧 13第一項 研究方法 13第二項 研究範圍 13第三項 研究限制 15第四項 文獻回顧 16第四節 名詞解釋與本文架構 19第一項 名詞解釋 19第二項 本文架構 20第二章 競選支出在美國聯邦選舉中的角色與管制經驗 22第一節 競選支出在美國聯邦選舉中的角色 22第一項 競選支出的基本認識 22第二項 競選支出對於選舉的影響 26第三項 競選獨立支出對於立法決策的影響 32第四項 小結 32第二節 聯邦競選支出管制的發展經驗 33第一項 競選支出的管制發展 33第二項 競選支出管制的類型與管制目的 64第三項 管制競選支出的可能難題 66第四項 競選支出管制經驗的啟示 68第三章 美國聯邦最高法院關於競選支出管制的判決發展 72第一節 競選支出管制的判決發展 72第一項 建立競選經費管制的基本審查架構Buckley v. Valeo 73第二項 保障法人競選支出的憲法基礎First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti 80第三項 公費競選下的政治行動委員會獨立支出限制Federal Election Commission v. National Conservative Political Action Committee 87第四項 豁免小型政治倡議組織的競選獨立支出管制Federal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens For Life 90第五項 管制法人競選獨立支出的正當性Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce 92第六項 肯定新興法人「議題廣告」的管制McConnell v. Federal Election Commission 96第七項 法人「議題廣告」的管制界限Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life 99第八項 完全鬆綁法人競選獨立支出管制Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission 103第二節 聯邦最高法院判決主要見解的整理 109第一項 競選支出享有言論自由的高度保障 109第二項 法人的競選支出保障 110第三項 敵視「政治平等」的訴求 111第四項 窄化「政治腐敗」的內涵 112第五項 小結 114第四章 競選支出管制的憲法理論 115第一節 美國憲法的兩種典範:多元主義與共和主義 116第一項 相互競爭的民主觀:多元主義(Pluralism)與共和主義(Republicanism) 116第二項 根植於憲法中的多元主義與共和主義 120第三項 小結 124第二節 傾斜的天平:聯邦最高法院的多元主義與憲法蘊藏的Madison式共和主義 125第一項 聯邦最高法院的多元主義傾向 125第二項 「多元主義基本教義派」 136第三項 小結 148第五章 我國競選支出管制的憲法分析與制度改革芻議 151第一節 我國競選支出管制的憲法分析 151第一項 我國憲法的共和主義基礎 151第二項 我國共和主義憲法基礎下的解釋傾向 155第二節 我國競選支出管制制度的改革 158第一項 候選人競選支出 159第二項 競選獨立支出 164第三項 媒體豁免 169第六章 結論 171參考文獻 172 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2727847 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1026510161 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 競選言論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 競選經費 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 競選支出 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 獨立支出 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治平等 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治腐敗 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 共和主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多元主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 巴克利訴瓦萊奧案 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聯合公民訴聯邦選舉委員會案 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Campaign speech en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Campaign finance en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Campaign expenditure en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Independent expenditure en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Political equality en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Political corruption en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Republicanism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pluralism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Buckley v. 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