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題名 稅基侵蝕與動態拉佛效果
作者 游于萱
貢獻者 曾巨威
游于萱
日期 2002
上傳時間 11-Oct-2018 09:31:48 (UTC+8)
摘要 我國經濟受景氣不佳的影響,全國賦稅收入即呈現負成長的趨勢,但在公共支出未能相對縮減之下,預算赤字乃逐年攀升。然而,隨著經濟成長與國民所得提高,國民租稅負擔率反而日漸降低,究其原因,主要是來自於稅基侵蝕與流失所造成的結果。是故,稅基侵蝕在我國已成為一普遍問題,並且已嚴重侵害我國之財政平衡。探討拉佛曲線的研究漸為興起,強調降低稅率可以增加勞動供給、刺激生產活動,故降低稅率可使稅收增加。其實,決定租稅收入的因素為稅率與稅基,減稅措施最後是否會帶來拉佛效果,主要須視政策實施過程中稅基的變化而定。至於稅基的變動情形,除減稅所帶來的稅基擴張效果之外,尚應同時考慮稅基侵蝕問題的存在。
本文以Bruce and Turnovsky (1999)為基本模型,進一步考慮制度中存在稅基侵蝕之情形以及要素之「供給面效果」,嘗試分析長期下的動態拉佛效果。分析發現,政府降低所得稅率對於財政之影響可區分為直接效果與間接效果,直接效果為降低所得稅率會同時降低所得稅收和消費稅收,間接效果為所得稅率降低使所得稅收和消費稅收上升。考慮稅基侵蝕下,當直接效果大於間接效果時,政府無法以降低所得稅率達到長期預算平衡。若採取同百分比降低所得稅率且縮減消費支出的措施,同樣當直接效果大於間接效果時,無法達成長期預算平衡。若是在維持目前預算水準不變下,採取降低稅率及減少支出的政策,政府雖具有償付能力,但若政府財政有預算赤字,則動態拉佛效果並不存在。降低所得稅率同時縮減投資支出對長期財政的影響亦不相同,實質利率對於可償付能力以及調降所得稅率和縮減消費支出對於長期財政的影響,皆為是否能達成長期預算平衡的重要因素。無論是降低同百分比或是在維持既有財政狀況相同之下,而在此兩影響因素皆不確定之下,致其總效果不確定。
參考文獻 中文部分
湯國斌(民國八十一年),「拉佛曲線之研究-拉佛曲線與租稅逃漏」,碩士論文,國立政治大學財政研究所。
王淑惠(民國八十五年),「拉佛曲線分析-台灣綜合所得稅之實證研究」,碩士論文,國立政治大學財政研究所。
曾巨威(民國九十一年),各項租稅稅基侵蝕之全面檢討,行政院財政改革委員會委託研究計畫,台北:國立政治大學財政學系。
英文部分
Alm, J., Bahi, R., and M.N. Murray(1991), “Tax Base Erosion in Developing Countries,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 39(4):849-872.
Arindam, D.G. and I.N. Gang (2000), “Decomposing Revenue Effects of Tax Evasion and Tax Structure Changes,” International-Tax-and-Public-Finance, 7(2): 177-194.
Agell, J. and M. Persson (2001),” On the Analytics of the Dynamic Laffer Curve,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 48(2): 397-414.
Bruce, N. and S.J. Turnovsky(1999), “Budget Balance, Welfare, and the Growth Rate: “Dynamic Scoring” of the Long-Run Government Budget,” Journal of Money, credit, and Banking, 31(2): 162-186.
Bianconi, M.(2000), “The Effects of Alternative Fiscal Policies on the Intertemporal Government Budget Constrait,” International Review of Economics and Finance, 9:31-52.
Becsi, Z.(2000),” The Shifty Laffer Curve,” Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review, 85(3):52-64.
Canto, Joines and Laffer(1981), “Tax Rates, Factor Employment, and Market Production,” The Supply-side Effect of Economic Policy, 3-22.
Dalamagas, B.(1998), “Endogenous Growth and the Dynamic Laffer Curve,” Applied Economics, 30:63-75.
Fullerton, D.(1982), “On the Possibility of an Inverse Relationship between Tax Rates and Government Revenues,” Journal of Public Economics, 19(1):3-22.
Gahvari, F.(1989), “The Nature of Government Expenditures and the Shape of the Laffer Curve,” Journal of Public Economics, 40(2):251-260.
Gahvari, F.(1989), “The Nature of Government Expenditures and the Shape of the Laffer Curye,” Journal of Public Economics, 40(2):251-60.
Guesnerie, R. and R. Jerison(1991), “Taxation as a Social Choice Problem: the Scope of the Laffer Argument,” Journal of Public Economics, 44:37-63.
Gauthier, B. and M. Gersovitz (1997),”Revenue Erosion through Exemption and Evasion in Cameroon, 1993,” Journal-of-Public-Economics, 64(3):407-424.
Gale, W.G..(1999), “The Required Tax Rate in a National Retail Sales Tax,” National Tax Journal, 52(3): 443-457.
Hsing,Yu.(1996), “ Estimating the Laffer Curve and Policy Implications,” Journal of Socio Economics, 25(3) :395-401..
Ireland, R.N.(1994), “Supple-side economics and endogenous growth,” Journal of Monetary Economic, 33:559-571.
Lindsey, L.B.(1987), “Individual Taxpayer Response to Tax Cuts: 1982-1984 with Implications for the Revenue Maximizing Tax Rate,” Journal of Public Economics, 33:173-206.
Malcomson, J.M.(1986), “ Some Analytics of the Laffer Curve,” Journal of Public Economics, 29(3): 263-279
Murray, M.N.(1997), “Would Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance Undermine a National Retail Sales Tax? “National Tax Journal, 50(1):167-182.
Pecorino, P. (1995), “Tax Rates and Tax Revenues in a Model of Growth through Human Capital Accumulation,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 36:527-539.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財政研究所
90
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G91NCCU7422012
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 曾巨威
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 游于萱
dc.creator (作者) 游于萱
dc.date (日期) 2002
dc.date.accessioned 11-Oct-2018 09:31:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 11-Oct-2018 09:31:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 11-Oct-2018 09:31:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/120483-
dc.description (描述) 碩士
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學
dc.description (描述) 財政研究所
dc.description (描述) 90
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 我國經濟受景氣不佳的影響,全國賦稅收入即呈現負成長的趨勢,但在公共支出未能相對縮減之下,預算赤字乃逐年攀升。然而,隨著經濟成長與國民所得提高,國民租稅負擔率反而日漸降低,究其原因,主要是來自於稅基侵蝕與流失所造成的結果。是故,稅基侵蝕在我國已成為一普遍問題,並且已嚴重侵害我國之財政平衡。探討拉佛曲線的研究漸為興起,強調降低稅率可以增加勞動供給、刺激生產活動,故降低稅率可使稅收增加。其實,決定租稅收入的因素為稅率與稅基,減稅措施最後是否會帶來拉佛效果,主要須視政策實施過程中稅基的變化而定。至於稅基的變動情形,除減稅所帶來的稅基擴張效果之外,尚應同時考慮稅基侵蝕問題的存在。
本文以Bruce and Turnovsky (1999)為基本模型,進一步考慮制度中存在稅基侵蝕之情形以及要素之「供給面效果」,嘗試分析長期下的動態拉佛效果。分析發現,政府降低所得稅率對於財政之影響可區分為直接效果與間接效果,直接效果為降低所得稅率會同時降低所得稅收和消費稅收,間接效果為所得稅率降低使所得稅收和消費稅收上升。考慮稅基侵蝕下,當直接效果大於間接效果時,政府無法以降低所得稅率達到長期預算平衡。若採取同百分比降低所得稅率且縮減消費支出的措施,同樣當直接效果大於間接效果時,無法達成長期預算平衡。若是在維持目前預算水準不變下,採取降低稅率及減少支出的政策,政府雖具有償付能力,但若政府財政有預算赤字,則動態拉佛效果並不存在。降低所得稅率同時縮減投資支出對長期財政的影響亦不相同,實質利率對於可償付能力以及調降所得稅率和縮減消費支出對於長期財政的影響,皆為是否能達成長期預算平衡的重要因素。無論是降低同百分比或是在維持既有財政狀況相同之下,而在此兩影響因素皆不確定之下,致其總效果不確定。
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄
圖表目次 Ⅰ
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的1
第二節 研究範圍與方法2
第三節 本文架構2
第二章 文獻回顧
第一節 拉佛曲線之相關文獻4
第二節 動態拉佛曲線之相關文獻8
第三節 小結11
第三章 內生成長基本模型與動態拉佛效果
第一節 財政政策模型與平衡成長率13
第二節 政府預算限制式17
第三節 財政政策變動對長短期預算限制之分析19
第四章 稅基侵蝕與基本模型之修正
第一節 稅基侵蝕與資本供給26
第二節 稅基侵蝕與政府預算限制29
第五章 稅基侵蝕下之動態拉佛效果
第一節 稅率、支出與財政平衡32
第二節 稅率與稅收間的關係42
第六章 結論47
參考文獻
中文部分50
英文部分50
圖表目次
圖1-1本論文之研究架構
表5-1基本模型與修正模型是否存在動態拉佛效果之比較
圖5-1稅基侵蝕對拉佛曲線變動之影響
dc.format.extent 115 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype text/html-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G91NCCU7422012
dc.title (題名) 稅基侵蝕與動態拉佛效果
dc.type (資料類型) thesis
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分
湯國斌(民國八十一年),「拉佛曲線之研究-拉佛曲線與租稅逃漏」,碩士論文,國立政治大學財政研究所。
王淑惠(民國八十五年),「拉佛曲線分析-台灣綜合所得稅之實證研究」,碩士論文,國立政治大學財政研究所。
曾巨威(民國九十一年),各項租稅稅基侵蝕之全面檢討,行政院財政改革委員會委託研究計畫,台北:國立政治大學財政學系。
英文部分
Alm, J., Bahi, R., and M.N. Murray(1991), “Tax Base Erosion in Developing Countries,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 39(4):849-872.
Arindam, D.G. and I.N. Gang (2000), “Decomposing Revenue Effects of Tax Evasion and Tax Structure Changes,” International-Tax-and-Public-Finance, 7(2): 177-194.
Agell, J. and M. Persson (2001),” On the Analytics of the Dynamic Laffer Curve,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 48(2): 397-414.
Bruce, N. and S.J. Turnovsky(1999), “Budget Balance, Welfare, and the Growth Rate: “Dynamic Scoring” of the Long-Run Government Budget,” Journal of Money, credit, and Banking, 31(2): 162-186.
Bianconi, M.(2000), “The Effects of Alternative Fiscal Policies on the Intertemporal Government Budget Constrait,” International Review of Economics and Finance, 9:31-52.
Becsi, Z.(2000),” The Shifty Laffer Curve,” Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review, 85(3):52-64.
Canto, Joines and Laffer(1981), “Tax Rates, Factor Employment, and Market Production,” The Supply-side Effect of Economic Policy, 3-22.
Dalamagas, B.(1998), “Endogenous Growth and the Dynamic Laffer Curve,” Applied Economics, 30:63-75.
Fullerton, D.(1982), “On the Possibility of an Inverse Relationship between Tax Rates and Government Revenues,” Journal of Public Economics, 19(1):3-22.
Gahvari, F.(1989), “The Nature of Government Expenditures and the Shape of the Laffer Curve,” Journal of Public Economics, 40(2):251-260.
Gahvari, F.(1989), “The Nature of Government Expenditures and the Shape of the Laffer Curye,” Journal of Public Economics, 40(2):251-60.
Guesnerie, R. and R. Jerison(1991), “Taxation as a Social Choice Problem: the Scope of the Laffer Argument,” Journal of Public Economics, 44:37-63.
Gauthier, B. and M. Gersovitz (1997),”Revenue Erosion through Exemption and Evasion in Cameroon, 1993,” Journal-of-Public-Economics, 64(3):407-424.
Gale, W.G..(1999), “The Required Tax Rate in a National Retail Sales Tax,” National Tax Journal, 52(3): 443-457.
Hsing,Yu.(1996), “ Estimating the Laffer Curve and Policy Implications,” Journal of Socio Economics, 25(3) :395-401..
Ireland, R.N.(1994), “Supple-side economics and endogenous growth,” Journal of Monetary Economic, 33:559-571.
Lindsey, L.B.(1987), “Individual Taxpayer Response to Tax Cuts: 1982-1984 with Implications for the Revenue Maximizing Tax Rate,” Journal of Public Economics, 33:173-206.
Malcomson, J.M.(1986), “ Some Analytics of the Laffer Curve,” Journal of Public Economics, 29(3): 263-279
Murray, M.N.(1997), “Would Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance Undermine a National Retail Sales Tax? “National Tax Journal, 50(1):167-182.
Pecorino, P. (1995), “Tax Rates and Tax Revenues in a Model of Growth through Human Capital Accumulation,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 36:527-539.