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題名 Pretty與 Charming之辨析：以語料庫與心理語言學為本的研究
Distinguishing Pretty and Charming: A corpus-based and psycholinguistic study
作者 游雅嵐
Yu, Ya-Lan
貢獻者 鍾曉芳
Chung, Siaw-Fong
游雅嵐
Yu, Ya-Lan
關鍵詞 pretty
charming
形容詞近義詞
語料庫
心理語言實驗
Pretty
Charming
Near synonymous adjectives
Corpus
Psycholinguistic judgement task
日期 2019
上傳時間 1-七月-2019 10:38:27 (UTC+8)
摘要 在英語學習環境中，近義詞的誤用為常見之語言現象之一。學習者通常倚賴字典提供的語意，而忽略了其語言使用環境的不同。然而，近義詞之間的差異是微小、難以察覺的。本研究旨在透過語料庫為本的方法，分析近義詞pretty和charming的描述對象。此外，為得知學習者的學習困難，本研究也進行了以語料庫為基礎的心理語言學實驗測試搭配詞的接受度。
語料庫分析結果從不同角度展現了pretty和charming之相同與相異之處。其一，就語意分析得知，兩者皆能用來描述人和物體的吸引力。研究也發現，男性及女性都能被描述為pretty 或是charming。另外，在不同的語言環境中，這兩個形容詞皆具備表述褒義與貶義功能。其二，從句法結構與語域（register）表現得知，這兩個形容詞都偏好出現於名詞之前來修飾名詞，且他們較常被使用於非正式語域（例如: 口語和小說）。其三，從搭配詞分析可得知兩形容詞之主要差異如下：Pretty 傾向於形容人的外表與物體外觀（例如：面容以及洋裝）；而charming傾向於描述內在美，這種吸引力需要花較久時間思考與感受體驗（例如：個性、書）。其四，從分析心理語言實驗結果得知，搭配詞型態（pretty-only, charming-only, and common） 影響了受試者對於句子的接受度。而在三種搭配詞型態中，受試者對於pretty-only句子接受度最低，且較不熟悉。而在描述物體時，受試者似乎不確定這兩形容詞使用差異。由此可得知，受試者對於pretty 和charming的描述對象並不熟悉。
基於所得結果，我們提出藉由分辨被修飾名詞的種類，可以探討pretty和charming兩者間使用差異。並嘗試解釋造成近義詞學習困難的原因。本研究透過語料庫結合心理實驗研究，提供近義詞學習困難之解釋方法。此發現可應用於英語教材設計與教學方法，並被視為相關近義詞分析研究基石。
One of the commonest lexical use problems in English learning context is related to near-synonyms. Many language learners rely on dictionaries to provide the denotational meaning of a lexical item but are less aware of the subtle differences embedded in contexts. The differences between near-synonyms are hard to identify and acquire for learners. The present thesis aims to analyze a pair of near synonymous adjectives, that is, pretty and charming, through the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). In addition, in order to understand the learning difficulty of learners, a psycholinguistic judgment task (an acceptability judgment task) based on the corpus data was also conducted.
The corpus analysis demonstrated the similarities and differences between the two adjectives from several perspectives. First, from the semantic analysis, pretty and charming shared a sense of ‘describing someone or something as pleasant or attractive’. Both males and females can be modified by the two adjectives. Moreover, in different language contexts, the two target words can be used to express negative and positive discourse functions. Second, for syntactic position and register,
pretty and charming were more commonly shown in the attributive position, tended to pre-modify the head of a noun phrase, and in informal registers (e.g., spoken and fiction). Third, as for collocational information, the main differences between the two adjectives were as follows: pretty was found to mainly co-occur with the outer beauty of people and objects (e.g., face, dress); charming tended to describe one’s inner beauty which takes more time to experience or think (e.g., personality, book). Fourth, from the analysis of psycholinguistic judgment task, one could find that the patterns of collocates (i.e.,
pretty-only, charming-only, and common) may affect the participant’s judgment of the sentences. Among the three patterns, pretty-only gained the lowest degree of acceptability, which showed that the participants might be less familiar with the collocational use of the pretty-only pattern. Furthermore, when describing an object, the participants seemed to be uncertain about the use of the two adjectives.
Based on the results, we proposed that identifying the source of beauty of their modified nouns could distinguish the uses among pretty and charming. The difference could also provide a possible reason for the difficulty of near-synonym acquisition. This thesis attempts to unveil the difficulties of learning a pair of near synonymous adjectives from the integrated corpus-based and empirical findings. The findings can be applied to the design of English teaching techniques and materials and may be regarded as the basis of analyzing synonymous adjectives in future studies.
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Barczewska, S., & Andreasen, A. (2018). Good or marvelous?
Pretty, cute or lovely? Male and female adjective use in
MICASE. Suvremena lingvistika, 44 (86), 194-213. https:
//doi.org/10.22210/suvlin.2018.086.02
Blaxter, T. T. (2014). Applying keyword analysis to gendered language in the Íslendingasögur. Nordic Journal of Linguistics,37(2), 169-198. doi:10.1017/S0332586514000171
Bolinger, D. (1967). Adjective comparison: a semantic scale.Journal of English Linguistics, 1(1), 2-10.doi:10.11
77/0075 42426700100102
Bruce, R. F., & Wiebe, J. M. (1999). Recognizing subjectivity: A case study in manual tagging. Natural Language Engineering,5(2), 187-205.doi:10.1017/S13513249990
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Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, NY: Routledge.
Caldas-Coulthard, C. R., & Moon, R. (2010). ‘Curvy, hunky,
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53843
Cameron, D. (2005). Language, gender, and sexuality: current issues and new directions. Applied Linguistics, 26(4), 482-502.doi:10.1093/applin/ami027
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Cronin, C., & Jreisat, S. (1995). Effects of modeling on the use of nonsexist language among high school fresh persons and seniors. Sex Roles, 33(11), 819-830.doi:10.1007/BF01544781
Cruse, D. A. (1986). Lexical semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Haily, T.H., & Jung, C. K. (2015). A Corpus Investigation: The Similarities and Differences of cute, pretty and beautiful. 3L;Language, Linguistics and Literature, The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies. 21 (3). pp. 125-140. ISSN 0128-5157
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
104551016
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104551016
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鍾曉芳zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chung, Siaw-Fongen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 游雅嵐zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Yu, Ya-Lanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 游雅嵐zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yu, Ya-Lanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2019en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-七月-2019 10:38:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-七月-2019 10:38:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-七月-2019 10:38:27 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0104551016en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/124088-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104551016zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在英語學習環境中，近義詞的誤用為常見之語言現象之一。學習者通常倚賴字典提供的語意，而忽略了其語言使用環境的不同。然而，近義詞之間的差異是微小、難以察覺的。本研究旨在透過語料庫為本的方法，分析近義詞pretty和charming的描述對象。此外，為得知學習者的學習困難，本研究也進行了以語料庫為基礎的心理語言學實驗測試搭配詞的接受度。
語料庫分析結果從不同角度展現了pretty和charming之相同與相異之處。其一，就語意分析得知，兩者皆能用來描述人和物體的吸引力。研究也發現，男性及女性都能被描述為pretty 或是charming。另外，在不同的語言環境中，這兩個形容詞皆具備表述褒義與貶義功能。其二，從句法結構與語域（register）表現得知，這兩個形容詞都偏好出現於名詞之前來修飾名詞，且他們較常被使用於非正式語域（例如: 口語和小說）。其三，從搭配詞分析可得知兩形容詞之主要差異如下：Pretty 傾向於形容人的外表與物體外觀（例如：面容以及洋裝）；而charming傾向於描述內在美，這種吸引力需要花較久時間思考與感受體驗（例如：個性、書）。其四，從分析心理語言實驗結果得知，搭配詞型態（pretty-only, charming-only, and common） 影響了受試者對於句子的接受度。而在三種搭配詞型態中，受試者對於pretty-only句子接受度最低，且較不熟悉。而在描述物體時，受試者似乎不確定這兩形容詞使用差異。由此可得知，受試者對於pretty 和charming的描述對象並不熟悉。
基於所得結果，我們提出藉由分辨被修飾名詞的種類，可以探討pretty和charming兩者間使用差異。並嘗試解釋造成近義詞學習困難的原因。本研究透過語料庫結合心理實驗研究，提供近義詞學習困難之解釋方法。此發現可應用於英語教材設計與教學方法，並被視為相關近義詞分析研究基石。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) One of the commonest lexical use problems in English learning context is related to near-synonyms. Many language learners rely on dictionaries to provide the denotational meaning of a lexical item but are less aware of the subtle differences embedded in contexts. The differences between near-synonyms are hard to identify and acquire for learners. The present thesis aims to analyze a pair of near synonymous adjectives, that is, pretty and charming, through the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). In addition, in order to understand the learning difficulty of learners, a psycholinguistic judgment task (an acceptability judgment task) based on the corpus data was also conducted.
The corpus analysis demonstrated the similarities and differences between the two adjectives from several perspectives. First, from the semantic analysis, pretty and charming shared a sense of ‘describing someone or something as pleasant or attractive’. Both males and females can be modified by the two adjectives. Moreover, in different language contexts, the two target words can be used to express negative and positive discourse functions. Second, for syntactic position and register,
pretty and charming were more commonly shown in the attributive position, tended to pre-modify the head of a noun phrase, and in informal registers (e.g., spoken and fiction). Third, as for collocational information, the main differences between the two adjectives were as follows: pretty was found to mainly co-occur with the outer beauty of people and objects (e.g., face, dress); charming tended to describe one’s inner beauty which takes more time to experience or think (e.g., personality, book). Fourth, from the analysis of psycholinguistic judgment task, one could find that the patterns of collocates (i.e.,
pretty-only, charming-only, and common) may affect the participant’s judgment of the sentences. Among the three patterns, pretty-only gained the lowest degree of acceptability, which showed that the participants might be less familiar with the collocational use of the pretty-only pattern. Furthermore, when describing an object, the participants seemed to be uncertain about the use of the two adjectives.
Based on the results, we proposed that identifying the source of beauty of their modified nouns could distinguish the uses among pretty and charming. The difference could also provide a possible reason for the difficulty of near-synonym acquisition. This thesis attempts to unveil the difficulties of learning a pair of near synonymous adjectives from the integrated corpus-based and empirical findings. The findings can be applied to the design of English teaching techniques and materials and may be regarded as the basis of analyzing synonymous adjectives in future studies.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents CHINESE ABSTRACT x
ENGLISH ABSTRACT xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Background Information and Motivation of the Study 1
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REEVIEW 9
2.1 Near-Synonyms 9
2.1.1 Definitions of Near-Synonyms 9
2.1.2 The Variations of Near-Synonyms 10
2.1.3 Collocational Analysis 12
2.2 Sub-Classification of Adjectives 13
2.2.1 Syntactic Sub-Classification of Adjectives 14
2.2.2 Semantic Sub-Classification of Adjectives 16
2.3 Semantic Categories of Haily and Jung (2015) 19
2.4 The Relation between Gender and Language 22
2.5 Corpus Linguistic Studies on Gender 30
2.5.1 Collocational Information 30
2.5.2 Keyword Analysis 32
2.6 Psycholinguistic Experiments 35
CHAPTER 3 CORPUS ANALYSIS 39
3.1 Methodology of the Corpus Study 39
3.1.1 The Corpus—the Corpus of Contemporary American
English (COCA) 39
3.1.2 The Establishment of a Coding Scheme 40
3.2 Results of the Corpus Study 47
3.2.1 Semantic Distribution 48
3.2.2 The Distribution of Gender Roles of the Modified
People 51
3.2.3 Collocational Information 52
3.2.4 Comparison of ‘Pretty’ and ‘Charming’ in
Different Genres in the COCA 60
3.2.5 Syntactic Roles of ‘Pretty’ and ‘Charming’ 66
CHAPTER 4 PSYCHOLINGUISTIC JUDGEMENT TASK 69
4.1 Methods of Psycholinguistic Judgement Task 69
4.1.1 The Design of Questionnaire 69
4.1.2 Grading Criteria 74
4.1.3 Samples of the Questionnaires A and B 74
4.1.4 Participants and Procedures of Questionnaires 77
4.1.5 Data Analysis 78
4.2 Results of the Person-Stimuli 79
4.2.2 The Source of beauty ⅹ Patterns Interaction 80
4.2.3. The Source of Beauty ⅹ Patterns ⅹ Gender
Interaction 83
4.3 Results of the Object-Stimuli 85
The Source of Beauty ⅹ Patterns Interaction 85
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 93
5.1 Major Findings in the Present Study 93
5.2 Teaching Suggestions 97
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 101
6.1 Overall Summary 101
6.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Studies 103
REFERENCES 105
APPENDIX ONE Questionnaire A 109
APPENDIX TWO Questionnaire B 111		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1218757 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104551016en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) prettyzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) charmingzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 形容詞近義詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語料庫zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 心理語言實驗zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Prettyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Charmingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Near synonymous adjectivesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Corpusen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Psycholinguistic judgement tasken_US
dc.title (題名) Pretty與 Charming之辨析：以語料庫與心理語言學為本的研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Distinguishing Pretty and Charming: A corpus-based and psycholinguistic studyen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bakar, K. (2014). Attitude and identity categorizations:
a corpus-based study of gender representation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112(C), 747-756.
Baker, P. (2014). Using corpora to analyze gender: London
New York: Bloomsbury.
Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C. & McEnery, A. (2013). Discourse analysis and media attitudes: The representation of Islam in the British Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Barczewska, S., & Andreasen, A. (2018). Good or marvelous?
Pretty, cute or lovely? Male and female adjective use in
MICASE. Suvremena lingvistika, 44 (86), 194-213. https:
//doi.org/10.22210/suvlin.2018.086.02
Blaxter, T. T. (2014). Applying keyword analysis to gendered language in the Íslendingasögur. Nordic Journal of Linguistics,37(2), 169-198. doi:10.1017/S0332586514000171
Bolinger, D. (1967). Adjective comparison: a semantic scale.Journal of English Linguistics, 1(1), 2-10.doi:10.11
77/0075 42426700100102
Bruce, R. F., & Wiebe, J. M. (1999). Recognizing subjectivity: A case study in manual tagging. Natural Language Engineering,5(2), 187-205.doi:10.1017/S13513249990
02181
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, NY: Routledge.
Caldas-Coulthard, C. R., & Moon, R. (2010). ‘Curvy, hunky,
kinky’: Using corpora as tools for critical analysis. Discourse & Society, 21(2), 99-133. doi:10.1177/09579265093
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU201900111en_US