學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 再生能源憑證與排放權交易之互動關係
The Interaction between Renewable Energy Certificate and Emission Trading System作者 林明億 貢獻者 施文真
林明億關鍵詞 再生能源憑證
排放權交易制度
互動關係
Renewable energy certificate
Emission trading system
Interaction日期 2019 上傳時間 1-七月-2019 10:39:55 (UTC+8) 摘要 氣候變遷日趨嚴重，許多國家已開始施行減緩氣候變遷的政策，ETS則是當中常見的工具之一；另一方面，因應能源危機，各國亦施行促進再生能源發展的政策，同時因為再生能源排放量較低的特性而能降低排放。在ETS以及REC兩種政策同時施行的情況下，可能會造成重複管制降低總體溫室氣體排放量的情況，故本文從過往文獻當中整理出兩種政策可能有的互動關係：無互動、直接互動以及間接互動，其中直接互動當中又可分為交易互動以及非交易互動。歐美兩地區目前已就ETS以及REC兩政策互動關係進行調整，而台灣在未來亦有可能同時施行ETS以及REC，故本文依據台灣目前引進RPS並將REC排放係數訂為0的情況下，參照歐美兩地區的實例，認為台灣在REC自願性市場可參考加州以及RGGI的案例；強制性市場則可參考加州內ETS與RPS的案例。除此之外，筆者亦認為ETS以及REC兩種政策工具在調和時，立法的技術層面應考量管制對象、單位以及登錄處等，力求避免兩政策工具之間產生衝突而削弱排放減量的目標。
When ETS and REC are enforced at the same time in a region, it may cause double-regulation and reduce the effect of emission reduction. The interaction between ETS and REC has been the subject of much research in these decades. According to the research, there are three types of interaction, non-interaction, direct interaction and indirect interaction. Besides, there are two subcategories of direct interaction, tradeable interaction and non-tradeable interaction. Now the interaction between these two has been adjusted in Europe and American and Taiwan is going to enforce these two in the coming future. This thesis refers to the sample from Europe and American, and find out that the sample of California and RGGI are suitable for Taiwan to make a reference. Besides, we also suggest legislator to consider regulated-party, unit and register when drafting the law in order to reduce the counter-effect between ETS and REC.參考文獻 中文參考文獻書籍施文真，由交易單位之法律性質重新檢視ETS制度與WTO之關係，WTO、氣候變遷與能源，元照出版公司，2013。期刊論文陳靜萱、黃詩文和吳禹澔，美國REC制度介紹，台灣經濟研究月刊，第40卷第5期，106年5月，86-94。機構文獻經濟部標準檢驗局，國內再生能源憑證市場交易輔導示範計畫，網址：https://www.trec.org.tw/activity/2017-07-12%2011-29-32/get/file2.pdf。「溫室氣體減量及管理法」立法院三讀條文簡要說明。行政院環境保護署，國家溫室氣體登錄平台，溫室氣體排放係數管理表https://ghgregistry.epa.gov.tw/upload/Tools/溫室氣體排放係數管理表6.0.3版.ods網頁資料國家再生能源憑證中心，任務與願景，https://www.trec.org.tw/%E8%87%AA%E8%A8%82%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2/zh-tw_mission_vision。國內再生能源憑證市場交易輔導示範計畫，國家再生能源憑證中心，https://www.trec.org.tw/%E8%87%AA%E8%A8%82%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2/%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%86%91%E8%AD%89%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%BC%94%E5%B0%8E%E7%A4%BA%E7%AF%84%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB。 英文參考文獻書籍Gerrard, Michael & Kuh, Katrina Fischer edited, The Law of Adaptation to Climate Change: US and International Aspects, AMERICAN BAR ASSSOCIATION, 2012.Hansjürgens, Bernd ed., Emissions Trading for Climate Policy: US and European Perspectives, CAMBRIDGE: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2005.Gbenga Ibikunle & Andros Gregoriou, Carbon Markets: Microstruture, Pricing and Policy, PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2018.Beatrice Cointe & Alain Nadai, Feed—in tariffs in the European Union, PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2018.Lefevere, Jurgen, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading: A Background, Michel Bothe and Eckard Rehbinder (eds), CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY (ELEVEN INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING), 2005.Deane, Felicity, Emissions Trading and WTO Law: A Global Anlysis, EDWARD ELGAR, 2015.Wright, Walker L., How Does the Voluntary Carbon Market Relate to the US REC Market?, in VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKETS AN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS GUIDE TO WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW THEY WORK, 41.Bunn, Derek & Yusupov, Tim, The progressive inefficiency of replacing renewable obligation certificates with contracts-for-differences in the UK electricity market, (82) Energy Policy, 2015, 298-309.期刊論文Pablo del Rı´o Gonza´ lez , The interaction between emissions trading and renewable electricity support schemes.An overview of the literature’, Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change (2007) 12:1363.Jepma, Catrinus J. & Munasinghe, Mohan, Climate Change Policy:Facts, Issues and Analyses, Cambridge University Press, Nov. 1997 .Daniela Gutiérrez, Interaction between the carbon tax and renewable energy support schemes in Colombia, The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, 2017.Komor, Paul & Bazilian, Morgan, Renewable energy policy goals, programs, and technologies, (33) Energy Policy, 2005, 1873–1881.Pablo del Rio & Gual, Miguel, The Promotion of Green Electricity in Europe: Present and Future, European Environment 14,2004.Brick, Kerri & Visser, Martine, Green Certificate Trading, Energy Research Centre, 22 Journal of Energy in Southern Africa (1),2011 , 1-16, 4.Mitchell, C & Anderson, Teresa, The implications of Tradable Green Certificates for the UK, (21) International Journal of Ambient Energy 3, 2000, 161-168.Sorrell, Steven & Sijm, Jos, Carbon Trading in the Policy Mix, 19 Oxford Review of Economic Policy (3), 2003, 420-437, 422.Bluemel, Erik B., Unraveling the Global Warming Regime Complex: Competitive Entropy in the Regulation of the Global Public Good, 155 University of Pennsylvania Law Review, June 2007, 1981-2049.Roeser, Frauke & Jackson, Tim, Early Experiences with Emissions Trading in the UK, Greener Management International 39, 2002, 43-54.Smith, Stephen & Swierzbinski, Joseph, Assessing the Performance of the UK Emissions Trading Scheme, Environment Resource Economic 37, 131-158.Butler, Lucy & Neuhoff, Karsten, Comparison of Feed-in Tariff, Quota and Auction Mechanisms to Support Wind Power Development, (33) Renewable Energy, 2008, 1854-1867.Woodman, B. & Mitchell, C., Learning from Experience? The Development of the Renewables Obligation in England and Wales 2002-2010, (39) Energy Policy, 2011, 3914-3921, 3915.機構文獻Global Warming of 1.5 °C, IPCC, Oct. 8.Bowen, Alex, The case for carbon pricing, THE GRANTHAM RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ENVIRONMENT & THE CENTRE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICS AND POLICY.Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development[OECD], INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EMISSION TRADING SYSTEMS AND OTHER OVERLAPPING POLICY INSTRUMENTS, COM/ENV/EPOC/CTPA/CFA(2011)4/FINAL.Sorrell, Steve, Interaction in EU Climate Policy: Final Report, SPRU, EVK2-CT-2000-0067,2003.Görlach, Benjamin, What Constitutes an Optimal Climate Policy Mix? Defining the Concept of Optimality, Including Political and Legal Framework Conditions, CECILIA2050 Deliverable 1.1, ECOLOGIC INSTITUTE, February, 2013, https://cecilia2050.eu/system/files/G%C3%B6rlach%20(2013)_What%20constitutes%20an%20optimal%20policy%20mix_0.pdf.Jan Abrell & Hannes Weigt, The Interaction of Emissions Trading and Renewable Energy Promotion, Dec. 2008, Economics of Global Warming WP-EGW-05, 1-17.Richard J.T. Klein, Kevin M. Adams, Adis Dzebo, Marion Davis and Clarisse Kehler Siebert, Advancing Climate Adaptation Practices and Solutions: Emerging Research Priorities, STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE, Working Paper No.2017-07.OECD, Climate Change Policy Brief, Aug. 2007, 1, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39111309.pdf.Robert N. Stavins, Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments, RECOURSES OF THE FUTURE, 1, http://www.rff.org/files/sharepoint/WorkImages/Download/RFF-DP-01-58.pdf.Gilbert E. Metcalf & David A. Weisbach, The Design of a Carbon Tax, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers 254.Design an Effective Feed-in-Tariff for Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles Business Council, 1-63, 15.U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY`S OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY,DOE/EE-0307, GUIDE TO PURCHASING GREEN POWER: RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES, AND ON-SITE RENEWABLE GENERATION (2010).Michael R. King, Overview of Carbon Markets and Emissions Trading: Lessons for Cnanda, BANK OF CANADA DISCUSSION PAPER 2008-1, Jan. 2008, 3, https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dp08-1.pdf.Coverage, Additionality and Baselines – Lessons from the Carbon Farming Initiative and other Schemes, CLIMATE CHANGE AUTHORITY OF AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT, April 2014, 15, http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/files/files/CCARRP/CCA_CFIStudyPublicReportChapter2.pdfJan Hamrin, REC Definitions and Tracking Mechanisms Used by State RPS Programs, CLEAN ENERGY STATES ALLIANCE, June 2014.Sustainability Roundtable, INC., INTERNATIONAL MARKETS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES (RECs), 2012, 3, http://sustainround.com/library/sites/default/files/SRER_Member%20Briefing_International%20Markets%20for%20Renewable%20Energy%20Certificates_2012-07-16.pdf.The International REC Standard, I-REC Guide – How I-REC Works (Feb., 2015).The Intersection between Carbon, RECs, and Tracking: Accounting and Tracking the Carbon Attributes of Renewale Energy, Finnal Report, ENVIRONMENTAL TRACKING NETWORK OF NORTH AMERICA, Feb. 2010.Offsets and RECs: What`s the Difference?, ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY, Feb. 2018, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-03/documents/gpp_guide_recs_offsets.pdfBruce Elder, Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) in California Status after Passage of Senate Bill 107 of 2006, June 2007, 11Jenny Heeter & Lori Bird, Status and Trends in U.S. Compliance and Voluntary Renewable Energy Certificate Markets (2010 Data), NREL/TP-6A20-529, 2011, 5.INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS TRADING ASSOCIATION[IETA], California: An Emissions Trading Case Study, Jan. 2018.USA - California Cap-and-Trade Program, International Carbon Action Partnership[ICAP], Nov. 15, 2018.Lori Bird, Caroline Chapman, Jeff Logan, Jenny Sumner, and Walter Short, Evaluating Renewable Portfolio Standards and Carbon Cap Scenarios in the U.S. Electric Sector, NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY[NREL], Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2-48258, May 2010.Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI): An Emissions Trading Case Study, IETA, Jan. 2018.Voluntary Renewable Set-Asides For Cap-And-Trade, CRS, Oct. 17, 2017.Voluntary Renewable Energy and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI): Solutions for Positive Interactions and Greater Impact, CRS, Sept. 5, 2017.IETA, European Union: An Emissions Trading Case Study, May 2015.Konstantinos Gkarakis & Athanasios Dagoumas, of the implementation of Guarantees of Origin (GOs) in Europe, TRIVENT, 2016,132-143.IETA, United Kingdom: An Emissions Trading Case Study, May 2015.The CRC Energy and Climate Change, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE in UK, March 2012, 11.Guidance for generators that receive or would like to receive support under the Renewables Obligation (RO) scheme, OFGEM.網頁資料Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, history, https://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization_history.shtml.Andreas Prahl & Elena Hofmann, Non-Market-Based Climate Policy Instruments, Climate Policy Info Hub, https://climatepolicyinfohub.eu/non-market-based-climate-policy-instruments.Andreas Prahl & Elena Hofmann, Discussion of Climate Policy Instrument Types Applied in the EU, Climate Policy Info Hub, https://climatepolicyinfohub.eu/node/103/.Noelle Eckley Selin, Renewable energy, https://www.britannica.com/science/renewable-energy.Cap and Trade Basics, CENTER FOR CLIMATE AND ENERGY SOLUTIONS, https://www.c2es.org/content/cap-and-trade-basics/EPA, Renewable Energy Tracking Systems, https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/renewable-energy-tracking-systems.Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards, Delaware Government, https://dnrec.alpha.delaware.gov/climate-coastal-energy/renewable/portfolio-standards/ (last visited March 27, 2019).Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards, Delaware Government, https://dnrec.alpha.delaware.gov/climate-coastal-energy/renewable/portfolio-standards.CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme: Allowances, GOV.UK, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/crc-energy-efficiency-scheme-allowances.法條United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, art. 2.Title 17, CCR, Section 95810-14.CA Pub Util Code, Section 399.16 (2013).26 Del.C. § 352, 354.Directive 2009/29/EC, art. 9.Directive 2018/410, art. 9.The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Order 2013, art. 31, 36.法案Order Initiating Implementation of the Senate Bill 1078 Renewable Portfolio Standard, Decision 03-06-071, Proceedings on Rulemaking 01-10-024 (Cal. Pub. Util. Comm’n Jun. 19, 2003).Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC.Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
1053510513資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1053510513 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 施文真 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) 林明億 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 林明億 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2019 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-七月-2019 10:39:55 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-七月-2019 10:39:55 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-七月-2019 10:39:55 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G1053510513 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/124096 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 1053510513 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 氣候變遷日趨嚴重，許多國家已開始施行減緩氣候變遷的政策，ETS則是當中常見的工具之一；另一方面，因應能源危機，各國亦施行促進再生能源發展的政策，同時因為再生能源排放量較低的特性而能降低排放。在ETS以及REC兩種政策同時施行的情況下，可能會造成重複管制降低總體溫室氣體排放量的情況，故本文從過往文獻當中整理出兩種政策可能有的互動關係：無互動、直接互動以及間接互動，其中直接互動當中又可分為交易互動以及非交易互動。歐美兩地區目前已就ETS以及REC兩政策互動關係進行調整，而台灣在未來亦有可能同時施行ETS以及REC，故本文依據台灣目前引進RPS並將REC排放係數訂為0的情況下，參照歐美兩地區的實例，認為台灣在REC自願性市場可參考加州以及RGGI的案例；強制性市場則可參考加州內ETS與RPS的案例。除此之外，筆者亦認為ETS以及REC兩種政策工具在調和時，立法的技術層面應考量管制對象、單位以及登錄處等，力求避免兩政策工具之間產生衝突而削弱排放減量的目標。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) When ETS and REC are enforced at the same time in a region, it may cause double-regulation and reduce the effect of emission reduction. The interaction between ETS and REC has been the subject of much research in these decades. According to the research, there are three types of interaction, non-interaction, direct interaction and indirect interaction. Besides, there are two subcategories of direct interaction, tradeable interaction and non-tradeable interaction. Now the interaction between these two has been adjusted in Europe and American and Taiwan is going to enforce these two in the coming future. This thesis refers to the sample from Europe and American, and find out that the sample of California and RGGI are suitable for Taiwan to make a reference. Besides, we also suggest legislator to consider regulated-party, unit and register when drafting the law in order to reduce the counter-effect between ETS and REC. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄第一章 緒論 10第一節 研究背景與動機 10第二節 研究目的與研究架構 12第三節 研究方法與研究限制 13第二章 氣候變遷以及再生能源發展政策 15第一節 氣候變遷與再生能源政策之簡介 15第一項 氣候變遷政策 16第二項 再生能源發展政策 19第二節 排放權交易制度 24第一項 理論基礎 24第二項 計畫類型 25第三項 排放權交易單位 27第三節 再生能源憑證制度 29第一項 銷售方式與交易市場 30第二項 市場參與者 30第四節 再生能源憑證以及排放權交易制度之互動 31第一項 氣候政策 31第二項 再生能源政策與排放權交易制度 34第三項 監督、申報以及驗證系統互動 36第五節 綜論 40第三章 美國再生能源憑證以及排放權交易制度之簡介 44第一節 美國再生能源憑證市場簡介 44第一項 強制性市場 45第二項 自願性市場 45第三項 追蹤系統 47第二節 加州再生能源憑證與排放權交易制度之簡介 49第一項 排放權交易制度 49第二項 再生能源憑證 51第三節 區域性溫室氣體倡議 53第一項 排放權交易制度 53第二項 再生能源憑證 54第四節 排放權交易制度與再生能源憑證的互動 55第一項 強制性市場 56第二項 自願性市場 57第三項 追蹤系統 60第四項 小結 61第四章 歐盟與英國再生能源憑證與排放權交易制度簡介 62第一節 歐盟制度 62第一項 排放權交易機制 62第二項 再生能源憑證 64第二節 英國制度 69第一項 排放權交易制度 69第二項 再生能源憑證 74第三項 登錄處 76第三節 互動關係 77第五章 實務與理論驗證歸納以及台灣現況 79第一節 實務與理論驗證歸納 79第一項 無互動 80第二項 直接互動 82第二節 台灣現況 85第一項 溫室氣體管制現況 85第二項 再生能源憑證發展現況 87第三節 台灣未來可能參考的模式 89第六章 結論 94參考文獻 97 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1294656 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1053510513 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 再生能源憑證 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 排放權交易制度 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 互動關係 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Renewable energy certificate en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Emission trading system en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Interaction en_US dc.title (題名) 再生能源憑證與排放權交易之互動關係 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Interaction between Renewable Energy Certificate and Emission Trading System en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文參考文獻書籍施文真，由交易單位之法律性質重新檢視ETS制度與WTO之關係，WTO、氣候變遷與能源，元照出版公司，2013。期刊論文陳靜萱、黃詩文和吳禹澔，美國REC制度介紹，台灣經濟研究月刊，第40卷第5期，106年5月，86-94。機構文獻經濟部標準檢驗局，國內再生能源憑證市場交易輔導示範計畫，網址：https://www.trec.org.tw/activity/2017-07-12%2011-29-32/get/file2.pdf。「溫室氣體減量及管理法」立法院三讀條文簡要說明。行政院環境保護署，國家溫室氣體登錄平台，溫室氣體排放係數管理表https://ghgregistry.epa.gov.tw/upload/Tools/溫室氣體排放係數管理表6.0.3版.ods網頁資料國家再生能源憑證中心，任務與願景，https://www.trec.org.tw/%E8%87%AA%E8%A8%82%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2/zh-tw_mission_vision。國內再生能源憑證市場交易輔導示範計畫，國家再生能源憑證中心，https://www.trec.org.tw/%E8%87%AA%E8%A8%82%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2/%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%86%91%E8%AD%89%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%BC%94%E5%B0%8E%E7%A4%BA%E7%AF%84%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB。 英文參考文獻書籍Gerrard, Michael & Kuh, Katrina Fischer edited, The Law of Adaptation to Climate Change: US and International Aspects, AMERICAN BAR ASSSOCIATION, 2012.Hansjürgens, Bernd ed., Emissions Trading for Climate Policy: US and European Perspectives, CAMBRIDGE: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2005.Gbenga Ibikunle & Andros Gregoriou, Carbon Markets: Microstruture, Pricing and Policy, PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2018.Beatrice Cointe & Alain Nadai, Feed—in tariffs in the European Union, PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2018.Lefevere, Jurgen, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading: A Background, Michel Bothe and Eckard Rehbinder (eds), CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY (ELEVEN INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING), 2005.Deane, Felicity, Emissions Trading and WTO Law: A Global Anlysis, EDWARD ELGAR, 2015.Wright, Walker L., How Does the Voluntary Carbon Market Relate to the US REC Market?, in VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKETS AN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS GUIDE TO WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW THEY WORK, 41.Bunn, Derek & Yusupov, Tim, The progressive inefficiency of replacing renewable obligation certificates with contracts-for-differences in the UK electricity market, (82) Energy Policy, 2015, 298-309.期刊論文Pablo del Rı´o Gonza´ lez , The interaction between emissions trading and renewable electricity support schemes.An overview of the literature’, Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change (2007) 12:1363.Jepma, Catrinus J. & Munasinghe, Mohan, Climate Change Policy:Facts, Issues and Analyses, Cambridge University Press, Nov. 1997 .Daniela Gutiérrez, Interaction between the carbon tax and renewable energy support schemes in Colombia, The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, 2017.Komor, Paul & Bazilian, Morgan, Renewable energy policy goals, programs, and technologies, (33) Energy Policy, 2005, 1873–1881.Pablo del Rio & Gual, Miguel, The Promotion of Green Electricity in Europe: Present and Future, European Environment 14,2004.Brick, Kerri & Visser, Martine, Green Certificate Trading, Energy Research Centre, 22 Journal of Energy in Southern Africa (1),2011 , 1-16, 4.Mitchell, C & Anderson, Teresa, The implications of Tradable Green Certificates for the UK, (21) International Journal of Ambient Energy 3, 2000, 161-168.Sorrell, Steven & Sijm, Jos, Carbon Trading in the Policy Mix, 19 Oxford Review of Economic Policy (3), 2003, 420-437, 422.Bluemel, Erik B., Unraveling the Global Warming Regime Complex: Competitive Entropy in the Regulation of the Global Public Good, 155 University of Pennsylvania Law Review, June 2007, 1981-2049.Roeser, Frauke & Jackson, Tim, Early Experiences with Emissions Trading in the UK, Greener Management International 39, 2002, 43-54.Smith, Stephen & Swierzbinski, Joseph, Assessing the Performance of the UK Emissions Trading Scheme, Environment Resource Economic 37, 131-158.Butler, Lucy & Neuhoff, Karsten, Comparison of Feed-in Tariff, Quota and Auction Mechanisms to Support Wind Power Development, (33) Renewable Energy, 2008, 1854-1867.Woodman, B. & Mitchell, C., Learning from Experience? The Development of the Renewables Obligation in England and Wales 2002-2010, (39) Energy Policy, 2011, 3914-3921, 3915.機構文獻Global Warming of 1.5 °C, IPCC, Oct. 8.Bowen, Alex, The case for carbon pricing, THE GRANTHAM RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ENVIRONMENT & THE CENTRE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICS AND POLICY.Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development[OECD], INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EMISSION TRADING SYSTEMS AND OTHER OVERLAPPING POLICY INSTRUMENTS, COM/ENV/EPOC/CTPA/CFA(2011)4/FINAL.Sorrell, Steve, Interaction in EU Climate Policy: Final Report, SPRU, EVK2-CT-2000-0067,2003.Görlach, Benjamin, What Constitutes an Optimal Climate Policy Mix? Defining the Concept of Optimality, Including Political and Legal Framework Conditions, CECILIA2050 Deliverable 1.1, ECOLOGIC INSTITUTE, February, 2013, https://cecilia2050.eu/system/files/G%C3%B6rlach%20(2013)_What%20constitutes%20an%20optimal%20policy%20mix_0.pdf.Jan Abrell & Hannes Weigt, The Interaction of Emissions Trading and Renewable Energy Promotion, Dec. 2008, Economics of Global Warming WP-EGW-05, 1-17.Richard J.T. Klein, Kevin M. Adams, Adis Dzebo, Marion Davis and Clarisse Kehler Siebert, Advancing Climate Adaptation Practices and Solutions: Emerging Research Priorities, STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE, Working Paper No.2017-07.OECD, Climate Change Policy Brief, Aug. 2007, 1, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/39111309.pdf.Robert N. Stavins, Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments, RECOURSES OF THE FUTURE, 1, http://www.rff.org/files/sharepoint/WorkImages/Download/RFF-DP-01-58.pdf.Gilbert E. Metcalf & David A. Weisbach, The Design of a Carbon Tax, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers 254.Design an Effective Feed-in-Tariff for Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles Business Council, 1-63, 15.U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY`S OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY,DOE/EE-0307, GUIDE TO PURCHASING GREEN POWER: RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES, AND ON-SITE RENEWABLE GENERATION (2010).Michael R. King, Overview of Carbon Markets and Emissions Trading: Lessons for Cnanda, BANK OF CANADA DISCUSSION PAPER 2008-1, Jan. 2008, 3, https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/dp08-1.pdf.Coverage, Additionality and Baselines – Lessons from the Carbon Farming Initiative and other Schemes, CLIMATE CHANGE AUTHORITY OF AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT, April 2014, 15, http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/files/files/CCARRP/CCA_CFIStudyPublicReportChapter2.pdfJan Hamrin, REC Definitions and Tracking Mechanisms Used by State RPS Programs, CLEAN ENERGY STATES ALLIANCE, June 2014.Sustainability Roundtable, INC., INTERNATIONAL MARKETS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES (RECs), 2012, 3, http://sustainround.com/library/sites/default/files/SRER_Member%20Briefing_International%20Markets%20for%20Renewable%20Energy%20Certificates_2012-07-16.pdf.The International REC Standard, I-REC Guide – How I-REC Works (Feb., 2015).The Intersection between Carbon, RECs, and Tracking: Accounting and Tracking the Carbon Attributes of Renewale Energy, Finnal Report, ENVIRONMENTAL TRACKING NETWORK OF NORTH AMERICA, Feb. 2010.Offsets and RECs: What`s the Difference?, ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY, Feb. 2018, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-03/documents/gpp_guide_recs_offsets.pdfBruce Elder, Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) in California Status after Passage of Senate Bill 107 of 2006, June 2007, 11Jenny Heeter & Lori Bird, Status and Trends in U.S. Compliance and Voluntary Renewable Energy Certificate Markets (2010 Data), NREL/TP-6A20-529, 2011, 5.INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS TRADING ASSOCIATION[IETA], California: An Emissions Trading Case Study, Jan. 2018.USA - California Cap-and-Trade Program, International Carbon Action Partnership[ICAP], Nov. 15, 2018.Lori Bird, Caroline Chapman, Jeff Logan, Jenny Sumner, and Walter Short, Evaluating Renewable Portfolio Standards and Carbon Cap Scenarios in the U.S. Electric Sector, NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY[NREL], Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2-48258, May 2010.Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI): An Emissions Trading Case Study, IETA, Jan. 2018.Voluntary Renewable Set-Asides For Cap-And-Trade, CRS, Oct. 17, 2017.Voluntary Renewable Energy and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI): Solutions for Positive Interactions and Greater Impact, CRS, Sept. 5, 2017.IETA, European Union: An Emissions Trading Case Study, May 2015.Konstantinos Gkarakis & Athanasios Dagoumas, of the implementation of Guarantees of Origin (GOs) in Europe, TRIVENT, 2016,132-143.IETA, United Kingdom: An Emissions Trading Case Study, May 2015.The CRC Energy and Climate Change, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE in UK, March 2012, 11.Guidance for generators that receive or would like to receive support under the Renewables Obligation (RO) scheme, OFGEM.網頁資料Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, history, https://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization_history.shtml.Andreas Prahl & Elena Hofmann, Non-Market-Based Climate Policy Instruments, Climate Policy Info Hub, https://climatepolicyinfohub.eu/non-market-based-climate-policy-instruments.Andreas Prahl & Elena Hofmann, Discussion of Climate Policy Instrument Types Applied in the EU, Climate Policy Info Hub, https://climatepolicyinfohub.eu/node/103/.Noelle Eckley Selin, Renewable energy, https://www.britannica.com/science/renewable-energy.Cap and Trade Basics, CENTER FOR CLIMATE AND ENERGY SOLUTIONS, https://www.c2es.org/content/cap-and-trade-basics/EPA, Renewable Energy Tracking Systems, https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/renewable-energy-tracking-systems.Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards, Delaware Government, https://dnrec.alpha.delaware.gov/climate-coastal-energy/renewable/portfolio-standards/ (last visited March 27, 2019).Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards, Delaware Government, https://dnrec.alpha.delaware.gov/climate-coastal-energy/renewable/portfolio-standards.CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme: Allowances, GOV.UK, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/crc-energy-efficiency-scheme-allowances.法條United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, art. 2.Title 17, CCR, Section 95810-14.CA Pub Util Code, Section 399.16 (2013).26 Del.C. § 352, 354.Directive 2009/29/EC, art. 9.Directive 2018/410, art. 9.The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Order 2013, art. 31, 36.法案Order Initiating Implementation of the Senate Bill 1078 Renewable Portfolio Standard, Decision 03-06-071, Proceedings on Rulemaking 01-10-024 (Cal. Pub. Util. Comm’n Jun. 19, 2003).Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC.Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/THE.NCCU.IB.008.2019.F06 en_US
