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題名 公司股權與控制權法律問題研究 : 以企業籌資過程中創始人控制權強化機制為中心
A study on legal issues of Corporate Equity and Control Rights : Focusing on Control Enhancing Mechanisms for corporate’s founders in the process of Enterprise Financing作者 王弈林
Wang, Yi-Lin貢獻者 林國全
Lin, Guo-Chyuan
王弈林
Wang, Yi-Lin關鍵詞 股權
控制權
控制權强化機制
一股一表決權
Equity Rights
Control Rights
Control Enhancing Mechanisms
One Share One Voting Right日期 2019 上傳時間 7-八月-2019 16:39:39 (UTC+8) 摘要 以高新技術企業及文創企業為代表的新創企業以高速發展的態勢,成為了眾所矚目之焦點。許多成功的新創企業憑藉自身優良的經營效益,藉助風險投資、天使投資等特定外部資本的輸入逐步擴大著自身的規模。而在渴求外部資本的同時,諸如Google、Facebook、阿里巴巴、京東等公司的創始人對於確保自身的經營控制權也有著極高的需求。他們在契約或章程中,置入了加強自身經營控制權的機制(Contol Enhancing Mechanisms, the “CEMs”),以確保自己能夠永續掌握經營控制權。就前述現象,本文將討論的是創始人與外部投資人之間控制權分配的問題,從比較法上研究各法域對控制權强化機制之管制的變化和現狀。本文首先將從股權與控制權間之關係的分析進行切入,揭示在新創企業籌資的過程中,創始人利用控制權强化機制加强自身控制權對企業經營會帶來何種影響及通過控制權强化機制達到多元化分配控制權的必要性。其次,引入對控制權强化機制的介紹,期望通過對實例的介紹和分析,以及對與CEMs相關的爭議問題的分析,得到對CEMs更清晰的認識和理解。最後,結合比較法的分析方式,梳理幾種較爲常用的CEMs在不同法域的立法現狀,並為中國大陸和台灣的立法現狀進行反思,和提出立法上的修改建議。新創企業能否從眾多競爭者當中脫穎而出,主要依賴於創始人之人力、智力資本,故一家好的新創企業在發展的過程中若能保證創始人掌握著控制權,對於其永續經營至關重要。但另一方面,新創企業的發展又難以離開外部資本之支持,創始人需要考慮如何防禦外部投資人對控制權之介入,然創始人掌握控制權亦有可能造成控制權過於集中之狀況,對外部投資人而言無疑提高了監管成本。故對於如何分配創始人之控制權,能夠達到對新創企業、創始人、外部投資人共贏之結果實值得關注與探討。阿里巴巴在美國上市後,各個資本市場對考慮是否有必要鬆綁一股一表決權原則進入了熱烈的討論,可以說這種變化給原本持一股一表決權原則的國家的制度帶來了相當之衝擊,學界對於是否有必要將一股一表決權原則從強制性規定轉變為任意性規定進行了多番討論。近來也有越來越多的研究表明在如今的商業市場環境和法律環境下,一股一表決權原則並非如以往那般堅不可破。此觀點亦被各國主管機關所接受,除美國等早已明確肯認複數表決權之法域外,原先堅守一股一表決權原則之法域,包括中國大陸、台灣在內,大多在近幾年對本國法中一股一表決權原則的強制適用問題重新進行了審視,並已經在立法上開始嘗試突破。結合比較法上的分析,本文作者認為對於創始人以CEMs強化自身控制權無需談虎色變,也無需絕對禁止。從活絡市場、鼓勵新創企業發展之角度而言,對CEMs持較寬鬆態度,可為新創企業提供更多元化籌資的可能,也有利於創始人與外部投資人合理分配各自在新創企業中的權利。在對於立法規範的建議上,對於中國大陸在相關立法規範,尤其是偏離一股一表決權的CEMs機制的立法規範,本文作者認爲可以從提升立法層級、進一步放寬可適用該類機制的主體等方面著手進行下一階段的修法。台灣方面,在經歷了2018年的公司法大幅修正後,非公開發行之股份有限公司及其股東成爲最大的受益者,修正後的公司法除在成文法層面給予上述幾種CEMs肯認之地位以外,將大部分規則制定權限交由公司章程自治,給予了非公開發行公司相當的自治空間。惟在此次修法中,明文排除公開發行股票之公司得適用前述CEMs。因此下一階段的修法,本文作者認爲應著手於放開對公開發行股票之公司的限制,制定嚴謹合理的上市規則,並加强資訊揭露等配套措施。
New Ventures, represented by high-tech enterprises and cultural & creative enterprises, have become the focus of discussion and attention for its rapid development. Many successful nev ventures, who enjoy excellent operational benefits, are making futher endeavor to gradually expand their scale by means of venture capital, angel investment and other specific external capital input. But in the meantime founders of the New Ventures such as the founders of Google, Facebook, Alibaba and Jingdong have a high demand for ensuring their own operational control while. They set the provisions regarding Control Enhancing Mechanisms (the "CEMs") strengthening their own management control rights through which they can continue to control the New Ventures in the shareholders’ agreement or articles of association. This paper will discuss the allocation of control rights between the founder and the external investors, and study the changes and current situation of the CEMs in different jurisdictions from the perspective of comparative law.Firstly, this paper will start with the analysis of the relationship between ownership and control rights, revealing what impact the founder will bring to the operation of the new venture by using the Control Enhancing Mechanisms, and the necessity of achieving diversified distribution of control rights through the CEMs. Secondly, this paper will take efforts to the reaserch and analyies the CEMs. It is expected that through the introduction and analysis of examples and the analysis of controversial issues related to CEMs, a clearer understanding of CEMs can be obtained. Finally, this paper will try to make a reflection on the legislative status of mainland China and Taiwan, and to propose legislative amendments on CEMs by combining the comparative law analysis and through combing the legislative status of several common CEMs in different jurisdictions.Whether a new venture can stand out from many competitors mainly depends on its founder`s human and intellectual capital. Therefore, it is very important for a good new venture to keep its founder in control during its development. On the other hand, it is difficult for the development of New Ventures to leave the support of external capital. The founders need to consider how to defend the intervention of external investors in the control rights. However, the control rights of the founders may also lead to excessive concentration of control rights, which undoubtedly increases the cost of supervision for external investors. Therefore, how to distribute the founder`s control rights to achieve win-win results for New Ventures, founders and external investors is worthy of attention and discussion.After Alibaba`s IPO in the United States, various capital markets have entered into a heated discussion on whether it is necessary to loosen the principle of "one share one vote". It can be said that this change has brought considerable impact on the system of countries that originally held the principle of "one share one vote". The academic world has also discussed whether it is necessary to enforce the principle of "one share one vote". There are many discussions on the necessity of changing the principle of one share and one vote from mandatory to arbitrary. Recently, more and more studies have shown that in today`s commercial market environment and legal environment, the principle of "one share, one vote" is not as strong as before. This view has also been accepted by the competent authorities of various countries. In addition to the jurisdictions of the United States which have already clearly agreed to recognize the dual class voting rights, most jurisdictions which previously adhered to the principle of "one share one vote", including mainland China and Taiwan, have re-examined the compulsory application of the principle of "one share one vote" in their domestic laws in recent years, and there is some breakthrough in legislation. Based on the analysis of comparative law, the author of this paper believes that there is no need to fear or absolutely prohibit the founder from using CEMs to strength his own control right on. From the perspective of activating the market and encouraging the development of New Ventures, a more relaxed attitude towards CEMs can provide more diversified financing possibilities for New Ventures, as well as facilitate the founders and external investors to rationally allocate their rights in New Ventures.As for the suggestions on legislative norms, especially for those CEMs mechanism deviating from the principle of "one share, one vote", the author believes that the next stage of amendment can be started from improving the legislative level and further relaxing the main body applicable to such mechanism. On the Taiwan side, after the overall amendment of the Company Law in 2018, in addition to granting the above CEMs statutory status, the amended Company Law gives most of the rule-making power to the articles of association of the company and gives non-public issuing companies a considerable autonomy space, therefore the non-public issuing companies and their shareholders become largest beneficiaries. However, in this amendment, the Company Law expressly prohibits the public company from using the CEMs mentioned above. 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國立政治大學
法律學系
104651070資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1046510702 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林國全 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Guo-Chyuan en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 王弈林 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Wang, Yi-Lin en_US dc.creator (作者) 王弈林 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Wang, Yi-Lin en_US dc.date (日期) 2019 en_US dc.date.accessioned 7-八月-2019 16:39:39 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 7-八月-2019 16:39:39 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 7-八月-2019 16:39:39 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G1046510702 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/124893 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 法律學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 104651070 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 以高新技術企業及文創企業為代表的新創企業以高速發展的態勢,成為了眾所矚目之焦點。許多成功的新創企業憑藉自身優良的經營效益,藉助風險投資、天使投資等特定外部資本的輸入逐步擴大著自身的規模。而在渴求外部資本的同時,諸如Google、Facebook、阿里巴巴、京東等公司的創始人對於確保自身的經營控制權也有著極高的需求。他們在契約或章程中,置入了加強自身經營控制權的機制(Contol Enhancing Mechanisms, the “CEMs”),以確保自己能夠永續掌握經營控制權。就前述現象,本文將討論的是創始人與外部投資人之間控制權分配的問題,從比較法上研究各法域對控制權强化機制之管制的變化和現狀。本文首先將從股權與控制權間之關係的分析進行切入,揭示在新創企業籌資的過程中,創始人利用控制權强化機制加强自身控制權對企業經營會帶來何種影響及通過控制權强化機制達到多元化分配控制權的必要性。其次,引入對控制權强化機制的介紹,期望通過對實例的介紹和分析,以及對與CEMs相關的爭議問題的分析,得到對CEMs更清晰的認識和理解。最後,結合比較法的分析方式,梳理幾種較爲常用的CEMs在不同法域的立法現狀,並為中國大陸和台灣的立法現狀進行反思,和提出立法上的修改建議。新創企業能否從眾多競爭者當中脫穎而出,主要依賴於創始人之人力、智力資本,故一家好的新創企業在發展的過程中若能保證創始人掌握著控制權,對於其永續經營至關重要。但另一方面,新創企業的發展又難以離開外部資本之支持,創始人需要考慮如何防禦外部投資人對控制權之介入,然創始人掌握控制權亦有可能造成控制權過於集中之狀況,對外部投資人而言無疑提高了監管成本。故對於如何分配創始人之控制權,能夠達到對新創企業、創始人、外部投資人共贏之結果實值得關注與探討。阿里巴巴在美國上市後,各個資本市場對考慮是否有必要鬆綁一股一表決權原則進入了熱烈的討論,可以說這種變化給原本持一股一表決權原則的國家的制度帶來了相當之衝擊,學界對於是否有必要將一股一表決權原則從強制性規定轉變為任意性規定進行了多番討論。近來也有越來越多的研究表明在如今的商業市場環境和法律環境下,一股一表決權原則並非如以往那般堅不可破。此觀點亦被各國主管機關所接受,除美國等早已明確肯認複數表決權之法域外,原先堅守一股一表決權原則之法域,包括中國大陸、台灣在內,大多在近幾年對本國法中一股一表決權原則的強制適用問題重新進行了審視,並已經在立法上開始嘗試突破。結合比較法上的分析,本文作者認為對於創始人以CEMs強化自身控制權無需談虎色變,也無需絕對禁止。從活絡市場、鼓勵新創企業發展之角度而言,對CEMs持較寬鬆態度,可為新創企業提供更多元化籌資的可能,也有利於創始人與外部投資人合理分配各自在新創企業中的權利。在對於立法規範的建議上,對於中國大陸在相關立法規範,尤其是偏離一股一表決權的CEMs機制的立法規範,本文作者認爲可以從提升立法層級、進一步放寬可適用該類機制的主體等方面著手進行下一階段的修法。台灣方面,在經歷了2018年的公司法大幅修正後,非公開發行之股份有限公司及其股東成爲最大的受益者,修正後的公司法除在成文法層面給予上述幾種CEMs肯認之地位以外,將大部分規則制定權限交由公司章程自治,給予了非公開發行公司相當的自治空間。惟在此次修法中,明文排除公開發行股票之公司得適用前述CEMs。因此下一階段的修法,本文作者認爲應著手於放開對公開發行股票之公司的限制,制定嚴謹合理的上市規則,並加强資訊揭露等配套措施。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) New Ventures, represented by high-tech enterprises and cultural & creative enterprises, have become the focus of discussion and attention for its rapid development. Many successful nev ventures, who enjoy excellent operational benefits, are making futher endeavor to gradually expand their scale by means of venture capital, angel investment and other specific external capital input. But in the meantime founders of the New Ventures such as the founders of Google, Facebook, Alibaba and Jingdong have a high demand for ensuring their own operational control while. They set the provisions regarding Control Enhancing Mechanisms (the "CEMs") strengthening their own management control rights through which they can continue to control the New Ventures in the shareholders’ agreement or articles of association. This paper will discuss the allocation of control rights between the founder and the external investors, and study the changes and current situation of the CEMs in different jurisdictions from the perspective of comparative law.Firstly, this paper will start with the analysis of the relationship between ownership and control rights, revealing what impact the founder will bring to the operation of the new venture by using the Control Enhancing Mechanisms, and the necessity of achieving diversified distribution of control rights through the CEMs. Secondly, this paper will take efforts to the reaserch and analyies the CEMs. It is expected that through the introduction and analysis of examples and the analysis of controversial issues related to CEMs, a clearer understanding of CEMs can be obtained. Finally, this paper will try to make a reflection on the legislative status of mainland China and Taiwan, and to propose legislative amendments on CEMs by combining the comparative law analysis and through combing the legislative status of several common CEMs in different jurisdictions.Whether a new venture can stand out from many competitors mainly depends on its founder`s human and intellectual capital. Therefore, it is very important for a good new venture to keep its founder in control during its development. On the other hand, it is difficult for the development of New Ventures to leave the support of external capital. The founders need to consider how to defend the intervention of external investors in the control rights. However, the control rights of the founders may also lead to excessive concentration of control rights, which undoubtedly increases the cost of supervision for external investors. Therefore, how to distribute the founder`s control rights to achieve win-win results for New Ventures, founders and external investors is worthy of attention and discussion.After Alibaba`s IPO in the United States, various capital markets have entered into a heated discussion on whether it is necessary to loosen the principle of "one share one vote". It can be said that this change has brought considerable impact on the system of countries that originally held the principle of "one share one vote". The academic world has also discussed whether it is necessary to enforce the principle of "one share one vote". There are many discussions on the necessity of changing the principle of one share and one vote from mandatory to arbitrary. Recently, more and more studies have shown that in today`s commercial market environment and legal environment, the principle of "one share, one vote" is not as strong as before. This view has also been accepted by the competent authorities of various countries. In addition to the jurisdictions of the United States which have already clearly agreed to recognize the dual class voting rights, most jurisdictions which previously adhered to the principle of "one share one vote", including mainland China and Taiwan, have re-examined the compulsory application of the principle of "one share one vote" in their domestic laws in recent years, and there is some breakthrough in legislation. Based on the analysis of comparative law, the author of this paper believes that there is no need to fear or absolutely prohibit the founder from using CEMs to strength his own control right on. From the perspective of activating the market and encouraging the development of New Ventures, a more relaxed attitude towards CEMs can provide more diversified financing possibilities for New Ventures, as well as facilitate the founders and external investors to rationally allocate their rights in New Ventures.As for the suggestions on legislative norms, especially for those CEMs mechanism deviating from the principle of "one share, one vote", the author believes that the next stage of amendment can be started from improving the legislative level and further relaxing the main body applicable to such mechanism. On the Taiwan side, after the overall amendment of the Company Law in 2018, in addition to granting the above CEMs statutory status, the amended Company Law gives most of the rule-making power to the articles of association of the company and gives non-public issuing companies a considerable autonomy space, therefore the non-public issuing companies and their shareholders become largest beneficiaries. However, in this amendment, the Company Law expressly prohibits the public company from using the CEMs mentioned above. Therefore, in the next stage of amending the law, the author believes that is should begin to relax the restrictions on companies that publicly issue shares, formulate rigorous and reasonable listing rules, and strengthen supporting measures such as information disclosure. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二節 研究範圍與架構 2第三節 研究方法 3第二章 公司股權與控制權 5第一節 公司股權 5第二節 公司控制權 6第三節 股權與控制權 11第四節 新創企業與創始人控制權 12第五節 小結 17第三章 CEMS暨控制權多元分配 19第一節 概述 19第二節 各國實踐情況 24第三節 控制權多元分配之應用及個案分析 46第四節 小結 60第四章 CEMS暨控制權多元分配方式的爭議問題 63第一節 控制權的歸屬問題 63第二節 與一股一表決權原則的衝突問題 65第三節 表決權拘束契約的效力問題 70第四節 小結 80第五章 CEMS暨控制權多元分配在各國的立法規範模式 85第一節 對一股一表決權之立法規範模式 86第二節 對表決權拘束契約之立法規範模式 97第三節 對金字塔股權結構之立法規範模式 100第四節 小結 104第六章 CEMS暨控制權多元分配在中國大陸與台灣之立法現狀與動態 109第一節 中國大陸之立法現狀與動態 109第二節 台灣之立法現狀與動態 123第三節 小結 131第七章 結論與建議 137第一節 總結 137第二節 對中國大陸修法之建議 137第三節 對台灣修法之建議 141參考文獻 145 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2649831 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1046510702 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 股權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 控制權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 控制權强化機制 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 一股一表決權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Equity Rights en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Control Rights en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Control Enhancing Mechanisms en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) One Share One Voting Right en_US dc.title (題名) 公司股權與控制權法律問題研究 : 以企業籌資過程中創始人控制權強化機制為中心 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A study on legal issues of Corporate Equity and Control Rights : Focusing on Control Enhancing Mechanisms for corporate’s founders in the process of Enterprise Financing en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文文獻(按作者姓氏筆畫數排列)(一)書籍1. 方嘉麟等合著,閉鎖性股份有限公司逐條釋義,2016年10月。2. 王文宇、林國全等合著,商事法,修訂七版,2015年9月。3. 李永軍,合同法,2005年2月。4. 中國證券監督管理委員會,中國上市公司治理發展報告-OECD-中國:公司治理共同評估項目自評估,2010年12月。5. 林詠榮,商事法新詮(上),1990年3月。6. 洪貴參,關係企業法理論與實務,1999年3月。7. 柯芳枝,公司法論,增訂九版,2013年9月。8. 梁上上,論股東表決權:以公司控制權爭奪為中心展開,2005年5月。9. 廖大穎,公司法原論,增訂七版,2016年2月。10. 劉俊海,現代公司法,二版,2011年6月。11. 劉連煜,現代公司法,增訂十版,2014年9月。12. 邁克爾·詹森著,胡堅譯,新帕爾格雷夫貨幣金融大辭典,2000年7月。(二)期刊論文1. 方嘉麟,林郁馨,複數表決權股之立法政策分析——以臺灣及香港為例,月旦民商法雜誌,52期,頁42-61,2016年6月。2. 王志誠,股東書面協議法制(下)——公開或閉鎖化之判定基準,月旦法學雜誌,175期,頁102-121,2009年12月。3. 王志誠,關係企業之認定及治理結構,月旦法學教室,35期,頁73-85,2005年10月。4. 朱德芳,雙層股權結構之分析──以上市櫃公司為核心,月旦法學雜志,274期,頁158-194,2018年3月。5. 汪青松、趙萬一,股份公司內部權力配置的結構性變革——以股東「同質化」假定到「異質化」現實的演進為視角,現代法學,2011年第3期,頁32-42,2011年3月。6. 汪青松,論股份公司股東權利的分離,清華法學,第8卷第2期,頁101-114,2014年3月。7. 何欣,論風險投資對公司的影響及對策研究,時代金融,589期,頁85-86,2015年5月。8. 吳少武,民營上市公司實際控制人特徵與企業績效的實證研究,市場研究,2014年11期,頁32-35,2014年11月。9. 吳新春,邢梅等,承認雙層股權結構,適應新型公司治理實踐,上海證券交易所研究報告,50期,頁1-28,2015年1月。10. 邵慶平,表決權拘束契約與累積投票制,月旦民商法雜誌,48卷第6期,頁103-114,2015年6月。11. 邵慶平,章程自治的界限──特別股類型限定的反省,月旦法學雜誌,247期,頁78-87,2015年12月12. 周軍,歐旭東,公司控制權配置機制研究述評,湖北行政學院學報,67期,頁42-46,2013年2月。13. 馬力,我國公司法對雙重股權制度的確立,法制與社會,2018年28期,頁26-27,2018年10月。14. 陳彥良,經營權協議與表決權拘束契約,月旦法學教室,169期,頁24-26,2016年11月。15. 俞雷,現代公司經營權與控制權的內涵界定及區別,商業時代,2010年1期,頁46-48,2010年1月。16. 姚志明,控制公司與其負責人之責任——公司法第三百六十九條之四之詮釋,月旦法學雜誌,46期,頁82-95,1999年3月。17. 柯芳枝,論股份有限公司股東表決權之行使(下),法學叢刊,9卷4期,頁74-92,1964年10月。18. 郭大維,論股東表決權拘束契約之效力——評最高法院九十六年度台上字第一三四號民事判決,月旦裁判時報,10卷,頁47-84,2011年8月。19. 郭燕陵,資金供需雙方談台灣新創企業融資環境,時代金融,534期,頁32,2013年11月。20. 黃臻,雙層股權結構實施法律環境的比較分析——以阿里巴巴上市為例,寧夏社會科學,193期,頁55-60,2015年11月。21. 黃銘傑,「股東」平等原則vs.「股份」平等原則——初探股東平等原則復權之必要性及可行性,月旦民商法雜誌,31期,頁5-22,2011年3月。22. 梁上上,表決權拘束協議:在雙重結構中生成與展開,法商研究,104期,頁94-106,2004年6月。23. 張舫,美國「一股一權」制度的興衰及其啟示,現代法學,第34卷第2期,頁152-163,2012年3月。24. 張雪真、陳怡靜、張婉婷,堅不可摧的一股一權?淺介雙層股權結構制度,證券服務,639期,頁59-67,2015年7月。25. 張志坡,優先股的立法、實踐與啟示,金陵法律評論,2012年1期,頁82-92,2012年1月。26. 曾婉如,股東與股東會——公司法未來修正之芻議,月旦法學雜誌,95期,頁110-122,2003年4月。27. 蔡英欣,股東表決權分配之規範模式,臺大法學論叢,第38卷第2期,頁71-129,2009年6月。28. 劉子亞,張建平,風險投資對企業實施契約控制的條款分析——基於訪談結果和對創業板的實證研究,技術經濟與管理研究,2016年第6期,頁3-8,2016年6月。29. 劉連煜,表決權拘束契約與表決權信託,月旦法學教室,第13期,頁26-27,2003年11月。(三)學位論文1. 郭青青,類別股法律制度研究,西南政法大學博士學位論文,2016年3月。(四)專書論文1. 林國全,公司法上之關係企業規範,載:跨世紀法學新思維——法學叢刊創刊五十週年,2006年1月。二、日文文獻(按作者姓氏筆畫數排列)(一)書籍1. 神田秀樹,会社法,9版,2007年3月。2. 森田章,上场会社法入門,2010年9月。(二)期刊論文1. 大森忠夫,議決権,田中耕太郎編,株式会社法講座第三巻,1961年。2. 吉井一浩,議決権種種類株式上場制度の活用について,月刊資本市場,7号,2014年7月。3. 森田果,株主間契約(一),法学協会雑誌,第118巻第2号,2001年1月。4. 黑沼悅郎,会社法の強行法規性,法學教室,194号,1996年。三、英文文獻(按作者姓名英文字母順序排列)(一)書籍1. 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