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題名 延長羈押及其合理期間 ——以歐洲人權法院判決為借鏡
A Study on the Review of the Extension of Detention and It’s Reasonable Time—Taking the Judgments of ECtHR as References
作者 張馳
Zhong, Cze Teo
貢獻者 何賴傑
Her, Lai-Jier
張馳
Zhong, Cze Teo
關鍵詞 延長羈押
合理期間
關聯性
充足性
國家勤勉義務
日期 2019
上傳時間 5-九月-2019 16:22:17 (UTC+8)
摘要 羈押,為強制手段最嚴重的強制處分,涉及剝奪尚未被定罪的個人之人身自由,因此對於「無罪推定原則」以及「人身自由和安全的權利」將造成衝擊。在尚未定罪以前,國家機關運用公權力強制剝奪人民的人身自由,應當格外謹慎。

為保障被告不遭受過長的羈押,應該要回歸探討現行刑事訴訟法,如何對於延長羈押的事由進行審查,以及是否將「羈押合理期間」、「國家義務」之概念納入延長羈押裁定之審查制度中。

本論文以此為出發點,針對從歐洲人權法院的判決進行分析,說明人權法院在國家進行延長羈押事由的審查,以及評估羈押期間是否超過「合理期間」要求時所採取的判斷標準,以作為我國檢討現行延長羈押之審查機制及「羈押合理期間」的借鏡。
參考文獻 第一部分:中文文獻

壹、專書
1. 王兆鵬、張明偉、李榮耕,刑事訴訟法(上),2018年9月。
2. 王兆鵬,刑事訴訟講義,2010年9月。
3. 林鈺雄,刑事訴訟法(上),2017年9月。

貳、碩博士論文
1. 劉建志,刑事被告請求適時審判的權利──以歐洲人權法院判例法為中心,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2006年。
2. 楊雅筑,羈押審查與救濟程序之研究——以德國法為中心,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2018年6月。

參、期刊論文
1. 尤伯祥,是恩惠還是權利?從程序保障觀點檢討現行羈押法制,全國律師,第10卷第7期,頁22-34,2006年7月。
2. 李建良,審判獨立與司法獨裁─評析司法院釋字第六六五號解釋,月旦法學雜誌,第176 期,頁42-67,2010年1月。
3. 吳志光,適當期間接受裁判權之實踐—以歐洲人權法院 Kudla v.Poland 案暨相關裁判為核心,台灣法學雜誌,第70期,頁102-119,2005年5 月。
4. 何賴傑,論刑事審判之「合理期間」,台灣法學雜誌,頁120-130,2005年4月。
5. 林鈺雄,陸正案人權觀察報告─以違反合理程序期間之爭點為中心,臺灣法學雜誌,第154期,頁85-117,2010年6月。
6. 施育傑,延長羈押的理由與羈押期間——以歐洲人權法院裁判為借鏡,法學新論,第10期,頁99-127,2009年5月。
7. 張升星,「刑事妥速審判法」的立法商榷,台灣法學雜誌,第143期,頁137-148,2010年1月。
8. 許澤天,羈押事由之研究,台灣法學雜誌,第121期,頁93-105,2009年2月。
9. 黃明展,美、日之刑事迅速審判制度探討—台灣構建刑事迅速審判制度之可行性,法學叢刊,第52卷3期,頁71-116,2007年7月。
10. 楊雲驊,刑事妥速審判法第五條「羈押期限」規定之人權意義—討論摘要,台灣法學雜誌,頁57-60,2010年10月。
11. 楊雲驊,延長羈押被告與人權保障—從歐洲人權法院實務論我國延長羈押的若干問題,台灣法學雜誌,第81期,頁150-165,2006年4月。

肆、政府公報
1. 立法院公報,第108卷第56期,2019年6月17日。
2. 法務部統計處編制,法務統計月報,2019年3月。

伍、法院延長羈押裁定
1. 台北地方法院 107 年度重訴字第 8 號裁定
2. 台北地方法院 107 年度訴字第 691 號裁定
3. 台北地方法院 107 年度訴字第 393 號裁定
4. 台北地方法院 107 年度訴字第 279 號裁定
5. 台北地方法院 107 年度訴字第 823 號裁定
6. 台北地方法院 107 年度訴字第 599 號裁定
7. 台灣高等法院 107 年度侵上訴字第 167 號裁定
8. 台灣高等法院 107 年度上重訴字第 24 號裁定
9. 台灣高等法院 107 年度上訴字第 2026 號裁定
10. 司法院刑事補償法庭 102 年度台覆字第 59 號覆審決定書
11. 最高法院 100 年台上字第 4177 號判決
12. 最高法院 98 年度台抗字第 691 號裁定
13. 最高法院 92 年度台抗字第 122 號裁定

第二部分:英文文獻

壹、專書
1. Stefan Trechsel(2005), HUMAN RIGHTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS, London: Oxford University Press.
2. Fair Trial International, A Measure of Last Resort? The Practice of Pre-Trial Detention Decision Making in the EU, 2016.

貳、期刊論文
1. Wayne Martin, Timeliness in the Justice System, Ideas and Innovations: Because delay is a kind of denial, MONASH UNIVERSITY LAW CHAMBERS, (2014).
2. Lonneke Stevens, Pre-Trial Detention: The Presumption of Innocence and Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights Cannot and Does Not Limit its Increasing Use, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CRIME, CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 (2009).

參、國際人權公約文書及政府出版
1. Ivana Roagna, The right to trial within reasonable time under Article 6 ECHR, Council of Europe Publishing, 2018.
2. ICCPR General Comment No. 35: Right to liberty and security of persons (Art. 9), CCPR/C/GC/35, 16 December 2014.
3. ICCPR General Comment No. 32: Right to equality before courts and tribunals and to a fair trial (Art. 14), CCPR/C/GC/32, 23 August 2007.
4. ICCPR General Comment No. 18: Non-discrimination, 10 November 1989.

肆、聯合國人權事務委員會決定
1. Human Rights Committee, Mikhail Marinich v Belarus, Communication No. 1502/2006.
2. Human Rights Committee, Fongum Gorji-Dinka v Cameroon, Communication No. 1134/2002.
3. Human Rights Committee, Hill v. Spain, Communication No. 526/1993.
4. Human Rights Committee, Mukong v Cameroon, Communication No. 458/1991.
5. Human Rights Committee, Jalloh v. The Netherlands, Communication No. 794/1988.
6. Human Rights Committee, Van Alphen v. The Netherlands, Communication No. 305/1988.
7. Human Rights Committee, Campbell v. Jamaica, Communication No. 248/1987.

伍、歐洲人權法院判決

A. Italy
1. ECtHR. Fodale v. Italy, Judgment of 1 June 2006, Appl. 70148/01.
2. ECtHR. Labita v. Italy, Judgment of 6 April 2000, Appl. 26772/95.
3. ECtHR. Contrada v. Italy, Judgment of 24 August 1998, Appl. 27143/95.
4. ECtHR. Scollo v. Italy, Judgment of 28 September 1995, Appl.19133/91.
5. ECtHR. Katte Klitsche de la Grange v. Italy, Judgment of 27 October 1994, Appl. 12539/86.
6. ECtHR. Vendittelli v. Italy, Judgment of 18 July 1994, Appl. 14804/89.
7. ECtHR. Muti v. Italy, Judgment of 23 March 1994, Appl. 14146/88.
8. ECtHR. Messina v. Italy, Judgment of 26 February 1993, Appl. 13803/88.
9. ECtHR. Trevisan v. Italy, Judgment of 26 February 1993, Appl. 13688/88.
10. ECtHR. Giancarlo Lombardo v. Italy, Judgment of 26 November 1992, Appl. 12490/86.
11. ECtHR. Barbagallo v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 13132/87.
12. ECtHR. Cifola v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 13216/87.
13. ECtHR, Lorenzi, Bernardini and Gritti v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 13301/87.
14. ECtHR. Borgese v. Italy, Judgment of 26 February 1992, Appl. 12870/87.
15. ECtHR. Tumminelli v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 13362/87.
16. ECtHR. Manifattura FL v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12407/86.
17. ECtHR. Idrocalce S.R.L. v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12088/86.
18. ECtHR. Cardarelli v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12148/86.
19. ECtHR. Ruotolo v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12460/86.
20. ECtHR. Golino v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12172/86.
21. ECtHR. Cooperativa Parco Cuma v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12145/86.
22. ECtHR. Serrentino v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12295/86.
23. ECtHR. Monaco v. Italy, Judgment of 26 February 1992, Appl. 12923/87.
24. European Commission of Human Rights, Ciancimino v. Italy, Decision of 27 May 1991, Appl. 12541/86, DR 70.
25. ECtHR. Manzoni v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 11804/85.
26. ECtHR. Ferraro v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 13440/87.
27. ECtHR. Maj v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 13087/87.
28. ECtHR. Adiletta and Others v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991,
Appl. 13978/88; 14236/88; 14237/88.
29. ECtHR. Brigandì v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 11460/85.
30. ECtHR. Girolami v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 13324/87.
31. ECtHR. Frau v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 12147/86.
32. ECtHR. Bezicheri v. Italy, Judgment of 25 October 1989, Appl. 11400/85.
33. ECtHR. Capuano v. Italy, Judgment of 25 June 1987, Appl. 9381/81.
34. ECtHR. Pretto and others v. Italy, Judgment of 8 December 1983, Appl. 7984/77.
35. ECtHR. Corigliano v. Italy, Judgment of 10 December 1982, Appl.
8304/78.
36. ECtHR. Foti and others v. Italy, Judgment of 10 December 1982, App. 7604/76; 7719/76; 7781/77; 7913/77.

B. France
1. ECtHR. Beaumer v. France, Judgment of 8 June 2004, Appl. 65323/01.
2. ECtHR. Garcia v. France, Judgment of 26 September 2000, Appl. 41001/98.
3. ECtHR. Caloc v. France, Judgment of 20 July 2000, Appl. 33951/96.
4. ECtHR. Frydlender v. France, Judgment of 27 June 2000, Appl. 30979/96.
5. ECtHR. I.A. v. France, Judgment of 23 September 1998, Appl. 28213/95.
6. ECtHR. Muller v. France, Judgment of 17 March 1997, Appl. 21802/93.
7. ECtHR. Allenet de Ribemont v. France, Judgment of 10 February 1995, Appl. 15175/89.
8. ECtHR. Karakaya v. France, Judgment of 26 August 1994, Appl. 22800/93.
9. ECtHR. Beaumartin v. France, Judgment of 24 January 1994, Appl. 15287/89.
10. ECtHR. Monnet v. France, Judgment of 27 October 1993, Appl. 13675/88.
11. ECtHR. Dobbertin v. France, Judgment of 25 February 1993, Appl. 13089/87.
12. ECtHR. Tomasi v. France, Judgment of 27 August 1992, Appl. 12850/87.
13. ECtHR. X. v. France, Judgment of 31 March 1992, Appl. 18020/91.
14. ECtHR. Kemmache v. France, Judgment of 27 November 1991, Appl. 12325/86.
15. ECtHR. Letellier v. France, Judgment of 26 June 1991, Appl. 12369/86.
16. ECtHR. Vernillo v. France, Judgment of 20 February 1991, Appl. 11889/85.

C. Germany
1. ECtHR. Ilnseher v. Germany, Judgment of 4 December 2018, Appl. 10211/12 and 27505/14.
2. ECtHR. Chraidi v. Germany, Judgment of 26 October 2006, Appl. 65655/01.
3. ECtHR. Dzelili v. Germany, Judgment of 10 November 2005, Appl. 65745/01.
4. ECtHR. Cevizovic v. Germany, Judgment of 29 July 2004, Appl. 49746/99.
5. ECtHR. Gast and Popp v. Germany, Judgment of 25 February 2000,
Appl. 29357/95.
6. ECtHR. K.-F v. Germany, Judgment of 27 November 1997, Appl. 25629/94.
7. ECtHR. Bock v. Germany, Judgment of 29 March 1989, Appl. 11118/84.
8. ECtHR. Deumeland v. Germany, Judgment of 29 May 1986, Appl. 9384/81.
9. ECtHR. Eckle v. Germany, Judgment of 15 July 1982, Appl. 8130/78.
10. ECtHR. Buchholz v. Germany, Judgment of 6 May 1981, Appl. 7759/77.
11. ECtHR. König v. Germany, Judgment of 28 June 1978, Appl. 6232/73.
12. European Commission of Human Rights, Levy v. Germany, Decision of 17 December 1973, Appl. 6066/73.
13. ECtHR. Wemhoff v. Germany, Judgment of 27 June 1968,Appl. 2122/64.

D. Poland
1. ECtHR. Rutkowski and Others v. Poland, Judgment of 7 July 2015, Appl. 72287/10; 13927/11; 46187/11.
2. ECtHR. Frasik v. Poland, Judgment of 5 January 2010, Appl. 22933/02.
3. ECtHR. Kauczor v. Poland, Judgment of 3 February 2009, Appl. 45219/06.
4. ECtHR. Ladent v Poland, Judgment of 18 March 2008, Appl. 11036/03.
5. ECtHR. Gładczak v. Poland, Judgment of 31 May 2007, Appl. 14255/02.
6. ECtHR. Ambruszkiewicz v Poland, Judgment of 4 May 2006, Appl. 38797/03.
7. ECtHR. Jarzyński v. Poland, Judgment of 4 October 2005, Appl. 15479/02.
8. ECtHR. Iłowiecki v. Poland, Judgment of 4 October 2001, Appl. 27504/95.
9. ECtHR. Bejer v. Poland, Judgment of 4 October 2001, Appl. 38328/97.
10. ECtHR. Jablonski v. Poland, Judgment of 21 December 2000, Appl. 33492/96.
11. ECtHR. Wloch v. Poland, Judgment of 19 October 2000, Appl. 27785/95.
12. ECtHR. Musiał v. Poland, Judgment of 25 March 1999, Appl. 24557/94.

E. United Kingdom
1. ECtHR. A. and Others v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 19 February 2009, Appl. 3455/05.
2. ECtHR. McKay v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 3 October 2006, Appl. 543/03.
3. ECtHR. O’Hara v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 16 October 2001, Appl. 37555/97.
4. ECtHR. S.B.C. v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 19 June 2001, Appl. 39360/98.
5. ECtHR, Steel and Others v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 23
September 1998, Appl. 4838/94.
6. ECtHR. Singh v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 21 February 1996, Appl. 23389/94.
7. ECtHR. Hussain v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 21 February 1996, Appl. 21928/93.
8. ECtHR. Murray v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 28 October 1994, Appl. 14310/88.
9. ECtHR. Darnell v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 26 October 1993, Appl. 15058/89.
10. ECtHR, Fox, Campbell and Hartley v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 30 August 1990, Appl. 12244/86; 12245/86; 12383/86.
11. ECtHR. H. v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 8 July 1987, Appl. 9580/81.

F. Austria
1. ECtHR. Wiesinger v. Austria, Judgment of 30 October 1991, Appl. 11796/85.
2. ECtHR. Obermeier v. Austria, Judgment of 28 June 1990, Appl. 11761/85.
3. ECtHR. B. v. Austria, Judgment of 28 March 1990, Appl. 11968/86.
4. ECtHR. Poiss v. Austria, Judgment of 23 April 1987, Appl. 9816/82.
5. ECtHR. Lechner and Hess v. Austria, Judgment of 23 April 1987, Appl. 9316/81.
6. ECtHR. Erkner and Hofauer v. Austria, Judgment of 23 April 1987, Appl. 9616/81.
7. European Commission of Human Rights, Can v. Austria, Report of 12 July 1984, Appl. 9300/8, Series A.
8. ECtHR. Ringeisen v. Austria, Judgment of 16 July 1971, Appl. 2614/65.
9. ECtHR. Neumeister v. Austria, Judgment of 27 June 1968, Appl. 1936/63.

G. Russia
1. ECtHR. Idalov v. Russia, Judgment of 22 May 2012, Appl. 5826/03.
2. ECtHR, Khodorkovskiy v. Russia, Judgment of 31 May 2011, Appl. 5829/04.
3. ECtHR. Aleksandr Makarov v. Russia, Judgment of 12 March 2009, Appl. 15217/01.
4. ECtHR. Melnikova v. Russia, Judgment of 21 June 2007, Appl. 24552/02.
5. ECtHR. Khudoyorov v. Russia, Judgment of 8 November 2005, Appl. 6847/02.
6. ECtHR. Panchenko v. Russia, Judgment of 8 February 2005, Appl. 45100/98.
7. ECtHR. Kalashnikov v. Russia, Judgment of 15 July 2002, Appl. 47095/99.

H. Portugal
1. ECtHR. Silva Pontes v. Portugal, Judgment of 23 March 1994, Appl. 14940/89.
2. ECtHR. Moreira de Azevedo v. Portugal, Judgment of 23 October 1990, Appl. 11296/84.
3. ECtHR. Neves e Silva v. Portugal, Judgment of 27 April 1989, Appl. 11213/84.
4. ECtHR. Martins Moreira v. Portugal, Judgment of 26 October 1988, Appl. 11371/85.
5. ECtHR. Baraona v. Portugal, Judgment of 8 July 1987, Appl. 10092/82.
6. ECtHR. Guincho v. Portugal, Judgment of 10 July 1984, Appl. 8990/80.

I. Switzerland
1. ECtHR. W. v. Switzerland, Judgment of 26 January 1993, Appl. 14379/88.
2. ECtHR. Zimmermann and Steiner v. Switzerland, Judgment of 13 July 1983, Appl. 8737/79.
3. European Commission of Human Rights, Bonnechaux v. Switzerland, Decision of 5 December 1978, Appl. 8224/78.
4. European Commission of Human Rights, Schertenleib v. Switzerland, Decision of 12 July 1979, Appl. 8339/78.

J. Belgium
1. ECtHR. Boddaert v. Belgium, Judgment of 12 October 1992, Appl. 12919/87.
2. ECtHR. Clooth v. Belgium, Judgment of 12 December 1991, Appl. 12718/87.
3. ECtHR. Deweer v. Belgium, Judgment of 27 February 1980, Appl. 6903/75.
4. ECtHR. De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Belgium, Judgment of 18 November 1970, Appl. 2832/66; 2835/66; 2899/66.

K. Turkey
1. ECtHR. Selçuk v. Turkey, Judgment of 10 January 2006, Appl. 21768/02.
2. ECtHR. Arap Yalgin and others v. Turkey, Judgment of 25 September 2001, Appl. 33370/96.
3. ECtHR. Erdagöz v. Turkey, Judgment of 22 October 1997, Appl. 21890/93.
4. ECtHR. Yağcı and Sargın v. Turkey, Judgment of 8 June 1995, Appl. 16419/90; 16426/90.

L. Moldova
1. ECtHR. Buzadji v. the Republic of Moldova, Judgment of 5 July 2016, Appl. 23755/07.
2. ECtHR. Ţurcan and Ţurcan v. Moldova, Judgment of 23 October 2007, Appl. 39835/05.
3. ECtHR. Becciev v. Moldova, Judgment of 4 October 2005, Appl. 9190/03.

M. Bulgaria
1. ECtHR. Ilijkov v. Bulgaria, Judgment of 26 July 2001, Appl. 33977/96.
2. ECtHR. Nikolova v. Bulgaria, Judgment of 25 March 1999, Appl. 1195/96.
3. ECtHR. Assenov and Others V. Bulgaria, Judgment of 28 October 1998, Appl. 24760/94.

N. Czech Republic
1. ECtHR. Barfuss v. Czech Republic, Judgment of 31 July 2000, Appl. 35848/97.
2. ECtHR. Český v. Czech Republic, Judgment of 6 June 2000, Appl. 33644/96.
3. ECtHR. Punzelt v. Czech Republic, Judgment of 25 April 2000, Appl. 31315/96.

O. Estonia
1. ECtHR. Ovsjannikov v. Estonia, Judgment of 20 February 2014, Appl. 1346/12.
2. ECtHR. Sulaoja v. Estonia, Judgment of 15 February 2005, Appl. 55939/00.

P. Greece
1. ECtHR. Kampanis v. Greece, Judgment of 13 July 1995, Appl. 17977/91.
2. ECtHR. Stran Greek Refineries and Stratis Andreadis v. Greece, Judgment of 9 December 1994, Appl. 13427/87.

Q. Spain
1. ECtHR. Ruiz-Mateos v. Spain, Judgment of 23 June 1993, Appl. 12952/87.
2. ECtHR. Unión Alimentaria Sanders S.A. v. Spain, Judgment of 7 July 1989, Appl. 11681/85.

R. The Netherlands
1. ECtHR. Abdoella v. the Netherlands, Judgment 25 November 1992, Appl. 12728/87.
2. ECtHR. Koendjbiharie v. the Netherlands, Judgment of 25 October 1990, Appl. 11487/85.

S. Slovakia
1. ECtHR. Štvrtecký v. Slovakia, Judgment of 5 June 2018, Appl. 55844/12.
2. ECtHR. Cernák v. Slovakia, Judgment of 17 December 2013, Appl. 36997/08.

T. San Marino
1. ECtHR. Podeschi v. San Marino, Judgment of 13 April 2017, Appl. 66357/14.

U. Croatia
1. ECtHR. Milanković and Bošnjak v. Croatia, Judgment of 26 April 2016, Appl. 37762/12; 23530/13.

V. Azerbaijan
1. ECtHR. Ilgar Mammadov v. Azerbaijan, Judgment of 22 May 2014, Appl. 15172/13.

W. Ukraine
1. ECtHR. Korneykova v. Ukraine, Judgment of 19 January 2012, Appl. 39884/05.

X. Sweden
1. ECtHR. Olsson v. Sweden (No. 2), Judgment of 27 November 1992, Appl. 13441/87.

Y. Georgia
1. ECtHR. Merabishvili v. Georgia, Judgment of 28 November 2017, Appl. 72508/13.

Z. Serbia
1. ECtHR. Vrenčev v. Serbia, Judgment of 23 September 2008, Appl. 2361/05.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學系
102651063
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1026510631
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 何賴傑zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Her, Lai-Jieren_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 張馳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Zhong, Cze Teoen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張馳zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Zhong, Cze Teoen_US
dc.date (日期) 2019en_US
dc.date.accessioned 5-九月-2019 16:22:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 5-九月-2019 16:22:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-九月-2019 16:22:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G1026510631en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/125669-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102651063zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 羈押,為強制手段最嚴重的強制處分,涉及剝奪尚未被定罪的個人之人身自由,因此對於「無罪推定原則」以及「人身自由和安全的權利」將造成衝擊。在尚未定罪以前,國家機關運用公權力強制剝奪人民的人身自由,應當格外謹慎。

為保障被告不遭受過長的羈押,應該要回歸探討現行刑事訴訟法,如何對於延長羈押的事由進行審查,以及是否將「羈押合理期間」、「國家義務」之概念納入延長羈押裁定之審查制度中。

本論文以此為出發點,針對從歐洲人權法院的判決進行分析,說明人權法院在國家進行延長羈押事由的審查,以及評估羈押期間是否超過「合理期間」要求時所採取的判斷標準,以作為我國檢討現行延長羈押之審查機制及「羈押合理期間」的借鏡。
zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、緒論 1
第一節、問題意識 1
第二節、研究方法與研究範圍 2
第三節、本文架構 3
第二章、我國審判中延長羈押制度之現況 5
第一節、審判中羈押與延長羈押之制度簡介 5
第一項、羈押之事由 5
第二項、羈押之期間 6
第三項、審判中羈押與延長羈押之程序 6
第二節、現行羈押及延長羈押之制度性問題 7
第一項、審判中羈押無發動機制 7
第二項、以犯罪嫌疑重大為前提之危險 7
第三項、羈押事由含糊不清 8
第一款、逃亡或有逃亡之虞 9
第二款、有事實足認為湮滅、偽造、變造證據或勾串共犯或證人之虞 10
第四項、羈押期間過長 10
第五項、未以犯罪類型區分羈押期間 12
第六項、重罪羈押之證明門檻過低 12
第七項、預防性羈押之違憲疑慮 14
第三節、現行羈押裁定與延長羈押裁定之實務現況 15
第一項、延長羈押原因之現況分析 15
第一款、殺人罪 16
第二款、妨害性自主罪 16
第三款、毒品危害防制條例 17
第四款、詐欺罪 18
第五款、竊盜罪 19
第二項、延長羈押之實務問題觀察 20
第一款、歷次延長羈押事由皆相同 20
第二款、完全未論述延長羈押理由 21
第三款、以重罪為唯一羈押理由 22
第四款、未審查司法機關作為 23
第四節、小結 24
第一項、制度面之疑慮 24
第二項、實務面之問題 25
第三章 歐洲人權法院延長羈押事由之判斷標準 27
第一節、國際人權法對於人身自由拘束之最低標準 27
第一項、不歧視原則 27
第二項、無罪推定原則 28
第三項、免於任意逮捕之權利 28
第四項、推定應獲得釋放的權利 29
第五項、有權在合理的時間內迅速提交法官 30
第六項、有權獲知逮捕原因和任何指控 31
第七項、有權針對羈押合法性提起救濟 31
第一款、獨立及有權釋放被告的法院 31
第二款、武器平等原則 32
第三款、合理期間內提起救濟的權利 33
第四款、迅速獲得審查的權利 33
第二節、歐洲人權法院延長羈押事由之判斷標準 34
第一項、判斷標準一:合理懷疑犯罪 34
第一款、需依據充分之事實與資訊 35
第二款、不得作為唯一依據之事由 36
第一目、污點證人 36
第二目、傳聞證據 36
第三目、指認 37
第三款、合理懷疑需持續存在 38
第二項、判斷標準二:「關聯性」與「充足性」 38
第一款、逃亡風險 39
第一目、重罪之推定禁止 40
第二目、綜合判斷被告所有情狀 41
第三目、無固定居所之推定禁止 42
第四目、逃亡風險將隨羈押期間經過而減少 43
第五目、羈押替代措施之優先適用 43
第二款、湮滅、偽造或變造證據 44
第一目、抽象推定之禁止 44
第二目、僅能適用於程序初始 46
第三目、重罪推定之禁止 47
第四目、組織犯罪具較高風險 48
第三款、再犯的風險 49
第一目、以前科紀錄為判斷依據之標準 49
第二目、失業或無家庭之推定禁止 50
第四款、保護公共秩序 51
第五款、保護被告人身安全 52
第三項、判斷標準三:國家的特別勤勉義務 52
第三節、歐洲人權法院對於羈押替代措施之見解 53
第一項、保釋 54
第二項、強制居住令 54
第三項、其他替代措施 55
第四節、小結 56
第四章、歐洲人權法院之合理期間判斷標準 58
第一節、速審權之起源及其意涵 58
第一項、速審權之起源 58
第二項、速審權所保護之利益 59
第一款、被告之利益 59
第二款、社會公共利益 60
第二節、國際人權法「速審權」的「合理期間」概念 60
第一項、公民與政治權利國際公約 60
第二項、歐洲人權公約 61
第三項、國際人權法「速審權」及「合理期間」之意涵 62
第三節、歐洲人權法院對刑事案件之「期間」計算方式 62
第一項、期間之起點 62
第二項、期間之終點 63
第四節、歐洲人權法院對「合理期間」之判斷標準 64
第一項、案件之複雜性 65
第一款、案件複雜性之內涵 65
第一目、事實的複雜性 66
第二目、法律問題的複雜性 66
第三目、程序的複雜性 67
第二款、案件複雜性的最低解釋限度 68
第二項、案件對當事人的嚴重性 69
第一款、國家對羈押中被告之特別勤勉義務 70
第三項、當事人的作為與態度 70
第一款、可能造成程序遲延之客觀事實 71
第二款、不可歸咎於國家的客觀事實 72
第四項、國家機關的作為與態度 74
第一款、可能造成程序遲延之客觀事實 74
第二款、國家是否已盡積極義務 77
第三款、國家機關無法免責之事由 77
第五項、歐洲人權法院對於「合理期間」之整體評價方式 79
第一款、採取全面評估法 79
第二款、其他可能的次要考量因素 81
第六項、公約第 6 條「合理期間」與第 5 條第 3 項之競合 81
第一款、基本概念 81
第二款、歐洲人權法院判決參考 82
第五節、小結 83
第五章、歐洲人權法院判決對我國之啟示 85
第一節、應確切保障被羈押者的最基本權利 85
第二節、對於我國「延長羈押事由」之啟示 85
第一項、制定「犯罪嫌疑重大」的消極要件 86
第二項、延長羈押事由的「關聯性」與「充分性」 87
第一款、制定延長羈押事由的消極要件 87
第二款、課予法院更積極的證明義務 88
第三節、對於我國「羈押合理期間」之啟示 88
第一項、建立國家勤勉義務的審查機制 88
第二項、細緻化判斷導致羈押期間遲延的因素 89
第六章、結論 90
參考文獻 94
附表 - 1 -
附表一:高等法院 107 年度侵上訴字第 167 號、107 年度上重訴字第 24 號延長羈押歷程 - 1 -
附表二:台灣高等法院 2018.1.1 至 2019.3.31 間未論述羈押理由之延長羈押裁定 - 5 -
附表三:2018.4.1 至 2019.3.31 北三院「殺人罪」延長羈押事由 - 9 -
附表四:2018.4.1 至 2019.3.31 北三院「妨害性自主罪」延長羈押事由 - 13 -
附表五:2018.4.1 至 2019.3.31 北三院「毒品危害防制條例」延長羈押事由 - 15 -
附表六:2018.4.1 至 2019.3.31 北三院「詐欺罪」延長羈押事由 - 24 -
附表七:2018.4.1 至 2019.3.31 北三院「竊盜罪」延長羈押事由 - 27 -
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1415283 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1026510631en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 延長羈押zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 合理期間zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關聯性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 充足性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國家勤勉義務zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 延長羈押及其合理期間 ——以歐洲人權法院判決為借鏡zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study on the Review of the Extension of Detention and It’s Reasonable Time—Taking the Judgments of ECtHR as Referencesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 第一部分:中文文獻

壹、專書
1. 王兆鵬、張明偉、李榮耕,刑事訴訟法(上),2018年9月。
2. 王兆鵬,刑事訴訟講義,2010年9月。
3. 林鈺雄,刑事訴訟法(上),2017年9月。

貳、碩博士論文
1. 劉建志,刑事被告請求適時審判的權利──以歐洲人權法院判例法為中心,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2006年。
2. 楊雅筑,羈押審查與救濟程序之研究——以德國法為中心,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2018年6月。

參、期刊論文
1. 尤伯祥,是恩惠還是權利?從程序保障觀點檢討現行羈押法制,全國律師,第10卷第7期,頁22-34,2006年7月。
2. 李建良,審判獨立與司法獨裁─評析司法院釋字第六六五號解釋,月旦法學雜誌,第176 期,頁42-67,2010年1月。
3. 吳志光,適當期間接受裁判權之實踐—以歐洲人權法院 Kudla v.Poland 案暨相關裁判為核心,台灣法學雜誌,第70期,頁102-119,2005年5 月。
4. 何賴傑,論刑事審判之「合理期間」,台灣法學雜誌,頁120-130,2005年4月。
5. 林鈺雄,陸正案人權觀察報告─以違反合理程序期間之爭點為中心,臺灣法學雜誌,第154期,頁85-117,2010年6月。
6. 施育傑,延長羈押的理由與羈押期間——以歐洲人權法院裁判為借鏡,法學新論,第10期,頁99-127,2009年5月。
7. 張升星,「刑事妥速審判法」的立法商榷,台灣法學雜誌,第143期,頁137-148,2010年1月。
8. 許澤天,羈押事由之研究,台灣法學雜誌,第121期,頁93-105,2009年2月。
9. 黃明展,美、日之刑事迅速審判制度探討—台灣構建刑事迅速審判制度之可行性,法學叢刊,第52卷3期,頁71-116,2007年7月。
10. 楊雲驊,刑事妥速審判法第五條「羈押期限」規定之人權意義—討論摘要,台灣法學雜誌,頁57-60,2010年10月。
11. 楊雲驊,延長羈押被告與人權保障—從歐洲人權法院實務論我國延長羈押的若干問題,台灣法學雜誌,第81期,頁150-165,2006年4月。

肆、政府公報
1. 立法院公報,第108卷第56期,2019年6月17日。
2. 法務部統計處編制,法務統計月報,2019年3月。

伍、法院延長羈押裁定
1. 台北地方法院 107 年度重訴字第 8 號裁定
2. 台北地方法院 107 年度訴字第 691 號裁定
3. 台北地方法院 107 年度訴字第 393 號裁定
4. 台北地方法院 107 年度訴字第 279 號裁定
5. 台北地方法院 107 年度訴字第 823 號裁定
6. 台北地方法院 107 年度訴字第 599 號裁定
7. 台灣高等法院 107 年度侵上訴字第 167 號裁定
8. 台灣高等法院 107 年度上重訴字第 24 號裁定
9. 台灣高等法院 107 年度上訴字第 2026 號裁定
10. 司法院刑事補償法庭 102 年度台覆字第 59 號覆審決定書
11. 最高法院 100 年台上字第 4177 號判決
12. 最高法院 98 年度台抗字第 691 號裁定
13. 最高法院 92 年度台抗字第 122 號裁定

第二部分:英文文獻

壹、專書
1. Stefan Trechsel(2005), HUMAN RIGHTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS, London: Oxford University Press.
2. Fair Trial International, A Measure of Last Resort? The Practice of Pre-Trial Detention Decision Making in the EU, 2016.

貳、期刊論文
1. Wayne Martin, Timeliness in the Justice System, Ideas and Innovations: Because delay is a kind of denial, MONASH UNIVERSITY LAW CHAMBERS, (2014).
2. Lonneke Stevens, Pre-Trial Detention: The Presumption of Innocence and Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights Cannot and Does Not Limit its Increasing Use, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CRIME, CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 (2009).

參、國際人權公約文書及政府出版
1. Ivana Roagna, The right to trial within reasonable time under Article 6 ECHR, Council of Europe Publishing, 2018.
2. ICCPR General Comment No. 35: Right to liberty and security of persons (Art. 9), CCPR/C/GC/35, 16 December 2014.
3. ICCPR General Comment No. 32: Right to equality before courts and tribunals and to a fair trial (Art. 14), CCPR/C/GC/32, 23 August 2007.
4. ICCPR General Comment No. 18: Non-discrimination, 10 November 1989.

肆、聯合國人權事務委員會決定
1. Human Rights Committee, Mikhail Marinich v Belarus, Communication No. 1502/2006.
2. Human Rights Committee, Fongum Gorji-Dinka v Cameroon, Communication No. 1134/2002.
3. Human Rights Committee, Hill v. Spain, Communication No. 526/1993.
4. Human Rights Committee, Mukong v Cameroon, Communication No. 458/1991.
5. Human Rights Committee, Jalloh v. The Netherlands, Communication No. 794/1988.
6. Human Rights Committee, Van Alphen v. The Netherlands, Communication No. 305/1988.
7. Human Rights Committee, Campbell v. Jamaica, Communication No. 248/1987.

伍、歐洲人權法院判決

A. Italy
1. ECtHR. Fodale v. Italy, Judgment of 1 June 2006, Appl. 70148/01.
2. ECtHR. Labita v. Italy, Judgment of 6 April 2000, Appl. 26772/95.
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6. ECtHR. Vendittelli v. Italy, Judgment of 18 July 1994, Appl. 14804/89.
7. ECtHR. Muti v. Italy, Judgment of 23 March 1994, Appl. 14146/88.
8. ECtHR. Messina v. Italy, Judgment of 26 February 1993, Appl. 13803/88.
9. ECtHR. Trevisan v. Italy, Judgment of 26 February 1993, Appl. 13688/88.
10. ECtHR. Giancarlo Lombardo v. Italy, Judgment of 26 November 1992, Appl. 12490/86.
11. ECtHR. Barbagallo v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 13132/87.
12. ECtHR. Cifola v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 13216/87.
13. ECtHR, Lorenzi, Bernardini and Gritti v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 13301/87.
14. ECtHR. Borgese v. Italy, Judgment of 26 February 1992, Appl. 12870/87.
15. ECtHR. Tumminelli v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 13362/87.
16. ECtHR. Manifattura FL v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12407/86.
17. ECtHR. Idrocalce S.R.L. v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12088/86.
18. ECtHR. Cardarelli v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12148/86.
19. ECtHR. Ruotolo v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12460/86.
20. ECtHR. Golino v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12172/86.
21. ECtHR. Cooperativa Parco Cuma v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12145/86.
22. ECtHR. Serrentino v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12295/86.
23. ECtHR. Monaco v. Italy, Judgment of 26 February 1992, Appl. 12923/87.
24. European Commission of Human Rights, Ciancimino v. Italy, Decision of 27 May 1991, Appl. 12541/86, DR 70.
25. ECtHR. Manzoni v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 11804/85.
26. ECtHR. Ferraro v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 13440/87.
27. ECtHR. Maj v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 13087/87.
28. ECtHR. Adiletta and Others v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991,
Appl. 13978/88; 14236/88; 14237/88.
29. ECtHR. Brigandì v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 11460/85.
30. ECtHR. Girolami v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 13324/87.
31. ECtHR. Frau v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 12147/86.
32. ECtHR. Bezicheri v. Italy, Judgment of 25 October 1989, Appl. 11400/85.
33. ECtHR. Capuano v. Italy, Judgment of 25 June 1987, Appl. 9381/81.
34. ECtHR. Pretto and others v. Italy, Judgment of 8 December 1983, Appl. 7984/77.
35. ECtHR. Corigliano v. Italy, Judgment of 10 December 1982, Appl.
8304/78.
36. ECtHR. Foti and others v. Italy, Judgment of 10 December 1982, App. 7604/76; 7719/76; 7781/77; 7913/77.

B. France
1. ECtHR. Beaumer v. France, Judgment of 8 June 2004, Appl. 65323/01.
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3. ECtHR. Caloc v. France, Judgment of 20 July 2000, Appl. 33951/96.
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5. ECtHR. I.A. v. France, Judgment of 23 September 1998, Appl. 28213/95.
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8. ECtHR. Karakaya v. France, Judgment of 26 August 1994, Appl. 22800/93.
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12. ECtHR. Tomasi v. France, Judgment of 27 August 1992, Appl. 12850/87.
13. ECtHR. X. v. France, Judgment of 31 March 1992, Appl. 18020/91.
14. ECtHR. Kemmache v. France, Judgment of 27 November 1991, Appl. 12325/86.
15. ECtHR. Letellier v. France, Judgment of 26 June 1991, Appl. 12369/86.
16. ECtHR. Vernillo v. France, Judgment of 20 February 1991, Appl. 11889/85.

C. Germany
1. ECtHR. Ilnseher v. Germany, Judgment of 4 December 2018, Appl. 10211/12 and 27505/14.
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5. ECtHR. Gast and Popp v. Germany, Judgment of 25 February 2000,
Appl. 29357/95.
6. ECtHR. K.-F v. Germany, Judgment of 27 November 1997, Appl. 25629/94.
7. ECtHR. Bock v. Germany, Judgment of 29 March 1989, Appl. 11118/84.
8. ECtHR. Deumeland v. Germany, Judgment of 29 May 1986, Appl. 9384/81.
9. ECtHR. Eckle v. Germany, Judgment of 15 July 1982, Appl. 8130/78.
10. ECtHR. Buchholz v. Germany, Judgment of 6 May 1981, Appl. 7759/77.
11. ECtHR. König v. Germany, Judgment of 28 June 1978, Appl. 6232/73.
12. European Commission of Human Rights, Levy v. Germany, Decision of 17 December 1973, Appl. 6066/73.
13. ECtHR. Wemhoff v. Germany, Judgment of 27 June 1968,Appl. 2122/64.

D. Poland
1. ECtHR. Rutkowski and Others v. Poland, Judgment of 7 July 2015, Appl. 72287/10; 13927/11; 46187/11.
2. ECtHR. Frasik v. Poland, Judgment of 5 January 2010, Appl. 22933/02.
3. ECtHR. Kauczor v. Poland, Judgment of 3 February 2009, Appl. 45219/06.
4. ECtHR. Ladent v Poland, Judgment of 18 March 2008, Appl. 11036/03.
5. ECtHR. Gładczak v. Poland, Judgment of 31 May 2007, Appl. 14255/02.
6. ECtHR. Ambruszkiewicz v Poland, Judgment of 4 May 2006, Appl. 38797/03.
7. ECtHR. Jarzyński v. Poland, Judgment of 4 October 2005, Appl. 15479/02.
8. ECtHR. Iłowiecki v. Poland, Judgment of 4 October 2001, Appl. 27504/95.
9. ECtHR. Bejer v. Poland, Judgment of 4 October 2001, Appl. 38328/97.
10. ECtHR. Jablonski v. Poland, Judgment of 21 December 2000, Appl. 33492/96.
11. ECtHR. Wloch v. Poland, Judgment of 19 October 2000, Appl. 27785/95.
12. ECtHR. Musiał v. Poland, Judgment of 25 March 1999, Appl. 24557/94.

E. United Kingdom
1. ECtHR. A. and Others v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 19 February 2009, Appl. 3455/05.
2. ECtHR. McKay v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 3 October 2006, Appl. 543/03.
3. ECtHR. O’Hara v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 16 October 2001, Appl. 37555/97.
4. ECtHR. S.B.C. v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 19 June 2001, Appl. 39360/98.
5. ECtHR, Steel and Others v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 23
September 1998, Appl. 4838/94.
6. ECtHR. Singh v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 21 February 1996, Appl. 23389/94.
7. ECtHR. Hussain v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 21 February 1996, Appl. 21928/93.
8. ECtHR. Murray v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 28 October 1994, Appl. 14310/88.
9. ECtHR. Darnell v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 26 October 1993, Appl. 15058/89.
10. ECtHR, Fox, Campbell and Hartley v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 30 August 1990, Appl. 12244/86; 12245/86; 12383/86.
11. ECtHR. H. v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 8 July 1987, Appl. 9580/81.

F. Austria
1. ECtHR. Wiesinger v. Austria, Judgment of 30 October 1991, Appl. 11796/85.
2. ECtHR. Obermeier v. Austria, Judgment of 28 June 1990, Appl. 11761/85.
3. ECtHR. B. v. Austria, Judgment of 28 March 1990, Appl. 11968/86.
4. ECtHR. Poiss v. Austria, Judgment of 23 April 1987, Appl. 9816/82.
5. ECtHR. Lechner and Hess v. Austria, Judgment of 23 April 1987, Appl. 9316/81.
6. ECtHR. Erkner and Hofauer v. Austria, Judgment of 23 April 1987, Appl. 9616/81.
7. European Commission of Human Rights, Can v. Austria, Report of 12 July 1984, Appl. 9300/8, Series A.
8. ECtHR. Ringeisen v. Austria, Judgment of 16 July 1971, Appl. 2614/65.
9. ECtHR. Neumeister v. Austria, Judgment of 27 June 1968, Appl. 1936/63.

G. Russia
1. ECtHR. Idalov v. Russia, Judgment of 22 May 2012, Appl. 5826/03.
2. ECtHR, Khodorkovskiy v. Russia, Judgment of 31 May 2011, Appl. 5829/04.
3. ECtHR. Aleksandr Makarov v. Russia, Judgment of 12 March 2009, Appl. 15217/01.
4. ECtHR. Melnikova v. Russia, Judgment of 21 June 2007, Appl. 24552/02.
5. ECtHR. Khudoyorov v. Russia, Judgment of 8 November 2005, Appl. 6847/02.
6. ECtHR. Panchenko v. Russia, Judgment of 8 February 2005, Appl. 45100/98.
7. ECtHR. Kalashnikov v. Russia, Judgment of 15 July 2002, Appl. 47095/99.

H. Portugal
1. ECtHR. Silva Pontes v. Portugal, Judgment of 23 March 1994, Appl. 14940/89.
2. ECtHR. Moreira de Azevedo v. Portugal, Judgment of 23 October 1990, Appl. 11296/84.
3. ECtHR. Neves e Silva v. Portugal, Judgment of 27 April 1989, Appl. 11213/84.
4. ECtHR. Martins Moreira v. Portugal, Judgment of 26 October 1988, Appl. 11371/85.
5. ECtHR. Baraona v. Portugal, Judgment of 8 July 1987, Appl. 10092/82.
6. ECtHR. Guincho v. Portugal, Judgment of 10 July 1984, Appl. 8990/80.

I. Switzerland
1. ECtHR. W. v. Switzerland, Judgment of 26 January 1993, Appl. 14379/88.
2. ECtHR. Zimmermann and Steiner v. Switzerland, Judgment of 13 July 1983, Appl. 8737/79.
3. European Commission of Human Rights, Bonnechaux v. Switzerland, Decision of 5 December 1978, Appl. 8224/78.
4. European Commission of Human Rights, Schertenleib v. Switzerland, Decision of 12 July 1979, Appl. 8339/78.

J. Belgium
1. ECtHR. Boddaert v. Belgium, Judgment of 12 October 1992, Appl. 12919/87.
2. ECtHR. Clooth v. Belgium, Judgment of 12 December 1991, Appl. 12718/87.
3. ECtHR. Deweer v. Belgium, Judgment of 27 February 1980, Appl. 6903/75.
4. ECtHR. De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Belgium, Judgment of 18 November 1970, Appl. 2832/66; 2835/66; 2899/66.

K. Turkey
1. ECtHR. Selçuk v. Turkey, Judgment of 10 January 2006, Appl. 21768/02.
2. ECtHR. Arap Yalgin and others v. Turkey, Judgment of 25 September 2001, Appl. 33370/96.
3. ECtHR. Erdagöz v. Turkey, Judgment of 22 October 1997, Appl. 21890/93.
4. ECtHR. Yağcı and Sargın v. Turkey, Judgment of 8 June 1995, Appl. 16419/90; 16426/90.

L. Moldova
1. ECtHR. Buzadji v. the Republic of Moldova, Judgment of 5 July 2016, Appl. 23755/07.
2. ECtHR. Ţurcan and Ţurcan v. Moldova, Judgment of 23 October 2007, Appl. 39835/05.
3. ECtHR. Becciev v. Moldova, Judgment of 4 October 2005, Appl. 9190/03.

M. Bulgaria
1. ECtHR. Ilijkov v. Bulgaria, Judgment of 26 July 2001, Appl. 33977/96.
2. ECtHR. Nikolova v. Bulgaria, Judgment of 25 March 1999, Appl. 1195/96.
3. ECtHR. Assenov and Others V. Bulgaria, Judgment of 28 October 1998, Appl. 24760/94.

N. Czech Republic
1. ECtHR. Barfuss v. Czech Republic, Judgment of 31 July 2000, Appl. 35848/97.
2. ECtHR. Český v. Czech Republic, Judgment of 6 June 2000, Appl. 33644/96.
3. ECtHR. Punzelt v. Czech Republic, Judgment of 25 April 2000, Appl. 31315/96.

O. Estonia
1. ECtHR. Ovsjannikov v. Estonia, Judgment of 20 February 2014, Appl. 1346/12.
2. ECtHR. Sulaoja v. Estonia, Judgment of 15 February 2005, Appl. 55939/00.

P. Greece
1. ECtHR. Kampanis v. Greece, Judgment of 13 July 1995, Appl. 17977/91.
2. ECtHR. Stran Greek Refineries and Stratis Andreadis v. Greece, Judgment of 9 December 1994, Appl. 13427/87.

Q. Spain
1. ECtHR. Ruiz-Mateos v. Spain, Judgment of 23 June 1993, Appl. 12952/87.
2. ECtHR. Unión Alimentaria Sanders S.A. v. Spain, Judgment of 7 July 1989, Appl. 11681/85.

R. The Netherlands
1. ECtHR. Abdoella v. the Netherlands, Judgment 25 November 1992, Appl. 12728/87.
2. ECtHR. Koendjbiharie v. the Netherlands, Judgment of 25 October 1990, Appl. 11487/85.

S. Slovakia
1. ECtHR. Štvrtecký v. Slovakia, Judgment of 5 June 2018, Appl. 55844/12.
2. ECtHR. Cernák v. Slovakia, Judgment of 17 December 2013, Appl. 36997/08.

T. San Marino
1. ECtHR. Podeschi v. San Marino, Judgment of 13 April 2017, Appl. 66357/14.

U. Croatia
1. ECtHR. Milanković and Bošnjak v. Croatia, Judgment of 26 April 2016, Appl. 37762/12; 23530/13.

V. Azerbaijan
1. ECtHR. Ilgar Mammadov v. Azerbaijan, Judgment of 22 May 2014, Appl. 15172/13.

W. Ukraine
1. ECtHR. Korneykova v. Ukraine, Judgment of 19 January 2012, Appl. 39884/05.

X. Sweden
1. ECtHR. Olsson v. Sweden (No. 2), Judgment of 27 November 1992, Appl. 13441/87.

Y. Georgia
1. ECtHR. Merabishvili v. Georgia, Judgment of 28 November 2017, Appl. 72508/13.

Z. Serbia
1. ECtHR. Vrenčev v. Serbia, Judgment of 23 September 2008, Appl. 2361/05.
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU201901033en_US