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TAIR相關學術產出

題名 注意力平台之商業模式與競爭法議題
Business Model and Competition Law Issues of Attention Platforms
作者 邱純慧
Chiu, Chun-Hui
貢獻者 鄭菀瓊
Cheng, Wan-Chiung
邱純慧
Chiu, Chun-Hui
關鍵詞 注意力經濟
網路平台
平台管制
使用者鎖定
封鎖效果
網路效應
關鍵設施理論
行為經濟學
推力
零元定價
Attention Economy
Online Platform
Platform Regulation
User lock-in
Foreclosure
Network Effect
Essential Facility
Behavioral Economics
Nudge
Zero Pricing
日期 2020
上傳時間 2-九月-2020 13:12:08 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究透過聚焦歐盟、美國、中國之重要平台競爭案例，歸納、整理出現今許多大型網路平台具有「鎖定使用者」、「利用使用者注意力」之特性，因此又有學者將網路平台當中具有此些特性者稱為「注意力平台」。許多網路平台有濫用其平台力量之風險：具體例證則如透過綁定讓使用者未及思索己身擁有之選擇的可能；濫用平台之守門人力量阻礙使用者選擇或接觸其他業者；以平台之槓桿力量將其市場優勢延伸至另一產品或服務市場；透過操縱資訊達成對使用者行為之控制等。
因為上開特性，加上許多注意力平台同時亦採用零元之定價策略，使許多原先競爭法上之管制工具需重新評估，例如 SSNIP 市場測試法並無法套用在定價為零之商品或服務；網路平台輕資產特性使其善於發展範疇經濟、跨市場經營，亦在在使市場界定與企業併購審查有所闕漏。
指出問題後，本研究整理文獻及學者建議，對於重新劃定注意力平台相關市場之議題提出建議；亦嘗試引用關鍵設施理論使平台不至濫用其力量阻礙對手競爭；貫徹分離原則以制衡平台之發展；並探討對於網路注意力平台可行之監管框架。
另外，本研究嘗試引入行為經濟學之觀點，探討注意力平台之現象，以及從行為經濟學與推力理論之角度，從商業角度提出可能之解決方向：釐清注意力作為交易媒介之本質、規劃商業模式；建立商業資料共享機制之生態系，以使資料造成之進入障礙降低；並重新考慮訂閱經濟的可能。
Focusing on the important Internet platform competition cases in the EU, the US, and China, this thesis summarizes and analyses the characteristics of today`s large-scale Internet platforms that "lock in users" and " take advantage of user attention", so some scholars call them "Attention Platform". And there is a risk of them abusing their platform power. Specific examples include: the possibility of hinder users to think about their own choices by bundling and tying selling; abusing the “Gatekeeper Power” to prevent users from choosing or contacting other competitors; using the “Leveraging Power” to extend their market dominate advantage to another product or service market; control user behavior by “Information Exploitation”.
In addition, many attention platforms also adopt a zero price strategy, so that many regulatory tools in traditional competition law need to be re-evaluated. For example, the SSNIP test is not applicable to goods or services with zero price; the development of economies of scope and strategy of diversification are also missing in market definition and merger control review.
After pointing out the problems, this thesis sorts out the studies and scholars` suggestions to make proposals on the following issues: (1) identifying the market definition of attention platform; (2) also trying to elaborate “essential facility” theory on attention platforms so that they may not abuse its power to impede the competition from competitors; (3) implement the principle of separation to balance the development of the giant platform ; (4) and discussing the feasible regulatory framework for online attention platforms.
On the other hand, this thesis attempts to introduce the perspective of behavioral economics and “Nudge” theory to explore attention platform phenomenon and propose solutions in terms of business. Clarify the essence of attention as a transaction medium and plan new business models; establish data sharing system to reduce barriers of entry caused by data; and reconsider the possibility of subscription economy.
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（二） 中文專書
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（三） 中文碩博士學位論文
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（一） 英文專書
ANDERSON, CHRIS, THE LONG TAIL (2004)
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（三） 英文報告書
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（四） 英文專書論文
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（五） 美國判決
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（六） 歐盟案件
European commission, Google Android CASE AT 40099
European commission, Google search (Shopping), CASE AT 39740
European commission, Google search (Adsense), CASE AT 40411
European commission, MICROSOFT CASE AT 37792

（七） 其他判決
中華人民共和國廣東省高級人民法院民事判決書（2011）粵高法民三初字第 2 號。
中華人民共和國最高人民法院民事判決書（2013）民三終字第 4 號。


三、 其他政府資料
Department of Justice, final judgment of U.S. v. Microsoft Corporation [Browser and Middleware] (2002/11/12)
https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/final-judgment-133
Department of Justice, Department of Justice and Microsoft Corporation Reach
Effective Settlement on Antitrust Lawsuit, press release (2001/11/02) https://www.justice.gov/archive/atr/public/press_releases/2001/9463.htm
Department of Justice, Justice Department Sues American Express, Mastercard and Visa to Eliminate Rules Restricting Price Competition; Reaches Settlement with Visa and Mastercard, (2010/10/04) https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-american-express-mastercard-and-visa-eliminate-rules-restricting
Department of Justice, Antitrust Division Policy Guide to Merger Remedies (October
2004), Available at: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2011/06/16/205108.pdf
Department of Justice, Antitrust Division Policy Guide to Merger Remedies (June 2011), Available at: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2011/06/17/272350.pdf
EUR-Lex, Interinstitutional agreement on better law-making (2016/12/04)
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32003Q1231%2801%29
European Commission, Antitrust: Commission opens investigation into possible anti-competitive conduct of Amazon (2019/07/17) https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_4291
European Commission, Antitrust: Commission sends Statement of Objections to Google on comparison shopping service; opens separate formal investigation on Android, European Commission press corner (2015/04/15) https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_4780
European Commission, Antitrust: Commission fines Google €4.34 billion for illegal practices regarding Android mobile devices to strengthen dominance of Google`s search engine (2018/07/18) https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_18_4581
Federal Communications Commission, Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet,Federal Register (2015/04/13) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/04/13/2015-07841/protecting-and-promoting-the-open-internet
Federal Communications Commission, Restoring Internet Freedom Order, Federal Communications Commission https://www.fcc.gov/restoring-internet-freedom
Federal Communications Commission, Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, Federal Register (2015/04/13) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/04/13/2015-07841/protecting-and-promoting-the-open-internet
Federal Trade Commission, The Antitrust Laws, https://www.ftc.gov/tips-
advice/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-laws
公平交易委員會對於相關市場界定之處理原則問答集（2016/09/19）
https://www.ftc.gov.tw/internet/main/doc/docDetail.aspx?uid=1345&docid=13940　

四、 翻譯書籍
ANDERSON, CHRIS 著，羅耀宗、蔡慧菁譯，免費！揭開零定價的獲利祕密，天下遠見（2009）
LESSIG, LAWRENCE 著，李旭、沈偉偉譯，代碼2.0：網路空間中的法律（修訂版）
MCGONIGAL, KELLY 著，薛怡心譯，輕鬆駕馭意志力：史丹佛大學最受歡迎的心理素質課，圓神（2012）
MULLAINATHAN, SENDHIL & SHAFIR, ELDAR 著，謝樹寬譯，匱乏經濟學：為什麼老是在趕Deadline？為什麼老是覺得時間和金錢不夠用？遠流（2015）
PARKER, GEOFFREY, VAN ALSTYNE, MARSHALL & CHOUDARY, SANGEET PAUL 著，李芳齡譯，平台經濟模式：從啟動、獲利到成長的全方位攻略，天下雜誌（2016）
SCHUMPETER, JOSEPH ALOIS 著，何畏、易家詳譯，經濟發展理論，左岸文化（2009）
SMITH, BRAD & BROWNE, CAROL ANN 著，孔令新譯，未來科技的 15 道難題，商周（2020）
SURDAK, CHRISTOPHER 著，林奕伶、廖育琳譯，大數據時代的致勝決策：2020年前最重要的6個關鍵策略（2015）
TEPPER, JONATHAN & HEARN, DENISE 著，吳慧珍、曹嬿恆譯，競爭之死（2020）
THALER, RICHARD H. 著，劉怡女譯，不當行為：行為經濟學之父教你更聰明的思考、理財、看世界，先覺（2016）
WU, TIM 著，黃庭敏譯，注意力商人，天下（2018）
WU, TIM 著，顧佳、周佳欣譯，誰控制了總開關，行人文化（2013）
高錫均著，宋佩芬、賴姵瑜譯，推力行銷，商周（2019）

五、 網路資料
（一） 英文部分
Airbnb, What regulations apply to my city? Airbnb Help Center
https://www.airbnb.com/help/article/961/what-regulations-apply-to-my-city?locale=en&_set_bev_on_new_domain=1590890443_YzMyZjI4MzBkZWQ3
Amazon services, How to create a bundle listing with existing products, seller forums,
https://sellercentral.amazon.com/forums/t/how-to-create-a-bundle-listing-with-existing-products/390694
Amsterdam, Airbnb agree new deal to stop illegal rentals, DutchNews.nl (2016/12/01)
https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2016/12/amsterdam-airbnb-agree-new-deal-to-stop-illegal-rentals/
Android, Choice Screen Auction Options, (2020/02/28)
https://www.android.com/choicescreen-winners/
Apple Inc., Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology, Apple Newsroom (2020/04/20) https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/04/apple-and-google-partner-on-covid-19-contact-tracing-technology/
Basic Attention Token, https://basicattentiontoken.org/
Bhageshpur, Kiran, Data Is The New Oil -- And That`s A Good Thing, Forbes (2019/11/15) https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/11/15/data-is-the-new-oil-and-thats-a-good-thing/#58235f647304
Booth, Robert and Newling, Dan, Airbnb introduces 90-day annual limit for London hosts, The Guardian (2016/12/01) https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/01/airbnb-introduces-90-day-a-year-limit-for-london-hosts
Brave Software, Basic Attention Token (BAT): Blockchain Based Digital Advertising (2018/03/13)
White paper available at: https://basicattentiontoken.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/05/BasicAttentionTokenWhitePaper-4.pdf
Bruce Baer Arnold, Social rejection: why Snapchat turned down Facebook’s offer, The Conversation, (2013/11/18) https://theconversation.com/social-rejection-why-snapchat-turned-down-facebooks-offer-20354
Clarke, Roger, "Information Wants to be Free ...", Roger Clarke`s Web-Site (2000/02/24) http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/IWtbF.html
Clement, J., Most popular social networks worldwide 2019, by reach, STATISTA,
https://www.statista.com/statistics/274773/global-penetration-of-selected-social-media-sites/
Collins, Keith, Net Neutrality Has Officially Been Repealed. Here’s How That Could Affect You. The New York Times (2018/06/11) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/11/technology/net-neutrality-repeal.html
Constine, Josh, Instagram will let you download your content after criticism about portability, TechCrunch (2018/04/12) https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/11/download-your-instagram-photos/
Darrell Etherington, Snapchat Gets Its Own Timeline With Snapchat Stories, 24-Hour Photo & Video Tales, TechCrunch, (2013/10/03) https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/03/snapchat-gets-its-own-timeline-with-snapchat-stories-24-hour-photo-video-tales/
Data Transfer Project, How does DTP Work,
https://datatransferproject.dev/documentatio
the White Paper of DTP: Data Transfer Project Overview and Fundamentals (2018/07/20) https://datatransferproject.dev/dtp-overview.pdf
Del Rey, Jason, Antitrust officials ordered Facebook, Amazon, and other tech giants to disclose 10 years of acquisition documents, Vox (2020/02/11)
https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/2/11/21133308/ftc-big-tech-acquisition-information-request-amazon-apple-google-facebook-microsoft
Entertainment - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment　
Facebook, Why We Disagree With the Bundeskartellamt, Facebook Newsroom (2019/02/07) https://about.fb.com/news/2019/02/bundeskartellamt-order/
Failory, Startup Cemetery – Netscape https://www.failory.com/cemetery/netscape Financial Times, Subscription page- Become an FT subscriber,
https://www.ft.com/products?segmentId=f860e6c2-18af-ab30-cd5e-6e3a456f9265
Finley, Klint, How Facebook has changed computing, WIRED (2019/04/02)
https://www.wired.com/story/how-facebook-has-changed-computing/
Goldhaber, Michael H., Attention Shoppers! WIRED (1997/12/01)
https://www.wired.com/1997/12/es-attention/
Google Ads, https://ads.google.com/home/
Greek Gods and Goddesses, Cronus, https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net/gods/cronus/
Hawkins Andrew J., Lyft users love Uber, but it`s not a two-way street, THE VERGE (2016/04/06) https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/6/11379248/lyft-uber-survey-monkey-intelligence-app-users
Hern, Alex, Vanishing app: Snapchat struggles as Facebook bites back, The Guardian (2017/08/11) https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/11/vanishing-app-snapchat-struggles-as-facebook-bites-back
Herrick, Justin, We know exactly why Windows Phone failed, technobuffalo（2018/05/30）https://www.technobuffalo.com/windows-phone-failure-reason-terry-myerson
Isaac, Mike and Kang,Cecilia, F.T.C. Is Said to Consider an Injunction Against Facebook, The New York Times, (2019/12/19) https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/12/technology/ftc-facebook-injunction.html
Kane, Margaret, Google searches out an e-tail niche, CNET (2006/12/13)
https://www.cnet.com/news/google-searches-out-an-e-tail-niche/
Kang, Cecilia, McCabe, David and Wakabayashi, Daisuke, U.S. Is Said to Plan to File Antitrust Charges Against Google, The New York Times (2020/05/15) https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/technology/google-antitrust-investigation.html
Kantrowitz, Alex, Snapchat was `an existential threat` to Facebook — until an 18-year-old developer convinced Mark Zuckerberg to invest in Instagram Stories, BUSINESS INSIDER, (2020/04/07) https://www.businessinsider.com/how-developer-mark-zuckerberg-invented-instagram-stories-copied-snapchat-2020-4
Kastrenakes, Jacob, The FCC just killed net neutrality, THE VERGE (2017/12/14)
https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/14/16776154/fcc-net-neutrality-vote-results-rules-repealed
Kawamoto, Dawn, Google-YouTube merger clears antitrust review, CNET (2006/11/06) https://www.cnet.com/news/google-youtube-merger-clears-antitrust-review/
Kelly, Kevin, Better Than Free, The Edge (2008/02/05)
https://www.edge.org/conversation/better-than-free
Kendall, Brent, Supreme Court Grills Both Sides in States’ Challenge of American Express, The Wall Street Journal (2018/02/26) https://www.wsj.com/articles/supreme-court-grills-both-sides-in-states-challenge-of-american-express-1519689044
Kieran, Damien, Putting people first on data portability, Twitter Blog (2018/07/20)
https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/topics/company/2018/putting-people-first-on-data-portability.html
Kinderstart, http://www.kinderstart.com
Lockheimer, Hiroshi, Complying with the EC’s Android decision, Google Blog/ Company News (2018/10/16) https://www.blog.google/around-the-globe/google-europe/complying-ecs-android-decision/
Lomas, Natasha, Airbnb Gets Tourist Tax D’Accord In Paris, Its Largest Market, TechCrunch (2015/08/25) https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/25/airbnb-daccord/
Lomas, Natasha, Airbnb Handed Over $1.3M In Tourist Taxes To The City Of Paris In Q4 2015, TechCrunch (2016/02/05) https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/05/airbnb-handed-over-1-3m-in-tourist-taxes-to-the-city-of-paris-in-q4-2015/
Lunden, Ingrid & Tsotsis, Alexia, What’s Up With WhatsApp? Facebook Might Want To Buy It, That’s What, TechCrunch (2012/12/03) https://techcrunch.com/2012/12/02/whats-up-with-whatsapp-facebook-might-want-to-buy-it-thats-what/
McLaughlin, David, FTC Chief Says He’s Willing to Break Up Big Tech Companies, Bloomberg (2019/08/14) https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-13/ftc-chief-says-willing-to-break-up-companies-amid-big-tech-probe
Meerkat live-streaming app `dead`, BBC News, (2016/10/04)
https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37555100
MFTranscribing, Spotify Technology (SPOT) Q1 2020 Earnings Call Transcript, The Motley Fool (2020/04/29) https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2020/04/29/spotify-technology-spot-q1-2020-earnings-call-tran.aspx
Mills, Elinor, Google takes the pun out of shopping, CNET (2007/04/20)
https://www.cnet.com/news/google-takes-the-pun-out-of-shopping/
Netflix on Twitter, (2017/04/18)　
https://twitter.com/netflix/status/854100194098520064　
Netflix, How Netflix’s Recommendations System Works, Netflix Help Center,
https://help.netflix.com/en/node/100639
Neumann, Jerry, A Taxonomy of Moats, Reaction Wheel, (2019/09/19)
http://reactionwheel.net/2019/09/a-taxonomy-of-moats.html
O`Reilly, Tim, What Is Web 2.0, (2005/09/30)
https://www.oreilly.com/pub/a//web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html
Oreskovic, Alexei, Facebook says WhatsApp deal cleared by FTC, Reuters (2014/04/11) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-whatsapp/facebook-says-whatsapp-deal-cleared-by-ftc-idUSBREA391VA20140410
Oreskovic, Alexei, FTC clears Facebook`s acquisition of Instagram, Reuters (2012/08/23) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-instagram/ftc-clears-facebooks-acquisition-of-instagram-idUSBRE87L14W20120823
Patkar, Mihir, 5 Google Chrome Alternatives for a Better Browser on Desktop or Mobile, (2018/10/02) https:// www.makeuseof.com/tag/google-chrome-alternatives-desktop-mobile/
Peck, Robert, Cuban, Mark: "Data is the new gold", CREDIT-SUISSE (2017/01/22)
https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us-news/en/articles/news-and-expertise/mark-cuban-data-is-the-new-gold-201706.html
Phillips, Laura H., The FCC’s “Restoration of Internet Freedom Order” Largely Survives on Appeal; But Net Neutrality is Not Dead Yet, The National Law Review (2019/10/08) https://www.natlawreview.com/article/fcc-s-restoration-internet-freedom-order-largely-survives-appeal-net-neutrality-not
Pinerest, https://www.pinterest.com/
Pinterest launches shopping spotlights with influencers and publishers, Pinerest Newsroom (2020/05/18) https://newsroom.pinterest.com/en/post/pinterest-launches-curated-shopping-spotlights
Power Integrations https://www.power.com/?language=en
Retail Banking Research (RBR), UnionPay maintains its position as the world’s largest card scheme(2018/10/26) https://www.rbrlondon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/GC23_Press_Release_261018.pdf
Robertson, Adi, The FCC can repeal net neutrality, but it can’t block state laws, says court, THE VERGE (2019/10/01) https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/1/20893342/fcc-net-neutrality-repeal-dc-appeals-court-ruling-state-law-preemption
Salinas, Sara, Facebook is integrating the messaging functions of Messenger, Instagram and WhatsApp, CNBC (2019/01/25) https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/facebook-reportedly-integrating-messenger-instagram-and-whatsapp.html
Schonfeld, Erick, Eric Schmidt`s Gang Of Four: Google, Apple, Amazon, And Facebook, TechCrunch (2011/06/01) https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/31/schmidt-gang-four-google-apple-amazon-facebook/
Singer, Hal, Ohio V. American Express: Do Monopoly Platforms Deserve Special Treatment Under Antitrust?, FORBES (2018/02/27) https://www.forbes.com/sites/washingtonbytes/2018/02/27/do-monopoly-platforms-deserve-special-treatment-under-antitrust-review-of-ohio-v-american-express/#423448955b1d
Spotify, Time to Play Fair,https://www.timetoplayfair.com/
Spotify, Why go Premium? https://www.spotify.com/us/premium/?checkout=false　
Spotify’s claims, Apple Newsroom (2019/03/14)
https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/03/addressing-spotifys-claims/
Stapp, Alec, Why Data Is Not the New Oil, Truth on the Market (2019/10/08)
https://truthonthemarket.com/2019/10/08/why-data-is-not-the-new-oil/
Stempel, Jonathan, Google wins dismissal of U.S. lawsuit over Android app limits, Reuters (2015/02/21) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-apps-decision/google-wins-dismissal-of-u-s-lawsuit-over-android-app-limits-idUSKBN0LO2C720150220
Susarla, Anjana, Facebook shifting from open platform to public utility, UPI (2018/08/17) https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Voices/2018/08/17/Facebook-shifting-from-open-platform-to-public-utility/1721534507642/
The Economist, Data, data everywhere (2010/02/27)
https://www.economist.com/special-report/2010/02/27/data-data-everywhere
The Economist, The world’s most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data (2017/05/06) https://www.economist.com/leaders/2017/05/06/the-worlds-most-valuable-resource-is-no-longer-oil-but-data
The New York Times, Subscription page- academic rate
https://www.nytimes.com/subscription/education/student?campaignId=7FLWR&campaignId=7FLWR&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F
The Wall Street Journal, Subscription page- Join Now,
https://store.wsj.com/shop/APAC/wsjaama0519/?inttrackingCode=aaquqb5e&icid=WSJ_ON_FAP_ACQ_NA&cx_campaign=WSJAPGeneric219
The Washington Post, Subscription page- Choose your plan.,
https://subscribe.washingtonpost.com/acq/?promo=hpto_di_intl_intl_md20#/offers/promo/hpto_di_intl_intl_md20/view/1
Thompson, Ben, Beyond Disruption, STARATECHERY(2015/12/02)
https://stratechery.com/2015/beyond-disruption/
Tiwari, Aditya, Why Did Windows Phone Fail? — Ex-Nokia Engineer Explains, FOSSBYTES (2019/07/27) https://fossbytes.com/why-windows-phone-failed-reasons-nokia/
Travers, Mark, Facebook Spreads Fake News Faster Than Any Other Social Website, According To New Research, Forbes (2020/03/21) https://www.forbes.com/sites/traversmark/2020/03/21/facebook-spreads-fake-news-faster-than-any-other-social-website-according-to-new-research/#777e5bfc6e1a
Tsotsis, Alexia, Sean Parker On Why Myspace Lost To Facebook, TechCrunch (2011/06/29) https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/28/sean-parker-on-why-myspace-lost-to-facebook/
Tung, Liam, Bill Gates: My biggest mistake? Not making Android, ZDNet (2019/06/24) https://www.zdnet.com/article/bill-gates-my-biggest-mistake-not-making-android/
Vachani, Steve on LinkdIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/vachani/
Warren, Tom, Bill Gates thinks Windows Mobile would have beaten Android without Microsoft’s antitrust woes, THE VERGE (2019/11/06) https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/6/20952370/bill-gates-windows-mobile-android-competition-comments-microsoft-antitrust
Warren, Tom, ZTE reveals $20 to $30 cost of Windows Phone license, THE VERGE (2012/01/19) https://www.theverge.com/microsoft/2012/1/19/2718209/windows-phone-license-cost-ZTE
Wu, Tim, The case for breaking up Facebook and Instagram, The Washington Post (2018/09/29) https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2018/09/28/case-breaking-up-facebook-instagram/
Wu, Tim, The Supreme Court Devastates Antitrust Law, The New York Times, (2018/06/26) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/26/opinion/supreme-court-american-express.html
Yelp, Advertising https://biz.yelp.com/advertise
Yelp, Support Center https://www.yelp-support.com/Yelp_for_Business_Owners?l=en_US
YouTube Creator Academy, Get insights with YouTube Analytics,
https://creatoracademy.youtube.com/page/course/analytics-series?hl=en
Zillow, About Us, https://www.zillow.com/corp/About.htm
Zillow, Zestimate, https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/

（二） 中文部分
Angela，網路廣告不可否認的未來——原生廣告，INSIDE（2012/08/14）
https://www.inside.com.tw/article/1595-native-ads
Brandon, Visa（V）營收穩定成長，StockFeel 股感（2018/12/11）
https://www.stockfeel.com.tw/visa%e7%b6%93%e7%87%9f%e7%ad%96%e7%95%a5%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90/　
Edward，Google 將於美國率先推出「Google Play Pass」訂閱服務 收錄《星露谷物語》等作品，巴哈姆特（2019/09/24）https://gnn.gamer.com.tw/detail.php?sn=186125
Facebook，我可以取得哪些類別的 Facebook 資料？Facebook 使用說明，
https://www.facebook.com/help/930396167085762?helpref=faq_content
Feng, Sanji, Windows 手機的銷售已近乎停滯，engadget 中國版
（2016/02/19）https://cn.engadget.com/2016/02/19/gartner-smartphone-report-q4-2015/
Fortune Insight，輕資產與重資產的投資模式（2018/10/02）
https://fortuneinsight.com/web/posts/26317
Froogle, Google Play,
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.lifemediainc.lifemedia&hl=zh_TW
Fu, Chevelle, 從 iOS 到 Android 轉得過去的是資料，但使用習慣轉移有這麼容易嗎？癮科技（2013/03/28）https://www.cool3c.com/article/66240?fbclid=IwAR3vs9J4HzDfu8JgFIZqm0XkHJhOqjZTOqyRfVCzwKc_kAfzLI3KCHgoZ2g
Google，AdSense 基本概念/AdSense 的運作方式，
https://support.google.com/adsense/answer/6242051? hl=zh-Hant&ref_topic=1319753
Lin, Doris ，Amazon如何用消費心理成功打造「追加銷售」的方法，
TRANSBIZ，https://transbiz.com.tw/amazon-upselling-techniques/
Lin, Doris，在你下單前就出貨！Amazon用大數據鞏固電商龍頭，TRANSBIZ https://transbiz.com.tw/amazon-big-data/
Netflix，Netflix 簡史 2007-2011，https://media.netflix.com/zh_tw/about-netflix
PChome Online 網路家庭/ Company Web，公司簡介 Group Profile，
https://corporate.pchome.com.tw/about_us/about_us.php?lang=cht&item_id=1
Spotify 官方網站，升級 Premium，https://www.spotify.com/tw/premium/
YouTube Premium 頁面，https://www.spotify.com/tw/premium/
WAW網站分析星期三，吸引消費者下單！10個「心理觸發點」絕招大公開，行銷人（2016/10/28），https://www.marketersgo.com/marketing/201610/sales-psychology/
人民網，騰訊 360 再掀 3Q 大戰專題，
http://it.people.com.cn/BIG5/119390/118342/242534/index.html
中國互聯網絡信息中心 CNNIC，第 31 次中國互聯網絡發展狀況統計報告， 2013年1月， http://www.cac.gov.cn/files/pdf/hlwtjbg/hlwlfzzkdctjbg031.pdf
王建興，API設計和應用程式設計的不同？iThome（2014/05/08）
https://www.ithome.com.tw/voice/87207
王郁倫、陳君毅，開訂閱制第一槍，《蘋果日報》10天付費會員衝10萬人算成功嗎？數位時代（2017/07/17）https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/54041/appledaily-subscription-effect-media-future
何佩珊，補貼熱火持續延燒，蝦皮能燒出下一個露天？（2016/07/14）
https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/40211/BN-2016-07-14-192834-223
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
科技管理與智慧財產研究所
107364213
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107364213
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鄭菀瓊zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Cheng, Wan-Chiungen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 邱純慧zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Chiu, Chun-Huien_US
dc.creator (作者) 邱純慧zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chiu, Chun-Huien_US
dc.date (日期) 2020en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-九月-2020 13:12:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-九月-2020 13:12:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-九月-2020 13:12:08 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0107364213en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131921-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 科技管理與智慧財產研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 107364213zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究透過聚焦歐盟、美國、中國之重要平台競爭案例，歸納、整理出現今許多大型網路平台具有「鎖定使用者」、「利用使用者注意力」之特性，因此又有學者將網路平台當中具有此些特性者稱為「注意力平台」。許多網路平台有濫用其平台力量之風險：具體例證則如透過綁定讓使用者未及思索己身擁有之選擇的可能；濫用平台之守門人力量阻礙使用者選擇或接觸其他業者；以平台之槓桿力量將其市場優勢延伸至另一產品或服務市場；透過操縱資訊達成對使用者行為之控制等。
因為上開特性，加上許多注意力平台同時亦採用零元之定價策略，使許多原先競爭法上之管制工具需重新評估，例如 SSNIP 市場測試法並無法套用在定價為零之商品或服務；網路平台輕資產特性使其善於發展範疇經濟、跨市場經營，亦在在使市場界定與企業併購審查有所闕漏。
指出問題後，本研究整理文獻及學者建議，對於重新劃定注意力平台相關市場之議題提出建議；亦嘗試引用關鍵設施理論使平台不至濫用其力量阻礙對手競爭；貫徹分離原則以制衡平台之發展；並探討對於網路注意力平台可行之監管框架。
另外，本研究嘗試引入行為經濟學之觀點，探討注意力平台之現象，以及從行為經濟學與推力理論之角度，從商業角度提出可能之解決方向：釐清注意力作為交易媒介之本質、規劃商業模式；建立商業資料共享機制之生態系，以使資料造成之進入障礙降低；並重新考慮訂閱經濟的可能。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Focusing on the important Internet platform competition cases in the EU, the US, and China, this thesis summarizes and analyses the characteristics of today`s large-scale Internet platforms that "lock in users" and " take advantage of user attention", so some scholars call them "Attention Platform". And there is a risk of them abusing their platform power. Specific examples include: the possibility of hinder users to think about their own choices by bundling and tying selling; abusing the “Gatekeeper Power” to prevent users from choosing or contacting other competitors; using the “Leveraging Power” to extend their market dominate advantage to another product or service market; control user behavior by “Information Exploitation”.
In addition, many attention platforms also adopt a zero price strategy, so that many regulatory tools in traditional competition law need to be re-evaluated. For example, the SSNIP test is not applicable to goods or services with zero price; the development of economies of scope and strategy of diversification are also missing in market definition and merger control review.
After pointing out the problems, this thesis sorts out the studies and scholars` suggestions to make proposals on the following issues: (1) identifying the market definition of attention platform; (2) also trying to elaborate “essential facility” theory on attention platforms so that they may not abuse its power to impede the competition from competitors; (3) implement the principle of separation to balance the development of the giant platform ; (4) and discussing the feasible regulatory framework for online attention platforms.
On the other hand, this thesis attempts to introduce the perspective of behavioral economics and “Nudge” theory to explore attention platform phenomenon and propose solutions in terms of business. Clarify the essence of attention as a transaction medium and plan new business models; establish data sharing system to reduce barriers of entry caused by data; and reconsider the possibility of subscription economy.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章　緒論　1
第一節　研究動機與目的　1
第二節　研究方法 3
第三節　研究範圍及限制　3
第四節　論文架構　5
第二章　網路平台特性、商業模式　7
第一節　定義　7
第二節　網路平台特性　8
第一項　雙邊或多邊市場　8
第二項　網路效應（網路外部性）　9
第一款　直接網路效應　10
第二款　間接網路效應　10
第三節　平台之優勢與策略　12
第一項　網路效應及其相關優勢　12
第一款　使用者鎖定　12
第二款　轉換成本　13
第三款　護城河　15
第二項　平台非中立之定價策略與間接網路外部性　16
第一款　平台整體補貼　17
第二款　掠奪性定價與低價利誘　19
第三款　零元定價策略──交叉補貼　20
第四款　綁售（bundle）　23
第五款　與間接網路效應之關係　25
第三項　其他網路平台之特性及優勢　26
第一款　先進者優勢於網路平台之作用　27
第二款　輕資產（Asset-light）、按需（on-demand）及共享（Sharing）　 28
第三款　使用者多棲性　30
第四款　易找尋破壞式創新（Disruptive innovation）之利基市場　31
第五款　資料驅動（data-driven）　32
第四項　網路平台作為注意力經濟之一環　35
第四節　雙邊平台之定義相關案例　37
第一項　Ohio v. American Express Co.　38
第二項　Times-Picayune Pub. Co. v. United States　44
第五節　整理及小結　49
第三章　大型網路平台成為注意力攫取者及濫用者　51
第一節　概說　51
第二節　Google 相關案例　51
第一項　Feitelson v. Google Inc.　51
第二項　European Commission, Google Android　57
第三項　European Commission, Google search (shopping)　60
第四項　European Commission, Google search (Adsense)　63
第五項　Kinderstart.com LLC v. Google, Inc.　65
第六項　Google 相關案例小結　69
第三節　其他案例　70
第一項　United States v. Microsoft Corporation　70
第二項　Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc.　78
第三項　EJ MGT LLC v. Zillow Grp., Inc.　82
第四項　Levitt v. Yelp! Inc.　84
第五項　奇虎公司與騰訊公司壟斷糾紛案　88
第四節　案件小結　95
第四章　注意力平台帶來之問題與監管困境　97
第一節　注意力作為一種有限資源　99
第二節　注意力變現與注意力平台之演進　101
第三節　作為使用者連結其他頁面之第一站　104
第四節　更容易鎖定、操縱消費者及延伸其市場力至其他產品市場　105
第一項　鎖定及操縱使用者　105
第二項　槓桿力量　107
第五節　排除他人競爭以及扼殺創新　109
第六節　市場及消費者界定困難　113
第一項　免費造成原先市場界定方法無法適用　114
第二項　跨市場、範疇經濟與共同競爭注意力之本質　118
第三項　企業併購時之盲點　120
第七節　整理及小結　123
第五章　注意力平台優勢地位濫用之監管困境與可能做法　124
第一節　競爭法及監管架構之處理　124
第一項　平台相關市場界定之再思考　124
第二項　關鍵設施理論、公共承運人與網路中立性　126
第三項　貫徹分離原則與併購補救措施　133
第四項　網路平台之管制：政府介入管制（top-down）、企業自我管理（self-regulation），與協同管制（co-regulation）　137
第二節　網路空間及商業模式之重新規劃　141
第一項　注意力相關之商業模式改造　142
第二項　商業資料共享機制　145
第三項　訂閱經濟（Subscription Economy）與設定廣告上限（ad cap）　147
第四項　引入經濟學之觀點與解方　150
第三節　小結　152
第六章　結論及建議　154
參考文獻　158		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 5824190 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107364213en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 注意力經濟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路平台zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 平台管制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 使用者鎖定zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 封鎖效果zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路效應zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關鍵設施理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 行為經濟學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 推力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 零元定價zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Attention Economyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Online Platformen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Platform Regulationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) User lock-inen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Foreclosureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Network Effecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Essential Facilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Behavioral Economicsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Nudgeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Zero Pricingen_US
dc.title (題名) 注意力平台之商業模式與競爭法議題zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Business Model and Competition Law Issues of Attention Platformsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文文獻
（一） 中文期刊
阮韻蒨，以雙邊市場角度分析搜尋引擎的相關市場，公平交易季刊，第26卷第1期，頁 49-73，2018年1月。
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馬泰成，掠奪性定價與電子商務，公平交易季刊，第 27 卷第 2 期，頁145-178，2019年4月。
范建得、鄭緯綸，論資訊產業市場力量之管制-以微軟案為主軸，公平交易季刊，第18卷第1期，頁1-42，2010年1月。
唐櫻璋、劉芬美、黃寶慧，輕資產戰略與營運績效關係之研究－－以臺灣企業為例，管理學報，24卷1期，頁75-91，2007年2月。
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陳明賢、陳世智、林義昇，轉換成本對顧客忠誠度及轉換意圖的影響：以智慧型手機作業系統為例，行銷評論，9卷4期，頁379-394，2012年12 月。
許慧瑩、葉志良，資料經濟趨勢下美國對於資料仲介業規制之研究，科技法學評論，13卷2期，頁95-147，2016年12月。
單驥、莊春發、馬泰成、謝仁弘，掠奪性訂價認定方法之實證研究: Areeda-Turner成本基礎法初探，公平交易季刊，第6卷第4期，頁15-50，1998年10月。
黃偉、韓桂珍，3Q大戰反壟斷終審判決中相關市場界定與市場支配地位認定的相關問題，科技與法律，2015卷1期，頁190-209，2015年2月。
黃銘傑，公平交易法結合管制之問題點與盲點—以結合類型與實體規範要件為中心，公平交易季刊，第25 卷第2期，頁29-54，2017年4月。
楊宏暉，新經濟時代的反托拉斯法挑戰-網路效應與微軟案之初探，政大法學評論，第77期，頁207-284，2004年2月。
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劉定基，大數據與物聯網時代的個人資料自主權，憲政時代，42卷3期，頁 265-308，2017年1月。
劉靜怡，淺談GDPR的國際衝擊及其可能因應之道，月旦法學雜誌，286期，頁5-31，2019年3月。
顏家琳，中國大陸最高人民法院首例反壟斷法適用案件──奇虎與騰訊兩大軟體公司的網路戰爭，公平交易委員會電子報，第 22 期，2015年3 月，http://www.ftc.gov.tw/upload/1040304-1.pdf 最後瀏覽：2020/02/23 16:35。
顏雅倫，雙邊/多邊市場之競爭與創新，科技法學評論，13卷1期，頁219-266，2016 年 6 月。

（二） 中文專書
公平交易委員會，認識公平交易法，增訂第 16 版第二刷，2015 年 7 月。

（三） 中文碩博士學位論文
邱映曦，競爭法的數位紀元－論數位平台資訊力對競爭法適用之影響，國立政治大學法律學系博士論文，2019。
張媛筑，競爭法上使用者數據之應有定位與可能造成之衝擊，國立政治大學法律科際整合研究所碩士論文，2018。

二、 外文文獻
（一） 英文專書
ANDERSON, CHRIS, THE LONG TAIL (2004)
BOWREY, KATHY, LAW & INTERNET CULTURES(2005)
DOCTOROW, CORY, INFORMATION DOESN`T WANT TO BE FREE: LAWS
FOR THE INTERNET AGE (2015)
GRIFFIN, JILL, CUSTOMER LOYALTY: HOW TO EARN IT, HOW TO KEEP IT (1995)
HOFFMAN, REID & YEH, CHRIS, BLITZSCALING: THE LIGHTNING-FAST PATH TO BUILDING MASSIVELY VALUABLE COMPANIES (2018)
LANHAM, RICHARD A., THE ECONOMICS OF ATTENTION (2006)
LESSIG, LAWRENCE, REMIX (2008)
POSNER, ERIC A. & WEYL, E. GLEN, RADICAL MARKETS (2018)
RUSTAD, MICHAEL L., INTERNET LAW IN A NUTSHELL (2009)
SHAPIRO, CARL & VARIAN, HAL, INFORMATION RULES: A STRATEGIC GUIDE TO THE NETWORK ECONOMY (1999)

（二） 英文期刊論文
Anderson, Simon P. & Peitz, Martin, Media see-saws: Winners and losers in platform markets, 186 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC THEORY 104990 (2020)
Athey,Susan, Calvano, Emilio and Gans, Joshua S., The Impact of Consumer Multi-homing on Advertising Markets and Media Competition, 64(4) MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 1574(2018)
Black, Julia, Constitutionalising Self-Regulation, 59 MODERN LAW REVIEW 24 (1996)
Brin, Sergey & Page, Lawrence, The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, 30(1) COMPUTER NETWORKS AND ISDN SYSTEMS 107 (1998)
Brummer, Chris & Yadav, Yesha, Fintech and the Innovation Trilemma, 107 GEORGETOWN LAW JOURNAL 235 (2019)
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Calo, Ryan, Digital Market Manipulation, 82 George Washington Law Review 995 (2014)
Cass, Ronald A. & Hylton, Keith N., Preserving Competition: Economic Analysis,　Legal Standards and Microsoft, 8 GEORGE MASON LAW REVIEW 1 (1999)
Christensen, Clayton M., Raynor, Michael, McDonald, Rory, What is disruptive innovation, 93(12) HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW 44 (2015)
Clements, Matthew T., Direct and Indirect Network Effects: Are They Equivalent?, 22(5) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION 633 (2004)
David S. Evans, Attention Platforms, the Value of Content, and Public Policy, 54(4)
REVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION 775 (2019)
Devlin, Alan & Jacobs, Michael, Antitrust error, 52 WILLIAM AND MARY LAW REVIEW 75 (2010)
Eisenmann, Thomas, Parker, Geoffrey & Van Alstynen Marshall W., Strategies for Two-sided Markets, 84(10) HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW 92 (2006)
Evans, David S., Attention Rivalry Among Online Platforms, 9(2) JOURNAL OF COMPETITION LAW & ECONOMICS 313 (2013)
Evans, David S., The Antitrust Economics of Free, Spring, COMPETITION POLICY INTERNATIONAL (2011)
Evans, David S., The Antitrust Economics of Multi-Sided Platform Markets, 20 YALE JOURNAL ON REGULATION 325 (2003)
Evans, David S., The Economics of Attention Markets (2020)
Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044858
Evans, David S., What Times-Picayune Tells Us About the Antitrust Analysis of Attention Platforms, CPI ANTITRUST CHRONICLE (2019).
Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3359186
Evans, David S., Why the Dynamics of Competition for Online Platforms Leads to Sleepless Nights But Not Sleepy Monopolies (2017)
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Finck, Michèle, Digital co-regulation: designing a supranational legal framework for the platform economy, 23 EUROPEAN LAW REVIEW 47 (2018)
Gal, Michal & Rubinfeld, Daniel L., The Hidden Costs of Free Goods: Implications for Antitrust Enforcement, 80(3) ANTITRUST LAW JOURNAL 521 (2016)
Gillespie, A., Krishna, M., Oliver, C., Olsen, K., & Thiel, M., Online Behavior—Stickiness, 12(3) JOURNAL OF MARKETING 52 (1999)
Goldhaber, Michael H., The Attention Economy and the Net, 2(4) FIRST MONDAY (1997)
Goldman, Eric, A Coasean Analysis of Marketing, 4 WISCONSIN LAW REVIEW 1161 (2006)
Hanson, Jon D. & Kysar, Douglas A., Taking Behavioralism Seriously: Some Evidence of Market Manipulation, 112 HARVARD LAW REVIEW 1420 (1999)
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Jamison, Mark A., Should Google Search Be Regulated as a Public Utility? (2012)
Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2027543
Khan, Lina M., Amazon`s Antitrust Paradox, 126 YALE LAW JOURNAL 710 (2019)
Khan, Lina M., Sources of Tech Platform Power, 2 GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 325 (2018)
Khan, Lina M., The Separation of platform and commerce, 119(4) COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW 973 (2019)
Kwoka, John E. Jr. & Moss, Diana L., Behavioral Merger Remedies: Evaluation and Implications for Antitrust Enforcement, 57(4) ANTITRUST BULLETIN 979 (2012)
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Mandrescu, Daniel, The SSNIP Test and Zero-Pricing Strategies, 2 EUROPEAN COMPETITION AND REGULATORY LAW REVIEW 244 (2018)
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Yoo, Christopher S., When Antitrust Met Facebook, 19 GEORGE MASON LAW REVIEW 1147 (2012)

（三） 英文報告書
Candeub, Adam , Behavioral Economics, Internet Search, and Antitrust, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LEGAL STUDIES RESEARCH PAPER No. 12-03 (2014)
Crémer, Jacques, De Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre & Schweitzer, Heike, Competition Policy for the Digital Era, EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR COMPETITION (2019)
Filistrucchi, Lapo, A ssnip test for two-sided markets: some theoretical considerations, 34 NET INSTITUTE WORKING PAPERS (2008)
Lynskey, Orla, Regulating ‘Platform Power’, LSE LEGAL STUDIES WORKING PAPERNo. 1/2017 (2017)
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OECD, Rethinking Antitrust Tools for Multi-Sided Platforms (2018) Available at:
http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/Rethinking-antitrust-tools-for-multi-sided-platforms-2018.pdf
Park, K. Francis, Seamans, Robert, Zhu, Feng, Multi-Homing and Platform Strategies: Historical Evidence from the US Newspaper Industry, HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY & OPERATIONS MGT. UNIT WORKING PAPER (18-032) (2018)
Stigler, George J., The economists and the problem of monopoly, 19 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW OCCASIONAL PAPER (1983)
Stigler center committee on digital platforms, Stigler Committee on Digital Platforms Final Report
https://research.chicagobooth.edu/-/media/research/stigler/pdfs/digital-platforms---committee-report---stigler-center.pdf?la=en&hash=2D23583FF8BCC560B7FEF7A81E1F95C1DDC5225E

（四） 英文專書論文
Evans, David S., Two-Sided Markets, in MARKET DEFINITION IN ANTITRUST: THEORY AND CASE STUDIES, 437 (2012)
Simon, Herbert A., Designing Organizations for an Information-Rich World, in COMPUTERS, COMMUNICATIONS, AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST 37 (1971)

（五） 美國判決
Ohio v. American Express Co., 138 S.Ct. 2274 (2018)
Times-Picayune Pub. Co.v. United States, 345 U.S. 594(1953)
Feitelson v. Google Inc., 80 F.Supp.3d 1019 (2015)
Kinderstart.com LLC v. Google, Inc., Not Reported in F.Supp.2d (2006)
Kinderstart.com LLC v. Google, Inc., Not Reported in F.Supp.2d (2007)
Search King Inc. v. Google Technology, Inc., Not Reported in F.Supp.2d (2003)
Person v. Google Inc., 456 F.Supp.2d 488 (2006)
Person v. Google, Inc., Not Reported in F.Supp.2d (2007)
U.S. v. Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34 (2001)
U.S. v. Microsoft Corp., 56 F.3d 1448 (1995)
U.S. v. Microsoft Corp., 147 F.3d 935 (1998)
U.S. v. Microsoft Corp., 97 F.Supp.2d 59 (2000)
U.S. v. Microsoft Corp., 84 F.Supp.2d 9 (1999)
U.S. v. Microsoft Corp., Not Reported in F.Supp.2d (2002)
Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc., 844 F.3d 1058 (2016)
Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc., 252 F.Supp.3d 765 (2017)
LiveUniverse, Inc. v. MySpace, Inc., 304 Fed.Appx. 554 (2008)
hiQ Labs, Inc. v. LinkedIn Corporation, 273 F.Supp.3d 1099 (2017)
hiQ Labs, Inc. v. LinkedIn Corporation, 938 F.3d 985 (2019)
Facebook, Inc. v. Vachani, 577 B.R. 838 (2017)
EJ MGT LLC v. Zillow Group, Inc., Slip Copy (2019)
EJ MGT LLC v. Zillow Group, Inc., Slip Copy (2020)
Levitt v. Yelp! Inc., Not Reported in Fed. Supp. (2011)
Levitt v. Yelp! Inc., Not Reported in F.Supp.2d (2011)
Levitt v. Yelp! Inc., 765 F.3d 1123 (2014)
Apple Inc. v. Pepper, 139 S. Ct. 1514, 203 L. Ed. 2D 802 (2019)
MCI Commc’ns Corp. v. AT&T Co., 708 F.2d 1081, 1132–33 (7th Cir. 1983)
Verizon Commc`ns Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 124 S. Ct. 872, 157 L. Ed. 2D 823 (2004)
Comcast Corp. v. F.C.C., 600 F.3d 642 (2010)
Verizon v. F.C.C., 740 F.3d 623 (2014)
Mozilla Corporation v. Federal Communications Commission, 940 F.3d 1 (2019)

（六） 歐盟案件
European commission, Google Android CASE AT 40099
European commission, Google search (Shopping), CASE AT 39740
European commission, Google search (Adsense), CASE AT 40411
European commission, MICROSOFT CASE AT 37792

（七） 其他判決
中華人民共和國廣東省高級人民法院民事判決書（2011）粵高法民三初字第 2 號。
中華人民共和國最高人民法院民事判決書（2013）民三終字第 4 號。


三、 其他政府資料
Department of Justice, final judgment of U.S. v. Microsoft Corporation [Browser and Middleware] (2002/11/12)
https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/final-judgment-133
Department of Justice, Department of Justice and Microsoft Corporation Reach
Effective Settlement on Antitrust Lawsuit, press release (2001/11/02) https://www.justice.gov/archive/atr/public/press_releases/2001/9463.htm
Department of Justice, Justice Department Sues American Express, Mastercard and Visa to Eliminate Rules Restricting Price Competition; Reaches Settlement with Visa and Mastercard, (2010/10/04) https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-american-express-mastercard-and-visa-eliminate-rules-restricting
Department of Justice, Antitrust Division Policy Guide to Merger Remedies (October
2004), Available at: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2011/06/16/205108.pdf
Department of Justice, Antitrust Division Policy Guide to Merger Remedies (June 2011), Available at: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2011/06/17/272350.pdf
EUR-Lex, Interinstitutional agreement on better law-making (2016/12/04)
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32003Q1231%2801%29
European Commission, Antitrust: Commission opens investigation into possible anti-competitive conduct of Amazon (2019/07/17) https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_4291
European Commission, Antitrust: Commission sends Statement of Objections to Google on comparison shopping service; opens separate formal investigation on Android, European Commission press corner (2015/04/15) https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_4780
European Commission, Antitrust: Commission fines Google €4.34 billion for illegal practices regarding Android mobile devices to strengthen dominance of Google`s search engine (2018/07/18) https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_18_4581
Federal Communications Commission, Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet,Federal Register (2015/04/13) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/04/13/2015-07841/protecting-and-promoting-the-open-internet
Federal Communications Commission, Restoring Internet Freedom Order, Federal Communications Commission https://www.fcc.gov/restoring-internet-freedom
Federal Communications Commission, Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, Federal Register (2015/04/13) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/04/13/2015-07841/protecting-and-promoting-the-open-internet
Federal Trade Commission, The Antitrust Laws, https://www.ftc.gov/tips-
advice/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-laws
公平交易委員會對於相關市場界定之處理原則問答集（2016/09/19）
https://www.ftc.gov.tw/internet/main/doc/docDetail.aspx?uid=1345&docid=13940　

四、 翻譯書籍
ANDERSON, CHRIS 著，羅耀宗、蔡慧菁譯，免費！揭開零定價的獲利祕密，天下遠見（2009）
LESSIG, LAWRENCE 著，李旭、沈偉偉譯，代碼2.0：網路空間中的法律（修訂版）
MCGONIGAL, KELLY 著，薛怡心譯，輕鬆駕馭意志力：史丹佛大學最受歡迎的心理素質課，圓神（2012）
MULLAINATHAN, SENDHIL & SHAFIR, ELDAR 著，謝樹寬譯，匱乏經濟學：為什麼老是在趕Deadline？為什麼老是覺得時間和金錢不夠用？遠流（2015）
PARKER, GEOFFREY, VAN ALSTYNE, MARSHALL & CHOUDARY, SANGEET PAUL 著，李芳齡譯，平台經濟模式：從啟動、獲利到成長的全方位攻略，天下雜誌（2016）
SCHUMPETER, JOSEPH ALOIS 著，何畏、易家詳譯，經濟發展理論，左岸文化（2009）
SMITH, BRAD & BROWNE, CAROL ANN 著，孔令新譯，未來科技的 15 道難題，商周（2020）
SURDAK, CHRISTOPHER 著，林奕伶、廖育琳譯，大數據時代的致勝決策：2020年前最重要的6個關鍵策略（2015）
TEPPER, JONATHAN & HEARN, DENISE 著，吳慧珍、曹嬿恆譯，競爭之死（2020）
THALER, RICHARD H. 著，劉怡女譯，不當行為：行為經濟學之父教你更聰明的思考、理財、看世界，先覺（2016）
WU, TIM 著，黃庭敏譯，注意力商人，天下（2018）
WU, TIM 著，顧佳、周佳欣譯，誰控制了總開關，行人文化（2013）
高錫均著，宋佩芬、賴姵瑜譯，推力行銷，商周（2019）

五、 網路資料
（一） 英文部分
Airbnb, What regulations apply to my city? Airbnb Help Center
https://www.airbnb.com/help/article/961/what-regulations-apply-to-my-city?locale=en&_set_bev_on_new_domain=1590890443_YzMyZjI4MzBkZWQ3
Amazon services, How to create a bundle listing with existing products, seller forums,
https://sellercentral.amazon.com/forums/t/how-to-create-a-bundle-listing-with-existing-products/390694
Amsterdam, Airbnb agree new deal to stop illegal rentals, DutchNews.nl (2016/12/01)
https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2016/12/amsterdam-airbnb-agree-new-deal-to-stop-illegal-rentals/
Android, Choice Screen Auction Options, (2020/02/28)
https://www.android.com/choicescreen-winners/
Apple Inc., Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology, Apple Newsroom (2020/04/20) https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/04/apple-and-google-partner-on-covid-19-contact-tracing-technology/
Basic Attention Token, https://basicattentiontoken.org/
Bhageshpur, Kiran, Data Is The New Oil -- And That`s A Good Thing, Forbes (2019/11/15) https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/11/15/data-is-the-new-oil-and-thats-a-good-thing/#58235f647304
Booth, Robert and Newling, Dan, Airbnb introduces 90-day annual limit for London hosts, The Guardian (2016/12/01) https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/01/airbnb-introduces-90-day-a-year-limit-for-london-hosts
Brave Software, Basic Attention Token (BAT): Blockchain Based Digital Advertising (2018/03/13)
White paper available at: https://basicattentiontoken.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/05/BasicAttentionTokenWhitePaper-4.pdf
Bruce Baer Arnold, Social rejection: why Snapchat turned down Facebook’s offer, The Conversation, (2013/11/18) https://theconversation.com/social-rejection-why-snapchat-turned-down-facebooks-offer-20354
Clarke, Roger, "Information Wants to be Free ...", Roger Clarke`s Web-Site (2000/02/24) http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/IWtbF.html
Clement, J., Most popular social networks worldwide 2019, by reach, STATISTA,
https://www.statista.com/statistics/274773/global-penetration-of-selected-social-media-sites/
Collins, Keith, Net Neutrality Has Officially Been Repealed. Here’s How That Could Affect You. The New York Times (2018/06/11) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/11/technology/net-neutrality-repeal.html
Constine, Josh, Instagram will let you download your content after criticism about portability, TechCrunch (2018/04/12) https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/11/download-your-instagram-photos/
Darrell Etherington, Snapchat Gets Its Own Timeline With Snapchat Stories, 24-Hour Photo & Video Tales, TechCrunch, (2013/10/03) https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/03/snapchat-gets-its-own-timeline-with-snapchat-stories-24-hour-photo-video-tales/
Data Transfer Project, How does DTP Work,
https://datatransferproject.dev/documentatio
the White Paper of DTP: Data Transfer Project Overview and Fundamentals (2018/07/20) https://datatransferproject.dev/dtp-overview.pdf
Del Rey, Jason, Antitrust officials ordered Facebook, Amazon, and other tech giants to disclose 10 years of acquisition documents, Vox (2020/02/11)
https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/2/11/21133308/ftc-big-tech-acquisition-information-request-amazon-apple-google-facebook-microsoft
Entertainment - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment　
Facebook, Why We Disagree With the Bundeskartellamt, Facebook Newsroom (2019/02/07) https://about.fb.com/news/2019/02/bundeskartellamt-order/
Failory, Startup Cemetery – Netscape https://www.failory.com/cemetery/netscape Financial Times, Subscription page- Become an FT subscriber,
https://www.ft.com/products?segmentId=f860e6c2-18af-ab30-cd5e-6e3a456f9265
Finley, Klint, How Facebook has changed computing, WIRED (2019/04/02)
https://www.wired.com/story/how-facebook-has-changed-computing/
Goldhaber, Michael H., Attention Shoppers! WIRED (1997/12/01)
https://www.wired.com/1997/12/es-attention/
Google Ads, https://ads.google.com/home/
Greek Gods and Goddesses, Cronus, https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net/gods/cronus/
Hawkins Andrew J., Lyft users love Uber, but it`s not a two-way street, THE VERGE (2016/04/06) https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/6/11379248/lyft-uber-survey-monkey-intelligence-app-users
Hern, Alex, Vanishing app: Snapchat struggles as Facebook bites back, The Guardian (2017/08/11) https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/11/vanishing-app-snapchat-struggles-as-facebook-bites-back
Herrick, Justin, We know exactly why Windows Phone failed, technobuffalo（2018/05/30）https://www.technobuffalo.com/windows-phone-failure-reason-terry-myerson
Isaac, Mike and Kang,Cecilia, F.T.C. Is Said to Consider an Injunction Against Facebook, The New York Times, (2019/12/19) https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/12/technology/ftc-facebook-injunction.html
Kane, Margaret, Google searches out an e-tail niche, CNET (2006/12/13)
https://www.cnet.com/news/google-searches-out-an-e-tail-niche/
Kang, Cecilia, McCabe, David and Wakabayashi, Daisuke, U.S. Is Said to Plan to File Antitrust Charges Against Google, The New York Times (2020/05/15) https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/technology/google-antitrust-investigation.html
Kantrowitz, Alex, Snapchat was `an existential threat` to Facebook — until an 18-year-old developer convinced Mark Zuckerberg to invest in Instagram Stories, BUSINESS INSIDER, (2020/04/07) https://www.businessinsider.com/how-developer-mark-zuckerberg-invented-instagram-stories-copied-snapchat-2020-4
Kastrenakes, Jacob, The FCC just killed net neutrality, THE VERGE (2017/12/14)
https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/14/16776154/fcc-net-neutrality-vote-results-rules-repealed
Kawamoto, Dawn, Google-YouTube merger clears antitrust review, CNET (2006/11/06) https://www.cnet.com/news/google-youtube-merger-clears-antitrust-review/
Kelly, Kevin, Better Than Free, The Edge (2008/02/05)
https://www.edge.org/conversation/better-than-free
Kendall, Brent, Supreme Court Grills Both Sides in States’ Challenge of American Express, The Wall Street Journal (2018/02/26) https://www.wsj.com/articles/supreme-court-grills-both-sides-in-states-challenge-of-american-express-1519689044
Kieran, Damien, Putting people first on data portability, Twitter Blog (2018/07/20)
https://blog.twitter.com/official/en_us/topics/company/2018/putting-people-first-on-data-portability.html
Kinderstart, http://www.kinderstart.com
Lockheimer, Hiroshi, Complying with the EC’s Android decision, Google Blog/ Company News (2018/10/16) https://www.blog.google/around-the-globe/google-europe/complying-ecs-android-decision/
Lomas, Natasha, Airbnb Gets Tourist Tax D’Accord In Paris, Its Largest Market, TechCrunch (2015/08/25) https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/25/airbnb-daccord/
Lomas, Natasha, Airbnb Handed Over $1.3M In Tourist Taxes To The City Of Paris In Q4 2015, TechCrunch (2016/02/05) https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/05/airbnb-handed-over-1-3m-in-tourist-taxes-to-the-city-of-paris-in-q4-2015/
Lunden, Ingrid & Tsotsis, Alexia, What’s Up With WhatsApp? Facebook Might Want To Buy It, That’s What, TechCrunch (2012/12/03) https://techcrunch.com/2012/12/02/whats-up-with-whatsapp-facebook-might-want-to-buy-it-thats-what/
McLaughlin, David, FTC Chief Says He’s Willing to Break Up Big Tech Companies, Bloomberg (2019/08/14) https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-13/ftc-chief-says-willing-to-break-up-companies-amid-big-tech-probe
Meerkat live-streaming app `dead`, BBC News, (2016/10/04)
https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37555100
MFTranscribing, Spotify Technology (SPOT) Q1 2020 Earnings Call Transcript, The Motley Fool (2020/04/29) https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2020/04/29/spotify-technology-spot-q1-2020-earnings-call-tran.aspx
Mills, Elinor, Google takes the pun out of shopping, CNET (2007/04/20)
https://www.cnet.com/news/google-takes-the-pun-out-of-shopping/
Netflix on Twitter, (2017/04/18)　
https://twitter.com/netflix/status/854100194098520064　
Netflix, How Netflix’s Recommendations System Works, Netflix Help Center,
https://help.netflix.com/en/node/100639
Neumann, Jerry, A Taxonomy of Moats, Reaction Wheel, (2019/09/19)
http://reactionwheel.net/2019/09/a-taxonomy-of-moats.html
O`Reilly, Tim, What Is Web 2.0, (2005/09/30)
https://www.oreilly.com/pub/a//web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html
Oreskovic, Alexei, Facebook says WhatsApp deal cleared by FTC, Reuters (2014/04/11) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-whatsapp/facebook-says-whatsapp-deal-cleared-by-ftc-idUSBREA391VA20140410
Oreskovic, Alexei, FTC clears Facebook`s acquisition of Instagram, Reuters (2012/08/23) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-instagram/ftc-clears-facebooks-acquisition-of-instagram-idUSBRE87L14W20120823
Patkar, Mihir, 5 Google Chrome Alternatives for a Better Browser on Desktop or Mobile, (2018/10/02) https:// www.makeuseof.com/tag/google-chrome-alternatives-desktop-mobile/
Peck, Robert, Cuban, Mark: "Data is the new gold", CREDIT-SUISSE (2017/01/22)
https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us-news/en/articles/news-and-expertise/mark-cuban-data-is-the-new-gold-201706.html
Phillips, Laura H., The FCC’s “Restoration of Internet Freedom Order” Largely Survives on Appeal; But Net Neutrality is Not Dead Yet, The National Law Review (2019/10/08) https://www.natlawreview.com/article/fcc-s-restoration-internet-freedom-order-largely-survives-appeal-net-neutrality-not
Pinerest, https://www.pinterest.com/
Pinterest launches shopping spotlights with influencers and publishers, Pinerest Newsroom (2020/05/18) https://newsroom.pinterest.com/en/post/pinterest-launches-curated-shopping-spotlights
Power Integrations https://www.power.com/?language=en
Retail Banking Research (RBR), UnionPay maintains its position as the world’s largest card scheme(2018/10/26) https://www.rbrlondon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/GC23_Press_Release_261018.pdf
Robertson, Adi, The FCC can repeal net neutrality, but it can’t block state laws, says court, THE VERGE (2019/10/01) https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/1/20893342/fcc-net-neutrality-repeal-dc-appeals-court-ruling-state-law-preemption
Salinas, Sara, Facebook is integrating the messaging functions of Messenger, Instagram and WhatsApp, CNBC (2019/01/25) https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/facebook-reportedly-integrating-messenger-instagram-and-whatsapp.html
Schonfeld, Erick, Eric Schmidt`s Gang Of Four: Google, Apple, Amazon, And Facebook, TechCrunch (2011/06/01) https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/31/schmidt-gang-four-google-apple-amazon-facebook/
Singer, Hal, Ohio V. American Express: Do Monopoly Platforms Deserve Special Treatment Under Antitrust?, FORBES (2018/02/27) https://www.forbes.com/sites/washingtonbytes/2018/02/27/do-monopoly-platforms-deserve-special-treatment-under-antitrust-review-of-ohio-v-american-express/#423448955b1d
Spotify, Time to Play Fair,https://www.timetoplayfair.com/
Spotify, Why go Premium? https://www.spotify.com/us/premium/?checkout=false　
Spotify’s claims, Apple Newsroom (2019/03/14)
https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/03/addressing-spotifys-claims/
Stapp, Alec, Why Data Is Not the New Oil, Truth on the Market (2019/10/08)
https://truthonthemarket.com/2019/10/08/why-data-is-not-the-new-oil/
Stempel, Jonathan, Google wins dismissal of U.S. lawsuit over Android app limits, Reuters (2015/02/21) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-apps-decision/google-wins-dismissal-of-u-s-lawsuit-over-android-app-limits-idUSKBN0LO2C720150220
Susarla, Anjana, Facebook shifting from open platform to public utility, UPI (2018/08/17) https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Voices/2018/08/17/Facebook-shifting-from-open-platform-to-public-utility/1721534507642/
The Economist, Data, data everywhere (2010/02/27)
https://www.economist.com/special-report/2010/02/27/data-data-everywhere
The Economist, The world’s most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data (2017/05/06) https://www.economist.com/leaders/2017/05/06/the-worlds-most-valuable-resource-is-no-longer-oil-but-data
The New York Times, Subscription page- academic rate
https://www.nytimes.com/subscription/education/student?campaignId=7FLWR&campaignId=7FLWR&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F
The Wall Street Journal, Subscription page- Join Now,
https://store.wsj.com/shop/APAC/wsjaama0519/?inttrackingCode=aaquqb5e&icid=WSJ_ON_FAP_ACQ_NA&cx_campaign=WSJAPGeneric219
The Washington Post, Subscription page- Choose your plan.,
https://subscribe.washingtonpost.com/acq/?promo=hpto_di_intl_intl_md20#/offers/promo/hpto_di_intl_intl_md20/view/1
Thompson, Ben, Beyond Disruption, STARATECHERY(2015/12/02)
https://stratechery.com/2015/beyond-disruption/
Tiwari, Aditya, Why Did Windows Phone Fail? — Ex-Nokia Engineer Explains, FOSSBYTES (2019/07/27) https://fossbytes.com/why-windows-phone-failed-reasons-nokia/
Travers, Mark, Facebook Spreads Fake News Faster Than Any Other Social Website, According To New Research, Forbes (2020/03/21) https://www.forbes.com/sites/traversmark/2020/03/21/facebook-spreads-fake-news-faster-than-any-other-social-website-according-to-new-research/#777e5bfc6e1a
Tsotsis, Alexia, Sean Parker On Why Myspace Lost To Facebook, TechCrunch (2011/06/29) https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/28/sean-parker-on-why-myspace-lost-to-facebook/
Tung, Liam, Bill Gates: My biggest mistake? Not making Android, ZDNet (2019/06/24) https://www.zdnet.com/article/bill-gates-my-biggest-mistake-not-making-android/
Vachani, Steve on LinkdIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/vachani/
Warren, Tom, Bill Gates thinks Windows Mobile would have beaten Android without Microsoft’s antitrust woes, THE VERGE (2019/11/06) https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/6/20952370/bill-gates-windows-mobile-android-competition-comments-microsoft-antitrust
Warren, Tom, ZTE reveals $20 to $30 cost of Windows Phone license, THE VERGE (2012/01/19) https://www.theverge.com/microsoft/2012/1/19/2718209/windows-phone-license-cost-ZTE
Wu, Tim, The case for breaking up Facebook and Instagram, The Washington Post (2018/09/29) https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2018/09/28/case-breaking-up-facebook-instagram/
Wu, Tim, The Supreme Court Devastates Antitrust Law, The New York Times, (2018/06/26) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/26/opinion/supreme-court-american-express.html
Yelp, Advertising https://biz.yelp.com/advertise
Yelp, Support Center https://www.yelp-support.com/Yelp_for_Business_Owners?l=en_US
YouTube Creator Academy, Get insights with YouTube Analytics,
https://creatoracademy.youtube.com/page/course/analytics-series?hl=en
Zillow, About Us, https://www.zillow.com/corp/About.htm
Zillow, Zestimate, https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/

（二） 中文部分
Angela，網路廣告不可否認的未來——原生廣告，INSIDE（2012/08/14）
https://www.inside.com.tw/article/1595-native-ads
Brandon, Visa（V）營收穩定成長，StockFeel 股感（2018/12/11）
https://www.stockfeel.com.tw/visa%e7%b6%93%e7%87%9f%e7%ad%96%e7%95%a5%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90/　
Edward，Google 將於美國率先推出「Google Play Pass」訂閱服務 收錄《星露谷物語》等作品，巴哈姆特（2019/09/24）https://gnn.gamer.com.tw/detail.php?sn=186125
Facebook，我可以取得哪些類別的 Facebook 資料？Facebook 使用說明，
https://www.facebook.com/help/930396167085762?helpref=faq_content
Feng, Sanji, Windows 手機的銷售已近乎停滯，engadget 中國版
（2016/02/19）https://cn.engadget.com/2016/02/19/gartner-smartphone-report-q4-2015/
Fortune Insight，輕資產與重資產的投資模式（2018/10/02）
https://fortuneinsight.com/web/posts/26317
Froogle, Google Play,
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.lifemediainc.lifemedia&hl=zh_TW
Fu, Chevelle, 從 iOS 到 Android 轉得過去的是資料，但使用習慣轉移有這麼容易嗎？癮科技（2013/03/28）https://www.cool3c.com/article/66240?fbclid=IwAR3vs9J4HzDfu8JgFIZqm0XkHJhOqjZTOqyRfVCzwKc_kAfzLI3KCHgoZ2g
Google，AdSense 基本概念/AdSense 的運作方式，
https://support.google.com/adsense/answer/6242051? hl=zh-Hant&ref_topic=1319753
Lin, Doris ，Amazon如何用消費心理成功打造「追加銷售」的方法，
TRANSBIZ，https://transbiz.com.tw/amazon-upselling-techniques/
Lin, Doris，在你下單前就出貨！Amazon用大數據鞏固電商龍頭，TRANSBIZ https://transbiz.com.tw/amazon-big-data/
Netflix，Netflix 簡史 2007-2011，https://media.netflix.com/zh_tw/about-netflix
PChome Online 網路家庭/ Company Web，公司簡介 Group Profile，
https://corporate.pchome.com.tw/about_us/about_us.php?lang=cht&item_id=1
Spotify 官方網站，升級 Premium，https://www.spotify.com/tw/premium/
YouTube Premium 頁面，https://www.spotify.com/tw/premium/
WAW網站分析星期三，吸引消費者下單！10個「心理觸發點」絕招大公開，行銷人（2016/10/28），https://www.marketersgo.com/marketing/201610/sales-psychology/
人民網，騰訊 360 再掀 3Q 大戰專題，
http://it.people.com.cn/BIG5/119390/118342/242534/index.html
中國互聯網絡信息中心 CNNIC，第 31 次中國互聯網絡發展狀況統計報告， 2013年1月， http://www.cac.gov.cn/files/pdf/hlwtjbg/hlwlfzzkdctjbg031.pdf
王建興，API設計和應用程式設計的不同？iThome（2014/05/08）
https://www.ithome.com.tw/voice/87207
王郁倫、陳君毅，開訂閱制第一槍，《蘋果日報》10天付費會員衝10萬人算成功嗎？數位時代（2017/07/17）https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/54041/appledaily-subscription-effect-media-future
何佩珊，補貼熱火持續延燒，蝦皮能燒出下一個露天？（2016/07/14）
https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/40211/BN-2016-07-14-192834-223
何佩珊，還好還有Instagram，研究顯示Facebook持續流失年輕族群，數位時代（2017/08/23）https:// www.bnext.com.tw/article/45875/snapchat-beat-facebook-and-instagram-in-young-people-in-the-us
李怡偉，Froogle轉型改名Google Product Search，iThome（2007/04/20）
https://www.ithome.com.tw/node/43026
李欣岳，用Google搜尋我們的過去與未來，數位時代（2019/07/08）
https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/53894/google-serch-gmail-google-map-youtube-chrome-android-google-play
沈經，中國官方出面　騰訊與奇虎3Q大戰暫平息，iThome（2010/11/23）
https://www.ithome.com.tw/node/64660
那欸ANNE捏，針對蝦皮購物的總體分析文，Mediun（2019/08/23），
https://medium.com/@a4728tw/%E9%87%9D%E5%B0%8D%E8%9D%A6%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E7%B8%BD%E9%AB%94%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%96%87-b03e703c94fb
周雪君，百度搜索涉令患癌大學生誤信療法延醫死亡 網信辦等進駐調查，關鍵新聞網（2016/05/03）https://www.thenewslens.com/article/28676
周欽華，蝦皮購物的補貼策略｜PChome 的轉型困境，科技島讀（2017/09/28）
https://daodu.tech/09-28-2017-shopee-subsidy-strategy-and-pchome-transformation-dilemma
奇虎 360，反抗QQ霸權，需要你的力量！——360致網友的緊急求助信，360 安全中心（2010/11/03）https://web.archive.org/web/20101106042722/http://bbs.360.cn/3237987/39953066.html?Recommend=1　　
林妍溱，歐盟強化控告Google濫用市場地位排擠比價購物及搜尋廣告對手， iThome，2016/07/15 https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/107134
林杰銘，什麼是SEO？SEO 該做什麼？行銷初學者一讀就能懂！創億學堂
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林璐，Uber告訴我們：未來你不再擁有資產，擁有的只是使用資產的許可權， 36氪 （2014/10/21）https://www.36kr.com/p/216304
邱奕嘉，平台補貼戰燒對邊，竟也會失敗？商業週刊（2019/07/20）
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邱奕嘉，做平台，到底要不要燒錢補貼拚用戶數？商業週刊（2018/07/26），
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侯繼勇，解密小米手機：按需定製的輕資產模式，騰訊科技（2012/05/12）
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南方都市報，騰訊承認掃描用戶硬盤文件副總裁淚灑記者會（2010/11/05）
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郎勝衣，第二次 3Q 大戰？科技報橘（2011/07/08）
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馬學玲，3Q大戰 4年長跑落幕：為互聯網競爭樹司法標杆，中國新聞網
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高小兔，所以，到底什麼是破壞式創新？TechOrange（2013/03/06）
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高敬原，中國信用卡市場難攻，Visa、Mastercard長跑十年仍敲不開大門，數位時代（2019/01/15） https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/51947/china-still-slow-in-opening-market-to-visa-mastercard
張然，騰訊與 360 之間誰是流氓之戰升級，視頻中國（2010/10/14）
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覓雲，魏則西之死：百度廣告競價和莆田系引爭議，BBC 中文網
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許明恩，注意力經濟：Brave 把注意力轉成代幣，用廣告鼓勵更多好內容，區塊勢（2018/03/22）https://blocktrend.substack.com/p/brave-
許麗珍，蝦皮免運「低價利誘」違法？公平會：曾調查但未違法，蘋果新聞網（2018/03/22） https://tw.appledaily.com/life/20180322/PMFLEZ4IP2GRHNI4U6H4NLKMHY/
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陳書榕，從慘賠 7 億到營收 600 億，全家如何走到今天？3 大祕訣一次解析（2018/01/19）https://www.managertoday.com.tw/articles/view/55585
陳曉莉，Google Shopping將在10月全面改成付費廣告平台，iThome
（2012/09/14）https:// www.ithome.com.tw/node/76221
湯淑君，Netflix遭圍攻 但憑這些優勢將穩坐串流王座（2019/10/16）
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黃健誠，不打補貼戰了！蝦皮成交手續費調漲 賣家喊苦，今周刊
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黃楸晴（2019），為何Uber不是破壞式創新，Netflix才是？商周
（2019/10/31）https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/management/blog/3000614 yjo4c.4ux.6x03
奧立弗開箱數位吧，5分鐘搞懂Google廣告，Google Ads廣告版位大解析，行銷人（2020/02/18）https://www.marketersgo.com/trend/202002/google-ads-google%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8/　
愛分析 ifenxi，美國運通為什麼落後 VISA？世界發卡機構的競爭，StockFeel 股感（2017/05/08）
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搜狐 IT，張朝陽微博力挺360保護隱私稱騰訊壟斷需制衡（2010/10/01）
http://it.sohu.com/20101001/n275392746.shtml
廖千瑩，立委︰蝦皮補貼戰 政府應管制，自由時報（2017/10/16）
https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1143612
廖千瑩、高嘉和，鎖定臉書、谷歌 公平會查數位壟斷，自由財經
（2019/01/28）https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/2685105
廣告女王，拼多多、杜蕾斯、江小白等品牌的廣告都有什麼套路？微信
（2018/08/07）https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Y4L9YPG5hIYIk9Z1DikXJg　
鍾榮峰，近4成台灣玩家付費玩遊戲 線下經濟活動夯，中央社（2018/07/17）
https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/201807170031.aspx
瀏海乖，YouTube數據後台改版後，我覺得最受用的兩個新數據，Medium
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騰訊，致廣大QQ用戶的一封信（2010/11/03） https://web.archive.org/web/20101106123940/http://im.qq.com/qq.shtml
騰訊，難以承受之痛的背後——致QQ用戶的第二封信（2010/11/04）
https://web.archive.org/web/20101107051515/http://im.qq.com/qq_snd.shtml　
騰訊，騰訊公司聲明，騰訊科技（2010/07/26）
https://tech.qq.com/a/20100725/000088.htm
騰訊科技，金山、百度、騰訊、傲游、可牛，反對 360 不正當競爭及加強行業自律的聯合聲明（2010/10/27）https://tech.qq.com/a/20101027/000455.htm
蘋果新聞網，《蘋果新聞網》即刻免費　踢爆不公不義讓全民都看見
（2020/07/01）https://tw.lifestyle.appledaily.com/life/20200701/LFCQVDMBKJWP3XHJD7PHLNKFYE/		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202001510en_US