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題名 初探Open Insurance之發展與法制建構-以資料權利與保護為中心
A Preliminary Study on Development and Regulatory Scheme of Open Insurance-Focus on Data Right and Data Protection作者 郭令瑜
Guo, Ling-Yu貢獻者 張冠群
Chang, Kuan-Chun
郭令瑜
Guo, Ling-Yu關鍵詞 開放保險
開放API
資料可攜權
消費者資料權
資料共享
個資保護
Open Insurance
Open API
Data portability
Consumer Data Right
Data sharing
Data protection日期 2021 上傳時間 4-八月-2021 14:53:11 (UTC+8) 摘要 Open Banking近幾年來在全球金融圈掀起了一波熱潮,在獲得成效後,拓展到其他產業將是下一波趨勢,將類似概念應用在保險業的Open Insurance即陸續開始被討論。Open Insurance是指在消費者的同意下,保險公司可以透過應用程式介面(API)將保險相關資料分享給第三方業者,除了能促進保險商品及服務的創新,亦能讓消費者自行決定資料的使用方式,而獲得資料的主控權。本文擬以Open Insurance為研究對象,研究其可行之發展模式,並探討其如何應用在保險業之相關流程,及保險公司應採行何種策略應對。另外,有鑑於Open Insurance涉及特種個資的資料共享,在資料保護上勢必得更加完備,故本文亦將著重於資料權利或資料保護法制之建構,並經比較歐盟、英國、澳洲之立法模式後,就我國法制現況提出修正方向。我國雖然尚在推動Open Banking第二階段,惟於金融科技發展路徑圖已提及欲將適用產業拓展至保險業等其他金融業。是以,本文擬展望未來,探討Open Insurance在我國之可行發展模式與平台建構,並分別就法制面及監管面提出相關建議。最後,本研究擬提出下列六項建議,分別是:(一)設立開放保險API管理平台(二)建構第三方業者認證及管理機制(三)明訂資料可攜權或消費者資料權(四)透過ADR及ODR機制解決紛爭(五)建立消費者個資管理機制(六)設計完善之資料治理體制,期能為我國發展Open Insurance提供方向。
In recent years, Open Banking has been all the rage in global financial sector, and expanding to other industries will be the next trend. Open Insurance, which applies similar concepts in insurance industry, begins to be discussed recently. Open Insurance means insurance companies can share insurance-related data with third parties with consent of consumers through API. In addition to facilitating innovation in insurance products and services, Open Insurance allows consumers to gain control over data.This thesis intends to research feasible development of Open Insurance. As sensitive personal data may be shared, data protection should be more complete. Therefore, this thesis will focus on legal construction of data right or data protection, and compare legislative models of the EU, the UK and Australia.The development of Open Banking in Taiwan is in the second phase, however, the fintech development roadmap has mentioned that the applicable industries will expand to other financial industries such as insurance. Hence, this thesis will prospect for future, discuss feasible development mode and platform construction of Open Insurance in Taiwan, and raise suggestions from legal and regulatory aspects respectively.Finally, this thesis proposes the following six recommendations: (1) Establishing an Open insurance API management platform (2) Creating certification and management mechanism for third parties (3) Stipulating right to data portability or consumer data right (4) Resolving disputes through ADR and ODR mechanisms (5) Establishing consumer personal data management mechanism (6) Designing proper data governance system, hoping to provide direction for development of Open Insurance in Taiwan.參考文獻 一、中文文獻(依照筆畫排列)(一) 書籍1. 布雷特.金恩(Brett King)著,孫一仕、施祖琪、蕭俊傑譯,Bank3.0:銀行轉型未來式,2017年最新版,財團法人台灣金融研訓院,2017年2月。2. 谷湘儀、臧正運著,金融科技發展與法律,2版,五南,2018年4月。3. 谷湘儀、臧正運著,變革中的金融科技法制,五南,2019年。4. 桑吉・喬德利(Sangeet Paul Choudary)著,李芳齡譯,平台經濟模式:從啟動、獲利到成長的全方位攻略,天下雜誌股份有限公司,2016年10月。5. 張陳弘、莊植寧著,新時代之個人資料保護法制:歐盟GDPR與臺灣個人資料保護法的比較說明,新學林,2019年。(二) 期刊專論1. 央行理監事會後記者會參考資料,金融科技發展與銀行經營型態的演變,存款保險資訊季刊第 32 卷第3期,2019年6月20日,頁1。2. 呂雨龍、黃瑜然、劉柏定、楊浩彦、馬鴻文、蕭明瑜、楊惠雯、江雅綺,平台經濟興起對產業發展與資源使用的影響,財團法人中技社,頁13,2019年12月。3. 李震華,人工智慧技術發展趨勢與金融應用展望,財金資訊季刊,第95期,2019年7月,頁6。4. 周郭傑,從英國金融創新看Open Banking共創才能多贏!金融商業模式的下一步,財金資訊季刊,第97期,2020年5月,頁30-31。5. 胡家璇,平台經濟崛起 商業模式的創新與挑戰,科技快訊第305期2017年3月號,2017年3月15日,頁42-43。 6. 臧正運,從國際發展趨勢論我國推動開放銀行應有之思考,金融聯合徵信,第三十四期 2019年6月,頁6。7. 臧正運,開放銀行的關鍵挑戰-第三方服務提供者之治理模式選擇,財金資訊季刊,第97期,2020年5月,頁12-14。8. 臧正運,論金融科技發展的監理難題與法制策略——以我國的規範與實踐為核心,政大法學評論第163期,2020年10月17日,頁198。(三) 研究報告1. 王儷玲、葉淑玲、陳恩儀、江宛臻,個資保護規範下之大數據現況運用與未來發展,財團法人中華民國證券暨期貨市場發展基金會,2019年12月,頁74。2. 金融監督管理委員會,金融科技發展路徑圖,2020年8月27日,頁36-46。3. 國立台北商業大學,「我國金融科技之發展—從國際觀點分析金融服務相關法規」研究報告,2017年4月,頁1。4. 勤業眾信與國立政治大學商學院金融科技研究中心,2021台灣金融科技趨勢展望,2021年4月。5. 達文西個資暨高科技法律事務所,「GDPR 相關指引文件研析」委託研究計畫 結案報告-Guidelines on the right to data portability關於資料可攜權之指引,2019年11月,頁6-32。6. 達文西個資暨高科技法律事務所,關於第2016/679號規則(GDPR)中的同意之指引-Guidelines on consent under Regulation 2016/679,頁6-25。7. 賴威仁,解構開放銀行-執行架構比較與建議,台灣金融研訓院報告,2020年2月,頁4。(四) 學位論文1. 尤其偉,由資料可攜權引發之新變陏–以開放銀行為中心,東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士在職專班科技法律組碩士論文,2020年。2. 李芝儀,開放銀行法制建構之國際比較分析─對我國開放銀行法制之建構芻議,國立政治大學法學院碩士在職專班碩士學位論文,2021年。3. 李曇純,我國保險科技的發展,東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士在職專班科技法律組碩士論文,2018年。4. 薛丹琦,開放銀行金融創新之機制研究,世新大學管理學院財務金融學系碩士學位論文,2019年。(五) 網路資料1. 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Blokdyk, Gerardus, Open Banking a Complete Guide - 2019 Edition Paperback, 5starcooks (December 2018)2. Fasnacht, Daniel, Open Innovation Ecosystems: Creating New Value Constellations in the Financial Services, Springer (2d ed. November 2018)(二) 期刊專論1. Arner, D.W. et al., The Evolution of FinTech: A New Post-Crisis Paradigm?, SSRN Electronic Journal (January 2016), at 7.2. Chris Pike, Competition and Open API Standards in Banking (March 2018), at 2.3. Dong He et al., Fintech and Financial Services: Initial Considerations, IMF (June 2017), at 8.4. Fridolin Jakob Koch, Opportunities and Barriers for Advancing the API Economy within the Automotive Industry (February 15, 2019), at 5.5. Lisa M. Austin, Is Consent the Foundation of Fair Information Practices? Canada’s Experience under Pipeda, 56 U. TORONTO L.J. 181, 186-187 (2006).6. Thomas Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, Marshall W. Van Alstynen, Strategies for Two-sided Markets, Harvard Business Review (2006).7. Thomas R. Eisenmann et al., Opening platforms: how, when and why? SSRN Electronic Journal (August, 2008), at 135.(三) 研究報告1. Bain & Company, Global Digital Insurance Benchmarking Report 2015: Pathway to success in a digital world (2015), at 2.2. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Report on open banking and application programming interfaces (November 2019), at 10.3. Competition and Markets Authority, Making Banks Work Harder for You (August 9, 2016), at 1-5.4. Competition and Markets Authority, Retail Banking Market Investigation- Final Report (August 2016).5. Competition and Markets Authority, The Retail Banking Market Investigation Order 2017 (February 2, 2017), at 19-20.6. DXC Technology Company, PSD2: Go beyond compliance for new digital opportunities (November 2017), at 2.7. EBA Working Group on Electronic Alternative Payments, Understanding the business relevance of Open APIs and Open Banking for banks (May 2016), at 7.8. EIOPA, Open Insurance: Accessing and Sharing Insurance-Related Data Discussion Paper (January 28, 2021).9. Financial Conduct Authority, Call for Input: Open finance (December 17, 2019).10. Kerrie Holley et al., The Power of the API Economy: Stimulate Innovation, Increase Productivity, Develop New Channels, and Reach New Markets, IBM Corp. (December 19, 2014), at 2.11. KPMG, Pulse of Fintech H2 2019 (February 2020), at 17.12. MAS, ABS-MAS Financial World: Finance-as-a-Service API Playbook (November 2016), at 25.13. MAS, Consultation Paper on Proposed Revisions to Technology Risk Management Guidelines (March 7, 2019), at 23.14. Microsoft, Linklaters and Accenture, Open banking: A shared opportunity (2019), at 20.15. Patricia Hines, Ctp, APIs in Banking: Unlocking Business Value with Banking as A Platform (BAAP) (March 21, 2018), at 3.16. R. Jesse McWaters, The Future of Financial Services: How disruptive innovations are reshaping the way financial services are structured, provisioned and consumed, World Economic Forum (June 2015), at 13.17. Stefan Riedel and Jürgen Huschens, The new face of insurance: How platforms can modernize and transform insurance, IBM (2018), at 5.18. The Open Insurance Initiative (OPIN), FCA’s Call for Input on Open Finance (March 4, 2020), at 5.(四) 網路資料1. Abraham Thomas, APIs Are Eating the World (January 14, 2020), https://abrahamthomas.info/APIs-are-eating-the-world/2. Accenture insurance, the case for open insurance: Allianz and Lemonade (June 11, 2018), https://insuranceblog.accenture.com/the-case-for-open-insurance-allianz-and-lemonade3. Alan Glickenhouse et al., API Monetization – Understanding your Business Model Options, IBM (2016), https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/L5Q82XR0 4. Alan McIntyre et al., Open Platform Banking: A New Era, Accenture 4 (2018), https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/pdf-79/accenture-open-platform-banking-new-era.pdf5. Allianz SE, Open Source makes the most of the entire industry’s intelligence: Allianz sets up open platform (January 29, 2018), https://www.allianz.com/en/press/news/business/insurance/180129-allianz-sets-up-open-platform.html 6. Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC), Consumer data right (CDR) Project overview, https://www.accc.gov.au/focus-areas/consumer-data-right-cdr-07. Australian Competition & Consumer Commission, Consumer data right (CDR), https://www.accc.gov.au/focus-areas/consumer-data-right-cdr-08. Australian Government Productivity Commission, Data Availability And Use – Productivity Commission Inquiry Report (March 2017), https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/data-access/report/data-access.pdf9. Australian Government, ACCC/OAIC Compliance and Enforcement Policy for the Consumer Data Right, at 2 (May 8, 2020), https://www.cdr.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-06/CDR%20-%20CE%20-%20Joint%20ACCC%20and%20OAIC%20compliance%20and%20enforcement%20policy%20-%208%20May%202020.pdf10. AXA forges ahead with Insurance-as-a-Service, Digital Finance (November 26, 2017) https://www.digfingroup.com/insurtech-insurance-12/ 11. AXA Turns Insurance-as-a-Service A Reality By Launching Region`s First Partner Transactional API, AXA (November 13, 2017), https://www.axa.com.sg/latest-news/axa-turns-insurance-as-a-service-a-reality-by-launching-regions-first-partner-transactional-api 12. Bastiaan Bruyndonckx, Brexit - Data Protection, Lydian (February 26, 2021), https://www.lydian.be/en/news/brexit-data-protection13. Briana Jones, Understanding Open APIs and How They Work (December 16, 2019), https://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2019/12/16/444024-understanding-open-APIs-how-they-work.htm14. Christy Pettey, Welcome to the API Economy (June 9, 2016), https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/welcome-to-the-API-economy/15. Competition and Consumer (Consumer Data Right) Rules 2020, https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020L0009416. Cookiebot, UK Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA ACT) | 2021 Update, https://www.cookiebot.com/en/data-protection-act-2018/17. Data Protection Act 2018, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents/enacted18. Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32015L236619. Ernst and Young, How China’s open banking experiment is unfolding, EY Global (December 17, 2018), https://www.ey.com/en_tw/banking-cAPItal-markets/how-chinas-open-banking-experiment-is-unfolding20. European Central Bank, The revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2) and the transition to stronger payments security (March 2018), https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/intro/mip-online/2018/html/1803_revisedpsd.en.html21. European Commission, Frequently Asked Questions: Making electronic payments and online banking safer and easier for consumers (September 13, 2019), https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_19_555522. European Parliament, Legislative Proposal for a New Open Finance Framework / Before 2022-10 (April 21, 2021), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-europe-fit-for-the-digital-age/file-new-open-finance-frameworkb23. Financial Stability Board, Monitoring of FinTech, https://www.fsb.org/work-of-the-fsb/policy-development/additional-policy-areas/monitoring-of-fintech/24. Fouad Husseini, Open Insurance: A foundation for platform ecosystems 19 (2020), https://openinsurance.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Open-Insurance-a-Foundation-for-Platform-Ecosystems.pdf25. GDPR.EU, https://gdpr.eu/26. GDPR.EU, What is GDPR, the EU’s new data protection law?, https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/ 27. Her Majesty`s Government, Data Protection Bill: summary assessment, https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/impact-assessments/IA17-006.pdf28. Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Open Application Programming Interface (API) for the Banking Sector (May 4, 2020), https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-functions/international-financial-centre/fintech/open-application-programming-interface-API-for-the-banking-sector/29. Ian Harper, Peter Anderson, Su Mccluskey & Michael o’Bryan Qc, Competition Policy Review Final Report (March 2015), https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/Competition-policy-review-report_online.pdf30. IASME Consurtiun, Cyber essentials-cyber liability insurance, https://iasme.co.uk/cyber-essentials/cyber-liability-insurance/ 31. ICO, About the DPA 2018, https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/introduction-to-data-protection/about-the-dpa-2018/#:~:text=The%20UK%20GDPR%20is%20the,law%20enforcement%20and%20intelligence%20agencies.32. ICO, Money, law and courage: the varied roles of the UK Information Commissioner (March 15, 2018), https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2018/03/money-law-and-courage-the-varied-roles-of-the-uk-information-commissioner/33. Jean-françois gasc, Does your ecosystem fit your business strategy?, Accenture (April 23, 2020) https://insuranceblog.accenture.com/does-your-ecosystem-fit-your-business-strategy34. Jean-françois gasc, Insurers risk missing the coming ecosystem boom, Accenture (March 19, 2020), https://insuranceblog.accenture.com/insurers-risk-missing-the-coming-ecosystem-boom 35. Jennifer Rudden, Total value of investments into Fintech companies worldwide from 2010 to 2019 (June 18, 2020), https://www.statista.com/statistics/719385/investments-into-fintech-companies-globally/36. Jim Bramblet and Andrew Starrs, Accenture Technology Vision for Insurance 2017 (April 28, 2017), https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/insurance/technology-vision-insurance-2017 37. Joris Lochy, Transforming the insurance sector to an Open API Ecosystem, Finextra (December 16, 2019), https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/18255/transforming-the-insurance-sector-to-an-open-api-ecosystem38. Kate Bennett Eriksson, Opening up to new ways of banking, PWC (July 3, 2018) https://www.digitalpulse.pwc.com.au/opening-up-new-ways-banking/39. Kristin Moyer, How to Build an Open Bank Published, Gartener (June 19, 2017), https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/3746220/how-to-build-an-open-bank40. Lazar, What Is an Open API and Why Is It Important? (September 26, 2018), https://www.techiexpert.com/what-is-an-open-API-and-why-is-it-important/41. Lee Holland et al., Open Insurance: Unlocking Ecosystem Opportunities for Tomorrow’s Insurance Industry, Accenture (2020) https://images.info.accenture.com/Web/ACCENTURE/%7B34d3d948-6976-477d-942c-d5ee1b4b8446%7D_accenture-open-insurance.pdf?elqcst=272&elqcsid=196 42. Lemonade, Lemonade Launches Insurance API, PR Newswire (Oct 10, 2017) https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lemonade-launches-insurance-api-650210233.html43. Maarten Bakker, `Open Insurance`: a new mindset for the Insurance sector (June 6, 2018), https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/open-insurance-new-mindset-sector-maarten-bakker44. Maliha Rashid et al., The Currency of Trust: Why Banks and Insurers Must Make Customer Data Safer and More Secure, Capgemini Consulting, 2017, https://www.capgemini.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/the_currency_of_trust_why_banks_and_insurers_must_make_customer_data_safer_and_more_secure.pdf 45. 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Open Banking Ltd., What is Open Banking?, https://www.openbanking.org.uk/customers/what-is-open-banking/56. Rahul Narain, Evolution of the API economy: Adopting new business models to drive future innovation, IBM Institute for Business Value, at 19 (July 2016) https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/XG8RYO6357. Ron Miller, APIs Fuel The Software That’s Eating The World Ron (May 7, 2015), https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/06/APIs-fuel-the-software-thats-eating-the-world/#:~:text=Marc%20Andreessen%20once%20famously%20said,the%20rAPId%20creation%20of%20software.58. Susan Moore, Gartner Says Insurance Firms Should Investigate `Insurtechs` to Complement Their Own Digital Strategies, Gartner (October 24, 2016), https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2016-10-24-gartner-says-insurance-firms-should-investigate-insurtechs-to-complement-their-own-digital-strategies59. The Treasury of Australian Government, Consumer Data Right Overview, at 9 (September 2019), https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-09/190904_cdr_booklet.pdf60. The Treasury of Australian Government, Consumer Data Right, https://treasury.gov.au/consumer-data-right61. The UK GDPR, https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/dp-at-the-end-of-the-transition-period/data-protection-now-the-transition-period-has-ended/the-gdpr/ 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
風險管理與保險學系
107358001資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107358001 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 張冠群 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Kuan-Chun en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 郭令瑜 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Guo, Ling-Yu en_US dc.creator (作者) 郭令瑜 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Guo, Ling-Yu en_US dc.date (日期) 2021 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-八月-2021 14:53:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-八月-2021 14:53:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-八月-2021 14:53:11 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0107358001 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/136369 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 風險管理與保險學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 107358001 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Open Banking近幾年來在全球金融圈掀起了一波熱潮,在獲得成效後,拓展到其他產業將是下一波趨勢,將類似概念應用在保險業的Open Insurance即陸續開始被討論。Open Insurance是指在消費者的同意下,保險公司可以透過應用程式介面(API)將保險相關資料分享給第三方業者,除了能促進保險商品及服務的創新,亦能讓消費者自行決定資料的使用方式,而獲得資料的主控權。本文擬以Open Insurance為研究對象,研究其可行之發展模式,並探討其如何應用在保險業之相關流程,及保險公司應採行何種策略應對。另外,有鑑於Open Insurance涉及特種個資的資料共享,在資料保護上勢必得更加完備,故本文亦將著重於資料權利或資料保護法制之建構,並經比較歐盟、英國、澳洲之立法模式後,就我國法制現況提出修正方向。我國雖然尚在推動Open Banking第二階段,惟於金融科技發展路徑圖已提及欲將適用產業拓展至保險業等其他金融業。是以,本文擬展望未來,探討Open Insurance在我國之可行發展模式與平台建構,並分別就法制面及監管面提出相關建議。最後,本研究擬提出下列六項建議,分別是:(一)設立開放保險API管理平台(二)建構第三方業者認證及管理機制(三)明訂資料可攜權或消費者資料權(四)透過ADR及ODR機制解決紛爭(五)建立消費者個資管理機制(六)設計完善之資料治理體制,期能為我國發展Open Insurance提供方向。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) In recent years, Open Banking has been all the rage in global financial sector, and expanding to other industries will be the next trend. Open Insurance, which applies similar concepts in insurance industry, begins to be discussed recently. Open Insurance means insurance companies can share insurance-related data with third parties with consent of consumers through API. In addition to facilitating innovation in insurance products and services, Open Insurance allows consumers to gain control over data.This thesis intends to research feasible development of Open Insurance. As sensitive personal data may be shared, data protection should be more complete. Therefore, this thesis will focus on legal construction of data right or data protection, and compare legislative models of the EU, the UK and Australia.The development of Open Banking in Taiwan is in the second phase, however, the fintech development roadmap has mentioned that the applicable industries will expand to other financial industries such as insurance. Hence, this thesis will prospect for future, discuss feasible development mode and platform construction of Open Insurance in Taiwan, and raise suggestions from legal and regulatory aspects respectively.Finally, this thesis proposes the following six recommendations: (1) Establishing an Open insurance API management platform (2) Creating certification and management mechanism for third parties (3) Stipulating right to data portability or consumer data right (4) Resolving disputes through ADR and ODR mechanisms (5) Establishing consumer personal data management mechanism (6) Designing proper data governance system, hoping to provide direction for development of Open Insurance in Taiwan. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二節 研究方法 2第三節 研究架構 3第二章 開放API的發展 5第一節 API介紹 5第一項 API的定義及重要性 5第二項 API的開放態樣 6第二節 開放API及其帶來之API經濟 8第一項 開放API的介紹 9第二項 API經濟的概述 11第三項 API經濟的發展 12第四項 API經濟帶來的機會 13第五項 API經濟在各產業的發展 14第三章 開放API應用於金融業-Open Finance 16第一節 Open Finance的發展 16第一項 金融科技之定義及其發展 16第二項 金融科技對產業之影響 18第三項 Open Finance的發展背景 20第四項 Open Finance的定義 21第五項 Open Finance的願景 23第二節 Open Finance的第一步-Open Banking 24第一項 Open Banking的簡介 24第二項 Open Banking的監理模式 30第三項 我國發展Open Banking之現況 34第四章 Open Insurance概述 37第一節 Open Finance的下一步-Open Insurance 37第一項 Open Banking發展下帶來的啟示 37第二項 Open Insurance的特殊難題 38第二節 Open Insurance簡介 39第一項 Open Insurance的發展背景 40第二項 Open Insurance的定義 42第三項 Open Insurance的應用 43第三節 Open Insurance的平台生態系統發展 46第一項 概述 46第二項 平台經濟與平台生態系統 48第三項 開放保險API平台模式之探討 54第四節 保險公司在Open Insurance的策略選擇 60第一項 保險公司於Open Insurance扮演的角色 60第二項 於保險流程應用Open Insurance 66第五節 Open Insurance的應用實例 68第一項 歐美地區 68第二項 亞洲地區 70第三項 台灣 74第六節 Open Insurance的潛在風險 76第一項 個資保護風險 76第二項 資訊安全風險 77第三項 法律遵循風險 78第七節 小結 79第五章 Open Insurance的資料權利與保護 81第一節 Open Insurance的資料使用 81第一項 議題概覽 81第二項 資料使用範圍 82第三項 資料使用權限 83第四項 資料權利之法制 84第二節 比較法:資料權利或保護之相關規定 86第一項 歐盟「一般個人資料保護規則」 86第二項 英國 2018「資料保護法」與「英國一般個人資料保護規則」97第三項 澳洲「消費者資料權法案」 102第四項 我國「個人資料保護法」 108第五項 小結 113第三節 我國資料共享的現況及法制建構方向 118第一項 我國資料共享之推動現況 118第二項 相關法制之建構方向 121第六章 我國推動Open Insurance的展望 125第一節 現況 125第二節 發展模式與平台建構 127第一項 強制開放模式與自願自律模式之選擇 127第二項 API管理平台之建置 128第三項 業者自建API平台的探討 132第三節 法制面 135第一項 明訂資料可攜權 135第二項 確立責任劃分及爭端解決機制 138第三項 個資侵害之損害賠償請求權基礎 142第四節 監理面 145第一項 第三方業者的監管 145第二項 消費者個資管理機制 147第七章 結論與建議 149第一節 研究結論 149第二節 本文建議 150第一項 設立開放保險API管理平台 150第二項 建構第三方業者認證及管理機制 150第三項 明訂資料可攜權或消費者資料權 151第四項 透過ADR及ODR機制解決紛爭 151第五項 建立消費者個資管理機制 152第六項 設計完善之資料治理體制 152參考文獻及書目 153 zh_TW dc.format.extent 4951631 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107358001 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 開放保險 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 開放API zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資料可攜權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 消費者資料權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資料共享 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 個資保護 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Open Insurance en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Open API en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Data portability en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Consumer Data Right en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Data sharing en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Data protection en_US dc.title (題名) 初探Open Insurance之發展與法制建構-以資料權利與保護為中心 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Preliminary Study on Development and Regulatory Scheme of Open Insurance-Focus on Data Right and Data Protection en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文文獻(依照筆畫排列)(一) 書籍1. 布雷特.金恩(Brett King)著,孫一仕、施祖琪、蕭俊傑譯,Bank3.0:銀行轉型未來式,2017年最新版,財團法人台灣金融研訓院,2017年2月。2. 谷湘儀、臧正運著,金融科技發展與法律,2版,五南,2018年4月。3. 谷湘儀、臧正運著,變革中的金融科技法制,五南,2019年。4. 桑吉・喬德利(Sangeet Paul Choudary)著,李芳齡譯,平台經濟模式:從啟動、獲利到成長的全方位攻略,天下雜誌股份有限公司,2016年10月。5. 張陳弘、莊植寧著,新時代之個人資料保護法制:歐盟GDPR與臺灣個人資料保護法的比較說明,新學林,2019年。(二) 期刊專論1. 央行理監事會後記者會參考資料,金融科技發展與銀行經營型態的演變,存款保險資訊季刊第 32 卷第3期,2019年6月20日,頁1。2. 呂雨龍、黃瑜然、劉柏定、楊浩彦、馬鴻文、蕭明瑜、楊惠雯、江雅綺,平台經濟興起對產業發展與資源使用的影響,財團法人中技社,頁13,2019年12月。3. 李震華,人工智慧技術發展趨勢與金融應用展望,財金資訊季刊,第95期,2019年7月,頁6。4. 周郭傑,從英國金融創新看Open Banking共創才能多贏!金融商業模式的下一步,財金資訊季刊,第97期,2020年5月,頁30-31。5. 胡家璇,平台經濟崛起 商業模式的創新與挑戰,科技快訊第305期2017年3月號,2017年3月15日,頁42-43。 6. 臧正運,從國際發展趨勢論我國推動開放銀行應有之思考,金融聯合徵信,第三十四期 2019年6月,頁6。7. 臧正運,開放銀行的關鍵挑戰-第三方服務提供者之治理模式選擇,財金資訊季刊,第97期,2020年5月,頁12-14。8. 臧正運,論金融科技發展的監理難題與法制策略——以我國的規範與實踐為核心,政大法學評論第163期,2020年10月17日,頁198。(三) 研究報告1. 王儷玲、葉淑玲、陳恩儀、江宛臻,個資保護規範下之大數據現況運用與未來發展,財團法人中華民國證券暨期貨市場發展基金會,2019年12月,頁74。2. 金融監督管理委員會,金融科技發展路徑圖,2020年8月27日,頁36-46。3. 國立台北商業大學,「我國金融科技之發展—從國際觀點分析金融服務相關法規」研究報告,2017年4月,頁1。4. 勤業眾信與國立政治大學商學院金融科技研究中心,2021台灣金融科技趨勢展望,2021年4月。5. 達文西個資暨高科技法律事務所,「GDPR 相關指引文件研析」委託研究計畫 結案報告-Guidelines on the right to data portability關於資料可攜權之指引,2019年11月,頁6-32。6. 達文西個資暨高科技法律事務所,關於第2016/679號規則(GDPR)中的同意之指引-Guidelines on consent under Regulation 2016/679,頁6-25。7. 賴威仁,解構開放銀行-執行架構比較與建議,台灣金融研訓院報告,2020年2月,頁4。(四) 學位論文1. 尤其偉,由資料可攜權引發之新變陏–以開放銀行為中心,東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士在職專班科技法律組碩士論文,2020年。2. 李芝儀,開放銀行法制建構之國際比較分析─對我國開放銀行法制之建構芻議,國立政治大學法學院碩士在職專班碩士學位論文,2021年。3. 李曇純,我國保險科技的發展,東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士在職專班科技法律組碩士論文,2018年。4. 薛丹琦,開放銀行金融創新之機制研究,世新大學管理學院財務金融學系碩士學位論文,2019年。(五) 網路資料1. 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TTN旅報,API經濟,2018年12月10日,https://www.ttnmedia.com/api%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F/15. 工商時報,元大銀 進軍Open Banking, 2019年9月18日,https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20190918000185-260202?chdtv 16. 工商時報,政院拍板成立數位發展部 最快明年第一季掛牌,2021年3月25日,https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210325003581-260410?fbclid=IwAR1TAHOWM4ctCwww_JWvB3BnLB85NOLpt_YyKfr_1sUOn_pPNE1i-Puhlms&chdtv 17. 工商時報,國泰世華攜國壽 推OPEN API, 2019年10月29日,https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20191029000255-260205?chdtv 18. 工商時報,壽險公會副秘書長金憶惠: 共享平台 一鏈搞定所有理賠,2020年10月21日,https://ctee.com.tw/news/insurance/355207.html19. 工商時報,醫療險理賠一站通 5/3上線,2021年4月24日,https://ctee.com.tw/news/finance/450310.html20. 工商時報.台灣壽險滲透度 連12年稱霸全球,2019年7月8日,https://ctee.com.tw/news/insurance/115108.html21. 中央社,開放銀行第二階段 銀行將有條件開放客戶資料查詢,2020年7月26日,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/202007260029.aspx 22. 中央社,開放銀行邁下階段 專家:立法強制加速進展, 2020年3月9日,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/202003090145.aspx23. 中國平安,集團簡介,https://www.pingan.cn/tc/about/overview.shtml24. 中國證券報·中證網,中國平安開放“智慧保險雲” 十餘家保險公司簽約合作,2017年9月6日,http://www.cs.com.cn/sylm/jsbd/201709/t20170906_5461228.html25. 中華民國人壽保險商業同業公會,邁向保險服務新紀元--保險業保全/理賠聯盟鏈一站式服務七月一日啟動試辦,http://www.lia-roc.org.tw/insurancechain/26. 卡優新聞網,純網銀認知度達7成2 民眾不信任開放銀行, 2020年5月27日,https://www.cardu.com.tw/news/detail.php?40770 27. 司法院法學資料檢索系統,https://law.judicial.gov.tw/ 28. 平安開放平台,https://API.pingan.com.cn/dev/index.do?step=2&Ro5oZooIPqipY1u29. 全國法規資料庫,https://law.moj.gov.tw/30. 好險網,各家保單理賠今起1家申請全搞定 資安疑慮靠一招:免驚,2020年7月1日,https://www.phew.tw/article/cont/phewpoint/current/topic/9277/20200702927731. 好險網,震撼!特斯拉跨足保險業 馬斯克:正創建一家大型保險公司, 2020年7月24日,https://www.phew.tw/article/cont/phewpoint/current/topic/9414/20200725941432. 金融壹帳通,Gamma O開放平台,https://www.ocft.com/index.php?s=/solutions#gamma_solution33. 金融壹帳通,一份尊重 一份責任——訪金融壹帳通董事長葉望春,2017年10月12日,https://www.ocft.com/index.php?s=/shownews_67_17.html 34. 金融最前線,OPEN API讓OPEN DATA更安全,2019年11月21日,https://gvlf.gvm.com.tw/article/69081 35. 金融監督管理委員會,「金融業投入金融科技發展金額穩步成長,金管會將持續協助金融產業數位轉型及創新」新聞稿,2020年8月20日,https://www.fsc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=96&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=news_view.jsp&dataserno=202008200001&dtable=News36. 金融監督管理委員會,金管會持續推動「開放銀行」邁向第二階段「消費者資訊查詢」新里程碑,2020年12月31日,https://www.fsc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=96&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=news_view.jsp&dataserno=202012310001&dtable=News37. 財金資訊股份有限公司網站,開放API服務-服務流程,https://www.fisc.com.tw/tc/business/Detail.aspx?caid=219ca7b9-2ae0-4fee-aedb-510430c0177138. 財團法人金融消費評議中心,https://www.foi.org.tw/index.html 39. 國家發展委員會,個人化資料自主運用(MyData),https://www.ndc.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=8B6C9C324E6BF233&s=460617D071481C4B 40. 國家發展委員會,個人資料保護專案辦公室,https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=726A44EA5D72447341. 張凱喬,Open Banking 的過去、現在、未來,2019年10月,https://weilihmen.medium.com/open-banking-%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB-%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8-%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86-850f0d1ed6b642. 陳恭,實現Open API 共創金融新格局,2019年7月3日,http://www.ftrc.nccu.edu.tw/wordpresseng/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/3.-%E9%99%B3%E6%81%AD%E8%80%81%E5%B8%AB-0703-2019-Open-Banking-API_V1.2.pdf43. 彭金隆,「開放銀行」也要考慮「開放保險」!,前瞻保險論壇,2020年6月1日,https://www.advisers.com.tw/?p=793544. 新浪VR,金融壹賬通畢偉:5分鐘車險閃賠背後是Ai科技的大規模應用,2019年7月4日,http://vr.sina.com.cn/news/hz/2019-07-04/doc-ihytcitk9584164.shtml 45. 經濟日報,My Data金融服務上線 開放證券、保險使用,2021年4月16日,https://money.udn.com/money/story/5613/5391611 46. 經濟日報,金融科技投資大爆發 2019年調查成長逾4成,2020年8月20日,https://money.udn.com/money/story/5613/479784847. 經濟日報,金融座談/林金樹:建置平台 資料共享,2021年3月16日,https://udn.com/news/story/7239/532002948. 經濟日報,國泰產險跨界中保IoT 火災理賠縮短至3天, 2020年11月24日, https://money.udn.com/money/story/5613/503997849. 鉅亨網,國泰金完成18支開放API上架財金平台 串接旅遊、記帳、貸款服務,2019年10月22日,https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/439907550. 遠見,「數位發展部」竟有千人編制!台灣首任「數位部長」是他,還是她?,2021年2月23日,https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/77951 51. 億歐網,擁抱API經濟,銀行該怎麼解鎖新姿勢?,2019年4月2日,https://www.iyiou.com/p/96415.html52. 數位時代,API經濟崛起!快速串接金流,為什麼銀行「愈開放愈好賺」?,2020年9月8日,https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/55098/API-is-key-of-open-banking53. 數位時代,開放銀行...怎麼全世界都在熱?圖解全新金融生態系帶來的大變革, 2019年10月16日,https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/55095/global-open-banking-taiwan54. 歐盟一般資料保護規章GDPR簡介,https://www.roc-taiwan.org/uploads/sites/124/2018/05/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E8%A6%8F%E7%AB%A0GDPR%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B2.pdf55. 趨勢科技,趨勢科技點出最新開放銀行法規的資安風險,2019年9月24日,https://www.trendmicro.com/zh_tw/about/newsroom/press-releases/2019/2019-09-24.html 二、英文文獻(依照字母排列)(一) 書籍1. Blokdyk, Gerardus, Open Banking a Complete Guide - 2019 Edition Paperback, 5starcooks (December 2018)2. Fasnacht, Daniel, Open Innovation Ecosystems: Creating New Value Constellations in the Financial Services, Springer (2d ed. November 2018)(二) 期刊專論1. Arner, D.W. et al., The Evolution of FinTech: A New Post-Crisis Paradigm?, SSRN Electronic Journal (January 2016), at 7.2. Chris Pike, Competition and Open API Standards in Banking (March 2018), at 2.3. Dong He et al., Fintech and Financial Services: Initial Considerations, IMF (June 2017), at 8.4. Fridolin Jakob Koch, Opportunities and Barriers for Advancing the API Economy within the Automotive Industry (February 15, 2019), at 5.5. Lisa M. Austin, Is Consent the Foundation of Fair Information Practices? Canada’s Experience under Pipeda, 56 U. TORONTO L.J. 181, 186-187 (2006).6. Thomas Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, Marshall W. Van Alstynen, Strategies for Two-sided Markets, Harvard Business Review (2006).7. Thomas R. Eisenmann et al., Opening platforms: how, when and why? SSRN Electronic Journal (August, 2008), at 135.(三) 研究報告1. Bain & Company, Global Digital Insurance Benchmarking Report 2015: Pathway to success in a digital world (2015), at 2.2. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Report on open banking and application programming interfaces (November 2019), at 10.3. Competition and Markets Authority, Making Banks Work Harder for You (August 9, 2016), at 1-5.4. Competition and Markets Authority, Retail Banking Market Investigation- Final Report (August 2016).5. Competition and Markets Authority, The Retail Banking Market Investigation Order 2017 (February 2, 2017), at 19-20.6. DXC Technology Company, PSD2: Go beyond compliance for new digital opportunities (November 2017), at 2.7. EBA Working Group on Electronic Alternative Payments, Understanding the business relevance of Open APIs and Open Banking for banks (May 2016), at 7.8. EIOPA, Open Insurance: Accessing and Sharing Insurance-Related Data Discussion Paper (January 28, 2021).9. Financial Conduct Authority, Call for Input: Open finance (December 17, 2019).10. Kerrie Holley et al., The Power of the API Economy: Stimulate Innovation, Increase Productivity, Develop New Channels, and Reach New Markets, IBM Corp. (December 19, 2014), at 2.11. KPMG, Pulse of Fintech H2 2019 (February 2020), at 17.12. MAS, ABS-MAS Financial World: Finance-as-a-Service API Playbook (November 2016), at 25.13. MAS, Consultation Paper on Proposed Revisions to Technology Risk Management Guidelines (March 7, 2019), at 23.14. Microsoft, Linklaters and Accenture, Open banking: A shared opportunity (2019), at 20.15. Patricia Hines, Ctp, APIs in Banking: Unlocking Business Value with Banking as A Platform (BAAP) (March 21, 2018), at 3.16. R. Jesse McWaters, The Future of Financial Services: How disruptive innovations are reshaping the way financial services are structured, provisioned and consumed, World Economic Forum (June 2015), at 13.17. Stefan Riedel and Jürgen Huschens, The new face of insurance: How platforms can modernize and transform insurance, IBM (2018), at 5.18. The Open Insurance Initiative (OPIN), FCA’s Call for Input on Open Finance (March 4, 2020), at 5.(四) 網路資料1. Abraham Thomas, APIs Are Eating the World (January 14, 2020), https://abrahamthomas.info/APIs-are-eating-the-world/2. Accenture insurance, the case for open insurance: Allianz and Lemonade (June 11, 2018), https://insuranceblog.accenture.com/the-case-for-open-insurance-allianz-and-lemonade3. Alan Glickenhouse et al., API Monetization – Understanding your Business Model Options, IBM (2016), https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/L5Q82XR0 4. Alan McIntyre et al., Open Platform Banking: A New Era, Accenture 4 (2018), https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/pdf-79/accenture-open-platform-banking-new-era.pdf5. Allianz SE, Open Source makes the most of the entire industry’s intelligence: Allianz sets up open platform (January 29, 2018), https://www.allianz.com/en/press/news/business/insurance/180129-allianz-sets-up-open-platform.html 6. Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC), Consumer data right (CDR) Project overview, https://www.accc.gov.au/focus-areas/consumer-data-right-cdr-07. Australian Competition & Consumer Commission, Consumer data right (CDR), https://www.accc.gov.au/focus-areas/consumer-data-right-cdr-08. Australian Government Productivity Commission, Data Availability And Use – Productivity Commission Inquiry Report (March 2017), https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/data-access/report/data-access.pdf9. Australian Government, ACCC/OAIC Compliance and Enforcement Policy for the Consumer Data Right, at 2 (May 8, 2020), https://www.cdr.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-06/CDR%20-%20CE%20-%20Joint%20ACCC%20and%20OAIC%20compliance%20and%20enforcement%20policy%20-%208%20May%202020.pdf10. AXA forges ahead with Insurance-as-a-Service, Digital Finance (November 26, 2017) https://www.digfingroup.com/insurtech-insurance-12/ 11. AXA Turns Insurance-as-a-Service A Reality By Launching Region`s First Partner Transactional API, AXA (November 13, 2017), https://www.axa.com.sg/latest-news/axa-turns-insurance-as-a-service-a-reality-by-launching-regions-first-partner-transactional-api 12. Bastiaan Bruyndonckx, Brexit - Data Protection, Lydian (February 26, 2021), https://www.lydian.be/en/news/brexit-data-protection13. Briana Jones, Understanding Open APIs and How They Work (December 16, 2019), https://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2019/12/16/444024-understanding-open-APIs-how-they-work.htm14. Christy Pettey, Welcome to the API Economy (June 9, 2016), https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/welcome-to-the-API-economy/15. Competition and Consumer (Consumer Data Right) Rules 2020, https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020L0009416. Cookiebot, UK Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA ACT) | 2021 Update, https://www.cookiebot.com/en/data-protection-act-2018/17. Data Protection Act 2018, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents/enacted18. Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32015L236619. Ernst and Young, How China’s open banking experiment is unfolding, EY Global (December 17, 2018), https://www.ey.com/en_tw/banking-cAPItal-markets/how-chinas-open-banking-experiment-is-unfolding20. European Central Bank, The revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2) and the transition to stronger payments security (March 2018), https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/intro/mip-online/2018/html/1803_revisedpsd.en.html21. European Commission, Frequently Asked Questions: Making electronic payments and online banking safer and easier for consumers (September 13, 2019), https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_19_555522. European Parliament, Legislative Proposal for a New Open Finance Framework / Before 2022-10 (April 21, 2021), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-europe-fit-for-the-digital-age/file-new-open-finance-frameworkb23. Financial Stability Board, Monitoring of FinTech, https://www.fsb.org/work-of-the-fsb/policy-development/additional-policy-areas/monitoring-of-fintech/24. Fouad Husseini, Open Insurance: A foundation for platform ecosystems 19 (2020), https://openinsurance.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Open-Insurance-a-Foundation-for-Platform-Ecosystems.pdf25. GDPR.EU, https://gdpr.eu/26. GDPR.EU, What is GDPR, the EU’s new data protection law?, https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/ 27. Her Majesty`s Government, Data Protection Bill: summary assessment, https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/impact-assessments/IA17-006.pdf28. Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Open Application Programming Interface (API) for the Banking Sector (May 4, 2020), https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-functions/international-financial-centre/fintech/open-application-programming-interface-API-for-the-banking-sector/29. Ian Harper, Peter Anderson, Su Mccluskey & Michael o’Bryan Qc, Competition Policy Review Final Report (March 2015), https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/Competition-policy-review-report_online.pdf30. IASME Consurtiun, Cyber essentials-cyber liability insurance, https://iasme.co.uk/cyber-essentials/cyber-liability-insurance/ 31. ICO, About the DPA 2018, https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/introduction-to-data-protection/about-the-dpa-2018/#:~:text=The%20UK%20GDPR%20is%20the,law%20enforcement%20and%20intelligence%20agencies.32. ICO, Money, law and courage: the varied roles of the UK Information Commissioner (March 15, 2018), https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2018/03/money-law-and-courage-the-varied-roles-of-the-uk-information-commissioner/33. Jean-françois gasc, Does your ecosystem fit your business strategy?, Accenture (April 23, 2020) https://insuranceblog.accenture.com/does-your-ecosystem-fit-your-business-strategy34. Jean-françois gasc, Insurers risk missing the coming ecosystem boom, Accenture (March 19, 2020), https://insuranceblog.accenture.com/insurers-risk-missing-the-coming-ecosystem-boom 35. Jennifer Rudden, Total value of investments into Fintech companies worldwide from 2010 to 2019 (June 18, 2020), https://www.statista.com/statistics/719385/investments-into-fintech-companies-globally/36. Jim Bramblet and Andrew Starrs, Accenture Technology Vision for Insurance 2017 (April 28, 2017), https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/insurance/technology-vision-insurance-2017 37. Joris Lochy, Transforming the insurance sector to an Open API Ecosystem, Finextra (December 16, 2019), https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/18255/transforming-the-insurance-sector-to-an-open-api-ecosystem38. Kate Bennett Eriksson, Opening up to new ways of banking, PWC (July 3, 2018) https://www.digitalpulse.pwc.com.au/opening-up-new-ways-banking/39. Kristin Moyer, How to Build an Open Bank Published, Gartener (June 19, 2017), https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/3746220/how-to-build-an-open-bank40. Lazar, What Is an Open API and Why Is It Important? (September 26, 2018), https://www.techiexpert.com/what-is-an-open-API-and-why-is-it-important/41. Lee Holland et al., Open Insurance: Unlocking Ecosystem Opportunities for Tomorrow’s Insurance Industry, Accenture (2020) https://images.info.accenture.com/Web/ACCENTURE/%7B34d3d948-6976-477d-942c-d5ee1b4b8446%7D_accenture-open-insurance.pdf?elqcst=272&elqcsid=196 42. Lemonade, Lemonade Launches Insurance API, PR Newswire (Oct 10, 2017) https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lemonade-launches-insurance-api-650210233.html43. Maarten Bakker, `Open Insurance`: a new mindset for the Insurance sector (June 6, 2018), https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/open-insurance-new-mindset-sector-maarten-bakker44. Maliha Rashid et al., The Currency of Trust: Why Banks and Insurers Must Make Customer Data Safer and More Secure, Capgemini Consulting, 2017, https://www.capgemini.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/the_currency_of_trust_why_banks_and_insurers_must_make_customer_data_safer_and_more_secure.pdf 45. 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