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題名 再論道德相對主義與寬容的關係：以黃百銳 (David Wong) 為例
Rethinking the Relation Between Moral Relativism and Tolerance: The Case of David Wong作者 鍾博仁
Chung, Po-Jen貢獻者 馬愷之
Kai Marchal
鍾博仁
Chung, Po-Jen關鍵詞 道德相對主義
寬容
黃百銳
多元相對主義
協調的價值
Moral Relativism
Tolerance
David Wong
Pluralistic Relativism
Value of accommodation日期 2021 上傳時間 2-九月-2021 16:34:09 (UTC+8) 摘要 本文以概念間的關係，來處理道德相對主義與寬容的關聯性問題。本文區分出大眾直覺、證成論、心理學的解釋、構成論、無關論、單純相容論及不相容論七種立場。並指出要確立何種立場勝出，必須先釐清道德相對主義與寬容兩個概念各自的內容。 在道德相對主義的部分，本文區分實踐上與理論上的道德相對主義，前者包括論戰中的道德爭議、多元的道德信念與距離的相對主義；後者則強調不存在單一為真的道德系統。 在寬容的部分，本文引用麥金儂 (Catriona McKinnon) 與佛斯特 (Rainer Forst) 的定義，提出寬容的證成的困難、心理的困難與劃下界線的悖論。為了解決這些問題，除了考察了價值多元論、羅爾斯的合理性論述、海依德 (David Heyd) 的觀點轉移論，本文集中討論黃百銳 (David Wong) 如何透過引入證成原則來詮釋道德相對主義與寬容的關聯性，並批評其論述有不連續性的問題，以及證成原則本身的普遍性問題。 故本文另外以黃百銳後期的多元相對主義與協調的價值作為構成論的一種範例，回應道德相對主義與寬容的關聯性問題。並指出構成論能夠作為道德相對主義與寬容之關係的一種可能性。 參考文獻 Anscombe, G. E. M. 1957. Intention. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Bauman, Zygmunt，2007，《液態之愛：論人際紐帶的脆弱》，何定照、高瑟濡譯，台北市：城邦文化出版。Berlin, Isaiah. 1969. Two Concepts of Liberty. In Four Essays On Liberty. 118-172. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Berlin, Isaiah. 1990. The Crooked Timber of Humanity. Ed. by Henry Hardy. London: John Murray.Boghossian, Paul. 2011. Three Kinds of Relativism. In A Companion to Relativism. Ed. by Steven D. Hales. 53-69. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.Dworkin, Ronald. 1996. Objectivity and Truth: You’d Better Believe it. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 25, 2: 87-139.Flanagan, Owen J. 1991. Varieties of Moral Personality: Ethics and Psychological Realism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Flanagan, Owen J., Sarkissian, Hagop, and Wong, David. 2016. Naturalizing Ethics. In The Blackwell Companion to Naturalism. Ed. by Kelly James Clark. 16-33. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Forst, Rainer. 2008. The Limits of Toleration. In Toleration on Trial. Ed. by Ingrid Creppell, Russell Hardin, and Stephen Macedo. 17-30. MD: Lexington Books.Forst, Rainer. 2013. Toleration in Conflict: Past and Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Forst, Rainer. 2017. “Toleration.” In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/toleration/。查閱日期：2020年11月19日。Furnham, Adrian and Ribchester, Tracy. 1994. Tolerance of Ambiguity: A Review of the Concept, Its Measurement and Applications. Current Psychology. 14, 179-199 (1995).Gewirth, Alan. 1978. Reason and Morality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Gowens, Christopher W. 2000. Moral Disagreements: Classics and Contemporary Readings. Ed. by Christopher W. Gowans. London: Routledge.Gowens, Christopher W. 2019. “Moral Relativism.” In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/moral-relativism/。查閱日期：2020年11月19日。Graham, Gordon. 1996. Tolerance, Pluralism, and Relativism. In Toleration. An Elusive Virtue. Ed by David Heyd. 44-59. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Harmen, Gilbert and Thomson, Judith Jarvis. 1996. Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell.Heyd, David. 1996. Introduction. In Toleration. An Elusive Virtue. Ed. by David Heyd. 3-17. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Hussain, J. Z. Nadeem and Shah, Nishi. 2006. Misunderstanding Metaethics: Korsgaard’s Rejection of Realism. In Oxford Studies in Metaethics. Ed. by Russ Shafer-Landau. 265-294. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Kellenberger, James. 2001. Moral Relativism, Moral Diversity & Human Relationships. Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press.Kölbel, Max. 2004. Faultless Disagreement. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 104, new series: 53-73.Korsgaard, Christine M. 1996. The Sources of Normativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Levitsky, Steven and Daniel Ziblatt，2018，《民主國家如何死亡：歷史所揭示的我們的未來》，李建興譯，臺北市：時報文化出版。MacIntyre, Alasdair C. 2007. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. Ind: University of Notre Dame Press.Mackie, J. L. 1990. Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin Books.Mckinnon, Catriona and Castiglione, Dario. 2003, The Culture of Toleration in Diverse Societies: Reasonable Toleration. Ed. by Catriona McKinnon and Dario Castiglione. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Mckinnon, Catriona. 2006. Toleration: A Critical Introduction. New York: Routledge.Mendus, Susan. 1989. Toleration and the Limits of Liberalism. Hampshire: Macmillan.Nagel, Thomas. 1979. The Fragmentation of Value. In Mortal Questions. 128-131. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Nietzsche, Friedrich. 2009. On the Genealogy of Moral. Douglas Smith譯，Oxford: Oxford University Press.Plato. 1974. Theaetetus. Trans by John McDowell. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Prinz. Jesse J. 2007. The Emotional Construction of Morals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Quine, Willard V. O. 1951. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. The Philosophical Review, 60, 1: 20-43.Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Belknap Press.Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.Rawls, John. 2001. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Ed. by Erin Kelly. Mass: Harvard University Press.Raz, Joseph. 1986. The Morality of Freedom. Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press.Raz, Joseph. 1988. Autonomy, Toleration, and the Harm Principle. In Justifying Toleration. Conceptual and Historical Perspectives. Ed. by Susan Mendus. 155-175. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Ryle, Gilbert，1991，《心的概念》，劉建榮譯，台北市：桂冠出版社。Street, Sharon. 2010. What is Constructivism in Ethics and Metaethics? Philosophy Compass, 5, 5: 363-384.The Guardian, “The Life and Death of John Chau, The Man Who Tried to Convert His Killers.” available from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/03/john-chau-christian-missionary-death-sentinelese。參閱日期：2021年3月19日Väyrynen, Pekka. 2021. "Thick Ethical Concepts." In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/thick-ethical-concepts/。查閱日期：2021年7月19日。Velleman, J. David. 2013. Foundations for Moral Relativism. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers.Westermarck, Edward. 1932. Ethical Relativity. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Williams, Bernard. 1972. Morality: An Introduction to Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Williams, Bernard. 2006. Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. London: Routledge.Witenberg, Rivka T. 2019. The Psychology of Tolerance: Conception and Development. Singapore: Springer PressWong, David. 1984. Moral Relativity. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Wong, David. 1989. Review Essay: Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 49, 4: 721-731.Wong, David. 2000. Moral Relativity and Tolerance. In Moral Disagreements: Classics and Contemporary Readings. Ed. by Christopher W. Gowans. 141-153.Wong, David. 2002. Reasons Analogical Reasoning in Mengzi. In Essays on the Moral Philosophy of Mengzi. Ed. by Xiusheng Liu and Philip J. Ivanhoe. 187-220. Ind: Hackett Pub.Wong, David. 2006. Natural Moralities: A Defense of Pluralistic Relativism. New York: Oxford University Press.Wright, Jennifer Cole, McWhite, Cullen B., and Grandjean, Piper T. 2014. The Cognitive Mechanisms of Intolerance: Do our Meta-Ethical Commitments Matter? In Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy: Volume 1. Ed. by Tania Lombrozo, Joshua Knobe, Shaun Nichols. 28-61. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Xiao, Yang and Huang, Yong. 2014. Moral Relativism and Chinese Philosophy: David Wong and his Critics. Ed. by Yang Xiao and Yong Huang. New York: State University of New York Press.天下雜誌，《法國雜誌社遭恐怖攻擊事件／誰的偏見？誰的傲慢？》，取自https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5063595。查閱日期：2021年5月10日。王榮麟，2013，〈最佳說明推論如何證成？：以達爾文《物種源始》中的論證作為案例研究〉，《國立政治大學哲學學報》29：79-117。風傳媒，《中國廣電局傳祭出「20類題材」內容禁令！愛情劇不得太甜膩、禁止同志題材、犯罪劇須交由公安局審查》，取自https://www.storm.mg/article/2851651。查閱日期：2021年6月12日。風傳媒，《融入社會還是宗教歧視？穆斯林女性有權表達信仰UN人權委員會：法國「面紗禁令」侵犯人權》，取自https://www.storm.mg/article/567618。查閱日期：2021年5月10日。香港同人，《說起蘿莉控，你真的認識蘿莉控嗎？聯合國草案事件考察》，取自https://hkdoujin.com/2019/03/8928/。查閱日期：2021年6月12日。孫隆基，1995，《未斷奶的民族》，台北市：巨流出版社。畢來德，2011，《莊子四講》，宋剛譯，臺北市：聯經出版社。湯淺泰雄，2018，《身體論：東方的心身論與現代》，黃文宏譯，新竹市：國立清華大學出版社。黃光國、胡先縉.，2010，《人情与面子 : 中国人的权力游戏》，北京：中國人民大學出版社。端傳媒，《網癮治療：電擊與軍訓背後的「中國式現實」》，取自https://theinitium.com/article/20160906-opinion-china-internet-addiction/。查閱日期：2021年6月12日。 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
哲學系
107154010資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107154010 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 馬愷之 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Kai Marchal en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 鍾博仁 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Chung, Po-Jen en_US dc.creator (作者) 鍾博仁 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chung, Po-Jen en_US dc.date (日期) 2021 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-九月-2021 16:34:09 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-九月-2021 16:34:09 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-九月-2021 16:34:09 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0107154010 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/136918 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 哲學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 107154010 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文以概念間的關係，來處理道德相對主義與寬容的關聯性問題。本文區分出大眾直覺、證成論、心理學的解釋、構成論、無關論、單純相容論及不相容論七種立場。並指出要確立何種立場勝出，必須先釐清道德相對主義與寬容兩個概念各自的內容。 在道德相對主義的部分，本文區分實踐上與理論上的道德相對主義，前者包括論戰中的道德爭議、多元的道德信念與距離的相對主義；後者則強調不存在單一為真的道德系統。 在寬容的部分，本文引用麥金儂 (Catriona McKinnon) 與佛斯特 (Rainer Forst) 的定義，提出寬容的證成的困難、心理的困難與劃下界線的悖論。為了解決這些問題，除了考察了價值多元論、羅爾斯的合理性論述、海依德 (David Heyd) 的觀點轉移論，本文集中討論黃百銳 (David Wong) 如何透過引入證成原則來詮釋道德相對主義與寬容的關聯性，並批評其論述有不連續性的問題，以及證成原則本身的普遍性問題。 故本文另外以黃百銳後期的多元相對主義與協調的價值作為構成論的一種範例，回應道德相對主義與寬容的關聯性問題。並指出構成論能夠作為道德相對主義與寬容之關係的一種可能性。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 壹、前言 1一、研究動機 1二、研究目的 3（一）「關係」的討論 3（二）各種版本的關係 5（三）研究目的 9三、研究方法 9貳、道德相對主義的背景、主張與合理性 9一、實踐上的道德相對主義 10（一）背景 10（二）主張 13（三）合理性 20二、理論上的道德相對主義 28（一）背景 28（二）主張 32（三）合理性 40三、結語：道德相對主義的實踐蘊含 (practical implication) 47參、寬容或縱容？論寬容的困難與相關的解決方案 48一、寬容的概念 48（一）實踐處境中的寬容問題 49（二）寬容的定義 53二、如何解決寬容的困難？ 60（一）解釋寬容的情境 60（二）解決證成的困難或心理的困難 64三、再論寬容與道德相對主義的關係 76肆、黃百銳的多元相對主義 78一、多元相對主義的定義 78二、方法論式自然主義 80（一）方法論式自然主義的主張 80（二）自然主義的合理性 82三、合適性道德的限制：普遍與在地的標準 (universal and local constraints) 85（一）道德的功能 85（二）合適性道德的普遍限制 87（三）合適性道德的在地限制 91四、協調的價值 92（一）背景說明 92（二）什麼是協調的價值？ 93五、結論 98伍、結論：多元相對主義作為構成論的合理性與質疑 99一、構成論詮釋的核心主張 99二、構成論的合理性 100（一）寬容與協調的價值的關聯性 100（二）構成論本身是否成立 103（三）構成論如何回應其他負面關係的批評 108三、結語 110參考文獻 111 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2816682 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107154010 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 道德相對主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 寬容 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 黃百銳 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多元相對主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 協調的價值 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Moral Relativism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Tolerance en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) David Wong en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pluralistic Relativism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Value of accommodation en_US dc.title (題名) 再論道德相對主義與寬容的關係：以黃百銳 (David Wong) 為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Rethinking the Relation Between Moral Relativism and Tolerance: The Case of David Wong en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anscombe, G. E. M. 1957. Intention. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Bauman, Zygmunt，2007，《液態之愛：論人際紐帶的脆弱》，何定照、高瑟濡譯，台北市：城邦文化出版。Berlin, Isaiah. 1969. Two Concepts of Liberty. In Four Essays On Liberty. 118-172. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Berlin, Isaiah. 1990. The Crooked Timber of Humanity. Ed. by Henry Hardy. London: John Murray.Boghossian, Paul. 2011. Three Kinds of Relativism. In A Companion to Relativism. Ed. by Steven D. Hales. 53-69. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.Dworkin, Ronald. 1996. Objectivity and Truth: You’d Better Believe it. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 25, 2: 87-139.Flanagan, Owen J. 1991. Varieties of Moral Personality: Ethics and Psychological Realism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Flanagan, Owen J., Sarkissian, Hagop, and Wong, David. 2016. Naturalizing Ethics. In The Blackwell Companion to Naturalism. Ed. by Kelly James Clark. 16-33. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Forst, Rainer. 2008. The Limits of Toleration. In Toleration on Trial. Ed. by Ingrid Creppell, Russell Hardin, and Stephen Macedo. 17-30. MD: Lexington Books.Forst, Rainer. 2013. Toleration in Conflict: Past and Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Forst, Rainer. 2017. “Toleration.” In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/toleration/。查閱日期：2020年11月19日。Furnham, Adrian and Ribchester, Tracy. 1994. Tolerance of Ambiguity: A Review of the Concept, Its Measurement and Applications. Current Psychology. 14, 179-199 (1995).Gewirth, Alan. 1978. Reason and Morality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Gowens, Christopher W. 2000. Moral Disagreements: Classics and Contemporary Readings. Ed. by Christopher W. Gowans. London: Routledge.Gowens, Christopher W. 2019. “Moral Relativism.” In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/moral-relativism/。查閱日期：2020年11月19日。Graham, Gordon. 1996. Tolerance, Pluralism, and Relativism. In Toleration. An Elusive Virtue. Ed by David Heyd. 44-59. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Harmen, Gilbert and Thomson, Judith Jarvis. 1996. Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell.Heyd, David. 1996. Introduction. In Toleration. An Elusive Virtue. Ed. by David Heyd. 3-17. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Hussain, J. Z. Nadeem and Shah, Nishi. 2006. Misunderstanding Metaethics: Korsgaard’s Rejection of Realism. In Oxford Studies in Metaethics. Ed. by Russ Shafer-Landau. 265-294. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Kellenberger, James. 2001. Moral Relativism, Moral Diversity & Human Relationships. Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press.Kölbel, Max. 2004. Faultless Disagreement. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 104, new series: 53-73.Korsgaard, Christine M. 1996. The Sources of Normativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Levitsky, Steven and Daniel Ziblatt，2018，《民主國家如何死亡：歷史所揭示的我們的未來》，李建興譯，臺北市：時報文化出版。MacIntyre, Alasdair C. 2007. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. Ind: University of Notre Dame Press.Mackie, J. L. 1990. Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. London: Penguin Books.Mckinnon, Catriona and Castiglione, Dario. 2003, The Culture of Toleration in Diverse Societies: Reasonable Toleration. Ed. by Catriona McKinnon and Dario Castiglione. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Mckinnon, Catriona. 2006. Toleration: A Critical Introduction. New York: Routledge.Mendus, Susan. 1989. Toleration and the Limits of Liberalism. Hampshire: Macmillan.Nagel, Thomas. 1979. The Fragmentation of Value. In Mortal Questions. 128-131. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Nietzsche, Friedrich. 2009. On the Genealogy of Moral. Douglas Smith譯，Oxford: Oxford University Press.Plato. 1974. Theaetetus. Trans by John McDowell. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Prinz. Jesse J. 2007. The Emotional Construction of Morals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Quine, Willard V. O. 1951. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. The Philosophical Review, 60, 1: 20-43.Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Belknap Press.Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.Rawls, John. 2001. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Ed. by Erin Kelly. Mass: Harvard University Press.Raz, Joseph. 1986. The Morality of Freedom. Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press.Raz, Joseph. 1988. Autonomy, Toleration, and the Harm Principle. In Justifying Toleration. Conceptual and Historical Perspectives. Ed. by Susan Mendus. 155-175. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Ryle, Gilbert，1991，《心的概念》，劉建榮譯，台北市：桂冠出版社。Street, Sharon. 2010. What is Constructivism in Ethics and Metaethics? Philosophy Compass, 5, 5: 363-384.The Guardian, “The Life and Death of John Chau, The Man Who Tried to Convert His Killers.” available from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/03/john-chau-christian-missionary-death-sentinelese。參閱日期：2021年3月19日Väyrynen, Pekka. 2021. "Thick Ethical Concepts." 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Reasons Analogical Reasoning in Mengzi. In Essays on the Moral Philosophy of Mengzi. Ed. by Xiusheng Liu and Philip J. Ivanhoe. 187-220. Ind: Hackett Pub.Wong, David. 2006. Natural Moralities: A Defense of Pluralistic Relativism. New York: Oxford University Press.Wright, Jennifer Cole, McWhite, Cullen B., and Grandjean, Piper T. 2014. The Cognitive Mechanisms of Intolerance: Do our Meta-Ethical Commitments Matter? In Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy: Volume 1. Ed. by Tania Lombrozo, Joshua Knobe, Shaun Nichols. 28-61. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Xiao, Yang and Huang, Yong. 2014. Moral Relativism and Chinese Philosophy: David Wong and his Critics. Ed. by Yang Xiao and Yong Huang. 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