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題名 中國海外基礎建設項目的在地回應—以緬甸皎漂地區人民的抵抗為例
Local Response to China`s Overseas Infrastructure Projects — A Case Study of Local Resistance in Kyaukpyu, Myanmar
作者 林雅淇
Lin, Ya-Chi
貢獻者 楊昊<br>張文揚
林雅淇
Lin, Ya-Chi
關鍵詞 中國海外基礎建設
地方抵抗
緬甸
皎漂
China`s overseas infrastructure
Local resistance
Myanmar
Kyaukpyu
日期 2021
上傳時間 1-十月-2021 10:12:31 (UTC+8)
摘要 中國近幾年來經濟快速成長，累積了龐大的資本，從過去的受援國角色轉變成為對外援助國。2013年中國甚至提出了具有雄心的「一帶一路」倡議，吸引許多發展中國家紛紛響應，並設立亞投行，提供這些國家基礎建設發展所需的資金。中國大力對外輸出海外發展建設項目，向東南亞及非洲等地區以融資貸款的方式，提供大型交通和能源基礎設施建設項目，並在各地投資開發經濟特區。然而看起來如此美好的構想卻在許多國家內部出現當地居民抵抗中國基礎建設的聲浪，儘管中國企業總是對外宣稱當地居民受惠於中國的基礎建設項目，然而事實卻是企業並未善盡企業社會責任，在當地造成環境及人文社會的破壞。

本論文以皎漂作為個案研究，探討中國的基礎建設項目為當地帶來的影響、當地居民抵抗的主要原因，以及抵抗的行動及成效為何。本論文研究方法將採取「文獻分析法」、「參與觀察法」及「深度訪談法」，透過過去的文獻結合筆者的實地考察，了解當地真實的樣貌。本論文研究成果有以下：第一，緬甸國內對中國基礎建設的排斥源自於歷史上長期對中國的不信任感以及環境及社會的破壞；第二，皎漂地區人民抵抗中國建設的主要原因在於工作及土地的剝奪，以及在發展建設過程中所感受到的水平不平等現象；第三，受害居民具結成一股抵抗勢力，透過自救會串聯彼此，利用團體的力量達到監督效果；第四，中國企業的後續作為無法觸及受影響居民的需求。
With the rapid economic growth in recent years, China has accumulated huge capital and changed its role from aid recipient to aid lender. In 2013, China proposed the ambitious “Belt and Road” initiative, which appealed many developing countries, and set up Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank to provide funds for infrastructure development in these countries. China has made great efforts on exporting overseas development and construction projects to Southeast Asia and Africa through financial loans. However, there are voices of resistance from local residents to China`s infrastructure construction in many countries. Although Chinese state-owned enterprises always claim that local residents benefit a lot from China`s infrastructure projects, the fact is that they do not fulfill their corporate social responsibility and cause environmental and social problems.

This thesis takes Kyaukpyu as a case study to explore the impact on Myanmar’s locality, the main reasons for resistance, and the actions and effectiveness of resistance. This research adopts the methods of field work and semi-structured interview, combined with the past literatures to understand the interactions between related stakeholders. The research outcomes are as follows: First, the resistance of China`s infrastructure constructions in Myanmar stems from the historical distrust of China, and caused environmental and social damages; Secondly, the main reason for the Kyaukpyu local resistance to Chinese construction is the deprivation of jobs and lands, and the sense of inequality in the process of development. Third, the affected residents form a resistance alliance, connecting with each other through self-help association, using gathering power to achieve supervision effect; Fourth, the follow-up improvements of Chinese state-owned enterprise fail to cater to the needs of affected residents.
參考文獻 壹、中文部分
一、專書
王雲東，2016，《社會研究方法：量化與質性取向及其應用》。台北：揚智出版社
林義夫、王燕，2016。《超越發展援助：在一個多極世界中重構發展合作新理念》。北京大學出版社

二、專書譯作
Tom Miller著，林添貴譯，2017，《中國的亞洲夢：一帶一路全面解讀，對台灣、全球將帶來什麼威脅和挑戰》。台北：時報文化。

三、期刊論文
王崑義，2016，〈中國的國際戰略與一帶一路的形成〉，《台灣國際研究季刊》，第12卷第3期，頁23-50
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游美惠，2000，〈內容分析、文本分析與論述分析在社會研究的運用〉，《調查研究》，第8期，頁5-42
黃健群，2018，〈「一帶一路」與中國大陸區域經濟發展：策略與挑戰〉，《展望與探索》，第16卷第5期，頁94-110
萬文龍，2004，<深度訪談在質性研究中的應用>，《生活科技教育月刊》，第37卷第4期，頁17-23

四、研究計畫
楊昊，2020，《東南亞對中國的抵抗政治：面對外力介入的回應類型分析(計畫編號：MOST107-2410-H004-141-MY3》。台北：科技部。

五、網際網路
《BBC中文網》，2017，〈聯合國指羅興亞人道危機達「災難」程度〉，。
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《中國能源報》，2010，〈開發東南亞水電 助力「西電東送」〉，。
《新華網》，2020，〈王毅會見緬甸國防軍總司令敏昂萊〉，
《路透社》，2009，〈中石油集團獲得中緬原油管道的所有權和獨家經營權〉，< https://www.reuters.com/article/idCNnCN080112320091221>。
中國石油天然氣集團公司，2017，〈中緬油氣管道(緬甸)企業社會責任專題報告〉，.
中華人民共和國中央政府，2018，〈王毅：一帶一路不是馬歇爾計畫，而是共建人類命運共同體的生動實踐〉，《新華社》， 。
中華人民共和國駐緬甸聯邦共和國大使館，2013，〈中緬天然氣管道幹線建成投產〉，。
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王偉群，2021，〈中信：皎漂的堅守〉，《經濟導刊》，。
王維洛，2012，〈緬甸擱置密松大壩建設是對中國區域發展理念的重大打擊〉，《民主中國》，。
安蓓、張藝，2019，〈中石油簽署中緬原油管道權利義務協定〉，《新華網》，。
車宏亮、張東強，2020，〈專訪：讓中緬傳統“胞波”情誼煥發新光彩——訪中國駐緬甸大使陳海〉，《新華社》，。
常振明，2020，〈皎漂港項目揚帆啟航：助力中緬經濟走廊和中緬命運共同體建設〉，《經濟導刊》，。
張凡，2019，〈人民日報評論員觀察：一帶一路繪就民心相通美好畫卷〉，《人民網》，。
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貳、英文部分
一、專書
Esman, Milton J., 1997. Can Foreign Aid Moderate Ethnic Conflict. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, Peaceworks No. 13)
Jakupec, Viktor, 2017. Development Aid—Populism and the End of the Neoliberal Agenda. Berlin, German: Springer
Myoe, Maung Aung, 2011. In The Name Of Pauk-Phaw: Myanmar`s China Policy Since 1948. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Scott, James, C., 1985. Weapons of the weak: everyday forms of peasant resistance, New Haven: Yale University Press,
Scott, James, C., 1999. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sternagel, Felix, 2018. On the Road to Kyaukphyu: Issues and Debates around a Myanmar Special Economic Zone. Yangon: Heinrich Böll Stiftung Myanmar.
Thame, Charlie, 2017. SEZs and Value Extraction from the Mekong: A Case Study on the Control and Exploitation of Land and Labour in Cambodia and Myanmar’s Special Economic Zones, Bangkok: Focus on the Global South.

二、專書論文
Kudo, Toshihiro, 2008. “Myanmar’s Economic Relations with China: Who Benefits and Who Pays?” in Monique Skidmore & Trevor Wilson, Dictatorship, Disorder and Decline in Myanmar. Canberra: The Australian National University Press.
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Steinberg, David I. & Fan, Hongwei, 2012. “the Anti-Chinese Riots of 1967: the Rupture of the Pauk phaw” in Modern China Myanmar Relation: Dilemma of Mutual Dependence. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.
Zerrouk, Emel, 2015. “Development-forced Land Grabs and Resistance in Reforming Myanmar: The Letpadaung Copper Mine,” in Global implications of Development, Disasters and Climate Change. London: Routledge.

三、期刊論文
Appendix, 2012. “Chronology of the Myitsone Dam at the Confluence of Rivers above Myitkyina and Map of Kachin State dams,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol.31, No.1. pp.141-153.
Bräutigam, Deborah., 2011/6. “Chinese Development Aid in Africa: What, Where, Why, and How Much?” SSRN Electronic Journal.
Chan, Debby Sze Wan & Pun, Ngai, 2020/8. “Renegotiating belt and road cooperation: social resistance in a Sino–Myanmar copper mine,” Third World Quarterly, Vol.41, No.12. pp.2109-2129.
Chan, Debby Sze Wan, 2017/2. “Asymmetric bargaining between Myanmar and China in the Myitsone Dam controversy: social opposition akin to David`s stone against Goliath,” The Pacific Review, Vol.30, No.5, pp.674-691.
Cramb, Rob & Manivong, Vongpaphane &Newby, Jonathan C.& Kem, Sothorn & Sibat, Patrick S., 2017. “Alternatives to and grabbing: exploring conditions for smallholder inclusion in agricultural commodity chains in Southeast Asia,” The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 44, No.4, pp. 939-967.
Dreher, Axel & Fuchs, Andreas, 2015. “Rogue Aid? An Empirical Analysis of China`s Aid Allocation.” Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 988-1023.
Dreher,Axel & Fuchs, Andreas & Hodler, Roland & Parks, Bradley C. & Raschky, Paul A. & Tierney, Michael J., 2019/9. “African Leaders and the Geography of China`s Foreign Assistance,” Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 140, pp. 44-71.
Emel, Zerrouk & Andreas, Neef, 2014. “The Media Discourse of Land Grabbing and Resistance During Myanmar’s Legal Reformation: The Monywa Copper Mine,” The Law and Development Review, vol. 7, no.2. pp. 1-38.
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Holslag, Jonathan, 2011/5. “China and the Coups: Coping with Political Instability in Africa,” African Affairs, Vol. 110, No. 440, pp. 367–386.
Kiik, Laur, 2016. “Nationalism and anti-ethno-politics: why ‘Chinese Development’ failed at Myanmar’s Myitsone Dam," Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol.57, No.3. pp. 374-402.
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Li, Chenyang & Song, Shaojun, 2018. “China’s OBOR Initiative and Myanmar’s Political Economy,” The Chinese Economy, Vol.51, No.4. pp. 318-332.
Lim, Darren J. & Mukherjee, Rohan., 2017 /12. “What Money Can’t Buy: The Security Externalities of Chinese Economic Statecraft in Post-War Sri Lanka,” Asian Security, Vol. 15, No.2, pp. 73-92.
Mark, SiuSue & Zhang, Youyi, 2017/8. “From Impediment to Adaptation: Chinese Investments in Myanmar’s New Regulatory Environment,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol.36, No.2, pp. 71–100.
Ngin, Chanrith & Verkoren, Willemijn, 2015/4. “Understanding Power in Hybrid Political Orders: Applying Stakeholder Analysis to Land Conflicts in Cambodia,” Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, Vol. 10, No.1, pp.25-39.
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四、研究計畫
Bluhm, Richard & Gassebner, Martin & Langlotz, Sarah & Schaudt, Paul 2016. Fueling conflict? (De)escalation and bilateral aid. Discussion Paper Series No.619, University of Heidelberg Department of Economic.
Brown, Graham & Stewart, Frances & Langer, Arnim, 2007. The Implications of Horizontal Inequality for Aid. Research Paper 2007/051, UNU-WIDER.
Isaksson, Ann-Sofie, 2019. Chinese aid and local ethnic identification. Working Papers in Economics No.761, University of Gothenburg, Department of Economics.
Kobayashi, Takaaki, 2008. Evolution of Chinas Aid Policy Evolution of China’s aid policy. Working Paper No.27, Japan Bank for International Cooperation Institute.

五、雜誌
Ziegle, Alan D. & Fox, Jefferson & Xu, Jianchu, 2009/5. “The Rubber Juggernaut,” Science Magazine. Vol. 324, No. 5930, pp. 1024-1025.

六、網際網路
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
107253011
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107253011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊昊<br>張文揚zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) 林雅淇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Lin, Ya-Chien_US
dc.creator (作者) 林雅淇zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Ya-Chien_US
dc.date (日期) 2021en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-十月-2021 10:12:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-十月-2021 10:12:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-十月-2021 10:12:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0107253011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/137320-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 107253011zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 中國近幾年來經濟快速成長，累積了龐大的資本，從過去的受援國角色轉變成為對外援助國。2013年中國甚至提出了具有雄心的「一帶一路」倡議，吸引許多發展中國家紛紛響應，並設立亞投行，提供這些國家基礎建設發展所需的資金。中國大力對外輸出海外發展建設項目，向東南亞及非洲等地區以融資貸款的方式，提供大型交通和能源基礎設施建設項目，並在各地投資開發經濟特區。然而看起來如此美好的構想卻在許多國家內部出現當地居民抵抗中國基礎建設的聲浪，儘管中國企業總是對外宣稱當地居民受惠於中國的基礎建設項目，然而事實卻是企業並未善盡企業社會責任，在當地造成環境及人文社會的破壞。

本論文以皎漂作為個案研究，探討中國的基礎建設項目為當地帶來的影響、當地居民抵抗的主要原因，以及抵抗的行動及成效為何。本論文研究方法將採取「文獻分析法」、「參與觀察法」及「深度訪談法」，透過過去的文獻結合筆者的實地考察，了解當地真實的樣貌。本論文研究成果有以下：第一，緬甸國內對中國基礎建設的排斥源自於歷史上長期對中國的不信任感以及環境及社會的破壞；第二，皎漂地區人民抵抗中國建設的主要原因在於工作及土地的剝奪，以及在發展建設過程中所感受到的水平不平等現象；第三，受害居民具結成一股抵抗勢力，透過自救會串聯彼此，利用團體的力量達到監督效果；第四，中國企業的後續作為無法觸及受影響居民的需求。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) With the rapid economic growth in recent years, China has accumulated huge capital and changed its role from aid recipient to aid lender. In 2013, China proposed the ambitious “Belt and Road” initiative, which appealed many developing countries, and set up Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank to provide funds for infrastructure development in these countries. China has made great efforts on exporting overseas development and construction projects to Southeast Asia and Africa through financial loans. However, there are voices of resistance from local residents to China`s infrastructure construction in many countries. Although Chinese state-owned enterprises always claim that local residents benefit a lot from China`s infrastructure projects, the fact is that they do not fulfill their corporate social responsibility and cause environmental and social problems.

This thesis takes Kyaukpyu as a case study to explore the impact on Myanmar’s locality, the main reasons for resistance, and the actions and effectiveness of resistance. This research adopts the methods of field work and semi-structured interview, combined with the past literatures to understand the interactions between related stakeholders. The research outcomes are as follows: First, the resistance of China`s infrastructure constructions in Myanmar stems from the historical distrust of China, and caused environmental and social damages; Secondly, the main reason for the Kyaukpyu local resistance to Chinese construction is the deprivation of jobs and lands, and the sense of inequality in the process of development. Third, the affected residents form a resistance alliance, connecting with each other through self-help association, using gathering power to achieve supervision effect; Fourth, the follow-up improvements of Chinese state-owned enterprise fail to cater to the needs of affected residents.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與問題 1
第二節 研究分析架構 4
第三節 研究方法與限制 7
第四節 章節安排 10
第二章 文獻回顧 11
第一節 發展援助的立場辯論：傳統型與中國特色 11
第二節 中國援助項目遭遇人民抵抗的原因分析 14
第三節 中國基礎項目在緬甸遭遇抵抗之相關研究 19
第四節 小結 22
第三章 中國基礎建設項目在緬甸遭遇的抵抗 24
第一節 中緬關係回顧 24
第二節 中國在緬甸的基礎建設項目佈局 32
第三節 緬甸的在地回應與主要抵抗事件 45
第四節 小結 54
第四章 皎漂地區個案分析 57
第一節 皎漂地區概況 57
第二節 皎漂人民的抵抗 67
第三節 中國國企的改善作為與當地居民的回應 80
第四節 小結 89
第五章 結論 91
第一節 研究發現 91
第二節 未來研究展望 95
參考文獻 98		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 16544890 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107253011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國海外基礎建設zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 地方抵抗zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 緬甸zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 皎漂zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) China`s overseas infrastructureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Local resistanceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Myanmaren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Kyaukpyuen_US
dc.title (題名) 中國海外基礎建設項目的在地回應—以緬甸皎漂地區人民的抵抗為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Local Response to China`s Overseas Infrastructure Projects — A Case Study of Local Resistance in Kyaukpyu, Myanmaren_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文部分
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202101552en_US