學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 莫迪的對中政策：轉移性外交政策之觀點
Modi`s China Policy: Perspective of Diversionary Foreign Policy作者 陳材瀚
Chen, Cai-Han貢獻者 李明
Lee, Ming
陳材瀚
Chen, Cai-Han關鍵詞 莫迪
轉移性外交政策
中印關係
邊界衝突
Modi
Diversionary foreign policy
Sino-India relation
Border conflict日期 2021 上傳時間 1-十二月-2021 14:45:36 (UTC+8) 摘要 轉移性外交政策是一種在領導人面臨國內動亂或者低民調之時會採取之策略。較為冒險或者攻擊性的外交政策方針可以創造「聚旗效應」，增強國內凝聚力並順勢讓領導者達成其政治目的。這樣的政策選擇常見於民主國家，通常發生在當權者需要贏得第二次大選或者鞏固自身領導地位、穩定支持率之時。本文旨在點出莫迪政府在對中政策上，採用了轉移性外交政策的戰略。這樣的政策選擇體現在三個重大事件上，分別為：洞朗衝突、加勒萬河谷衝突以及喀什米爾自治地位的廢除。為了瞭解政策制定之動機，本文會將政策產出的過程分為三個部分，並針對每一個部分進行獨立的分析。第一部分為「外部因素」，主要會探討三個影響莫迪對中政策的因素。第一為中印關係的歷史，再者為中國之大戰略以及對印政策，最後會將對中印關係有重大影響力的三個國家納入討論－巴基斯坦、俄羅斯以及美國。以上三個外部因素都或多或少影響著莫迪政府對中印關係的判斷。第二部分為「內部機制」，在此部分將會以層次分析的方式將政策形塑過程中的變因加以討論。在個人層次的部分，討論莫迪個人經驗以及戰略思維對其外交政策的影響。國家層次則討論政府部門－外交部、國防部以及貿易部；與國內行為者－國民大會黨、印度人民黨以及印度智庫等，分析這些行為者如何影響印度對中政策。最後，我則依據上面的討論框架，分析三個重大事件中的轉移性外交政策因子。本文認為莫迪所採取的轉移性外交政策有別於一般的對於此類政策的認識。雖然莫迪試圖運用轉移性外交政策來凝聚民心，但其對中國的經濟依賴讓莫迪政府在政策的施行上有所侷限。
Diversionary foreign policy is a strategy which state leaders would adopt while they face domestic turmoil or low popularity. An aggressive or adventurous foreign policy would generate a rally-around-the-flag effect, enhance national cohesion so that they would achieve their own political goal. This approach of foreign policy has been widely seen in democracies, as a tactic to win the re-election or to secure their support base.This article argues that the Modi administration applies such strategy to its China policy, especially demonstrated from three events taken place during his term, namely, Doklam dispute, Galwan Valley dispute and the revocation of Kashmir’s autonomous status. In order to understand the motivation behind the policy, this article will divide the whole policy-making process into two sections, and analyze them respectively.The first section is the external factors, which consist of historical factors, China’s foreign policy and foreign stakeholders. The level analysis will be adopted while examining the next section: the internal mechanism. At an individual level, I touch upon the influence of Modi’s past experience and his foreign policy framework. As for the domestic level, both governmental agencies and domestic agents are discussed. I argue that although Modi attempted to adopt diversionary policies to win over support from Indian citizens, India’s economic dependence on China has restricted the approaches he can actually implement.參考文獻 A. Government PublicationsAzad Jammu and Kashmir Government. “History of AJ&K,” Government of Pakistan.Central Intelligence Agency. “The World Factbook: India,” Government of the United States of America, 2021.Department of Commerce. “Overview of South Asian Free Trade Area,” Government of Sri Lanka.Department of States. “U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Cooperation,” Government of the United States of America, 2015.Election Commission of India. “Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat,” Government of India, 2003.Embassy at Pakistan. “China, India Agree on Strategic Partnership,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2010.Embassy in the Islamic Republic of Iran. “President Xi’s Speech at the Asian-African Leaders Conference,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2015.Embassy of India, Moscow, Russia. “Bilateral Relations: India-Russia Relations,” Government of India.Ministry of Commerce. “Country Trade Report: India, 2009,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2009.Ministry of Defense. “Annual Report 2014-2015,” Government of India, 2015.Ministry of Defense. “India-China Border Situation,” Government of India, 2020.Ministry of External Affairs. “19th Meeting of the Working Mechanism for Consultation & Coordination on India-China Border Affairs,” Government of India, 2020.Ministry of External Affairs. “Annual Report 2012-2013,” Government of India, 2013.Ministry of External Affairs. “Annual Report 2019-2020,” Government of India, 2020.Ministry of External Affairs. “External Affairs Minister,” Government of India.Ministry of External Affairs. “History and Evolution of Non-aligned Movement,” Government of India, 2012.Ministry of External Affairs. “India-China Informal Summit at Wuhan,” Government of India, 2018.Ministry of External Affairs. “Joint Communique of the Republic of India and the People’s Republic of China,”, Government of India, 2010.Ministry of External Affairs. “MEA Organogram,” Government of India, 2021.Ministry of External Affairs. “Prime Minister’s Keynote Address at Shangri La Dialogue,” Government of India, 2018.Ministry of External Affairs. “Question No. 4062. Act East Policy,” Government of India, 2015.Ministry of External Affairs. “Remark by the Prime Minister at the G4 Summit,” Government of India, 2015.Ministry of External Affairs. “Speech by External Affairs Minister at the Asian African Summit 2015,” Government of India, 2015.Ministry of External Affairs. “Statement on Award of Arbitral Tribunal on South China Sea Under Annexure VII of UNCLOS,” Government of India, 2016.Ministry of External Affairs. “Tashkent Declaration,” Government of India, 1966.Ministry of External Affairs. “Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Co-operation,” Government of India, 1971.Ministry of Finance. “Trade Statistics,” Government of Japan.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Geng Shuang’s Regular Press Congress on October 31st,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2019.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Hua Chua-Ying’s Regular Press Congress,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2020.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Zhao Li-Jian’s Regular Press Congress on June 28th,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2020.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “New Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP),” Government of the Republic of Indonesia, 2019.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Non-Aligned Movement,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2021.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Pakistan and China Diplomatic Relations,” Government of Pakistan, 2021.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Prime Minister Modi of India met with Wang Yi,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2014.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: The Time-tested Guideline of China’s Policy with Neighbors,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2014.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Xi Jinping Met with the Prime Minister of India, Modi,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2014.Ministry of Law and Justice. “The Constitution of India,” Government of India, 2019.Ministry of Law and Justice. “The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Bill 2019,” Government of India, 2019.Ministry of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives. “China Pakistan Economic Corridor,” Government of Pakistan, 2020.Office of the Under Secretary of Defense. “National Defense Budget Estimates for FY 2020,” Government of United States of America, 2020.Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations, New York. “India and United Nations,” Government of India, 2021.Prime Minister’s Office. “English Rendering of PM’s Remarks on the Situation in India-China Border Areas” Government of India, 2020.Prime Minister Office. “Former Prime Ministers,” Government of India.State Council. “Vision and Actions on Joint Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road,’ Government of People’s Republic of China, 2015.United Nation Peacemaker. “Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas”, United Nation, 1993.United Nation Peacemaker. “Agreement Between India and China on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas,” United Nation, 1996.United Nation Peacemaker. “Protocol Between India and China on Modalities for the Implementation of Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas,” United Nation, 2005.United Nation Peacemaker. “Agreement on the Establishment of a Working for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs,” United Nation, 2012.United Nation Peacemaker. “Border Defense Cooperation Agreement between India and China,” United Nation, 2013.B. BooksBarnaby, Frank. How Nuclear Weapons Spread: Nuclear-Weapon Proliferation in the 1990s. London: Routledge, 1994.Burchill, S., A. Linklater, R. Devetak, J. Donnelly, T. Nardin Paterson, J. True. Theories of International Relations. Macmillan International Higher Education, 2013.Callinicos, A. Marxism and Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1983.Cashman, G. What Causes War: An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2013.Chau, Donovan C., Thomas M. Kane, China and International Security: History, Strategy and 21th Century Policy. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, 2014.Chen, Mu-Min. Deciphering India: The Uncertain Emerging Power. Taipei: Wunan, 2016.Coser, L. A. The Functions of Social Conflict. London: Routledge, 1998.Dass, S. K. Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Prime Minister of India. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2004.Dong, Yuan-Jing. “Foe or Friend? The Chinese Assessment of a Rising India after Pokhran-II,” In South Asia’s Nuclear Security Dilemma. London: Routledge, 2005.Dutta, Sujit. “Dealing with the Rising China,” In India’s Foreign Policy: Surviving in a Turbulent World. New Delhi: SAGE Publication India, 2020.George, A. L. “The Case for Multiple Advocacy in Making Foreign Policy.” In Alexander L. George: A Pioneer in Political and Social Sciences. Berlin: Springer, Cham, 2019.Ghosh, J., Chandrasekhar, C. P., Patnaik, P. Demonetisation Decoded: A Critique of India`s Currency Experiment. London: Taylor & Francis, 2017.Gilpin, R. War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University Press, 1981.Goldstein, J. S., Pevehouse, J. C., Sernau, S. Principles of International Relations. London: Pearson Longman, 2008.Graver, John W. Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001.Guha, Ramachandra. India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. London: Macmillan, 2007.Haas, E. B. “Does Constructivism Subsume Neofunctionalism.” Debates on European Integration, London: Red Globe Press, 2006.Hazelwood, L. A. “Externalizing Systemic Stresses: International Conflict as Adaptive Behavior.” Conflict Behavior and Linkage Politics, New York: McKay, 1973.Hollis, M., & Smith, S. Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.Hopf, T. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities & Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Cornell University Press, 2000.Ikenberry, G. J. “America’s Liberal Grand Strategy: Democracy and National Security in the Post-war Era.” American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts, Oxford University Press, 2000.Jaffrelot, Christophe, Louise Tillin, “Populism in India,” In The Oxford Handbook on Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.James, P. Crisis and War. Kingston: McGill-Queen`s Press, 1998.Jayapalan, N. India and Her Neighbours, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Dist, 2000.K. P. S. Menon, “India and the Soviet Union”, In Indian Foreign Policy: The Nehru Years. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1976.Kang, D. C. O. China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.Katzenstein, M. F. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.Kavic, L. India’s Quest for Security: Defense Policies, 1947-1965. Berkley: University of California Press, 1967.Kundra, J. C. Indian Foreign Policy: 1947-1954. Groningen: J. B. Wolters, 1956.Levy, J. S. “The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique.” Handbook of War Studies. Michigan Press Ann Arbor, 1989.Little, Richard. “International Regimes.” The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2001.Ludden, David. Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.Mahmud, Ershad. “Azad Jammu and Kashmir’s Quest for Empowerment,” In Society and Politics of Jammu and Kashmir, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.Malhotra, I. Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, Inc, 2014.Malik, Anas, Political Survival in Pakistan: Beyond Ideology, London: Routledge, 2010.Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. London: OUP Oxford, 2015.Mandel, Robert. “Psychological Approaches to International Relations.” In Political Psychology. San Francisco: Joeesy-Bass, 1986.Andy Marino, Narendra Modi: A Political Biography. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India, 2014.Mearsheimer, J. J. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: WW Norton & Company, 2003.Mishra, Rahul. “From Look East to Act East: Transitions in India’s Eastward Engagement.” In International Relations and Asia’s Southern Tier. Berlin: Springer, 2018.Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc, 1978.Muller, Jan-Werner. What is Populism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.Mullins, N. C., & Mullins, C. J. Theories and Theory Groups in Contemporary American Sociology. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.Noorani, A. G. Constitutional Questions and Citizens` Rights: An Omnibus comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens’ Rights, Judges and State Accountability. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.Resecrance, R. N. Action and Reaction in World Politics: International Systems in Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 1963.Rivilin, Ann Fischback, The Diversionary Theory of Foreign Policy? American and Public Opinion. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan, 2008.Russett, B. Controlling the Sword. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.Sen, T. India, China, and the World: A Connected History. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.Sharma, J. Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2011.Shepherd, K. I. Why I am not a Hindu: A Sudra Critique of Hindutva Philosophy, Culture and Political Economy. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India, 2019.Simmel, G. Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955.Snyder, J. Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition. Cornell University Press, 1991.Subba, J. R. Culture and Customs of Sikkim. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2008.Synnott, Hilary. The Causes and Consequences of South Asia’s Nuclear Tests. Oxford University Press, 1999.Lee, Sze-Hsien. “India’s Aspiration for ‘Great Power Status’.” In New Perspectives on South Asia. Taipei: Wunan, 2015.Tammen, Ronald L., Jacek Kugler, Douglas Lemke, Allan C. Stam III, Mark Abdollahian, Carole Alsharabti, Brian Efird and A. F. K. Organski. Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers of Seven Bridges Press, 2000.Vasquez, J. A. The Power of Power Politics: From Classical Realism to Neotraditionalism. Cambridge University Press, 1998.Verma, Anand K. Reassessing Pakistan: Role of Two-Nation Theory. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers, 2001.Walt, S. M. The Origins of Alliance. Cornell University Press, 1990.Waltz, K. N. Theory of International Politics. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 1979.Weede, E. “Globalization: Creative Destruction and the Prospect of a Capitalist Peace.” Globalization and Armed Conflict, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2003.Williams, R., Williams, R. H. Marxism and Literature. Oxford Paperbacks, 1977.Wright, Q., Wright, L. L. A Study of War. University of Chicago Press, 1983.C. Journal ArticlesAcharya, A. “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism.” International Organization, vol. 58, no. 2, 2004, pp. 239-275.Allison, G. T. “Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 63, no. 3, 1969, pp. 689-718.Alam, Mohammed Badrul. “Contextualising India-Russia Relations.” World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, vol. 23, no. 1, 2019, pp. 48-59.Babu, Shyam. “India’s National Security Council: Stuck in the Cradle.” Security Dialogue, vol. 34, no. 2, 2003, pp. 215-230.Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. “The Common Minimum Programme: The Finances of the State Governments and the Urgent Tasks of Repair and Reconstruction,” Social Scientist, vol. 32, no. 7, 2004, pp. 3-16.Bajpai, Kanti. “Narendra Modi’s Pakistan and China Policy: Assertive Bilateral Diplomacy, Active Coalition Diplomacy.” International Affairs, vol. 93, no. 1, 2017, pp. 69-91.Bakshi, Jyotsna. “Russia and India: From Ideology to Geopolitics, 1947-1998.” Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 12, no. 3, 2010, pp. 50-90.Bala, Madhu. “Doklam Dispute: Sino-Indian Perspectives.” Ascent International Journal For Research Analysis, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 28.Bandyopadhyaya, J. “The Non-aligned Movement and International Relations.” India Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 2, 1977, pp. 137-164.Baral, J.K., J.K. Mohapatra and S.P. Mishra. “Rajiv Gandhi’s China Diplomacy: Dynamics and Problems.” International Studies, vol. 26, no. 3, 1989, pp. 257-270.Basu, A.R. “India’s China Policy in Historical Perspective.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 13, no. 1, 1991, pp. 103-115.Bernard, J. “Some Current Conceptualizations in the Field of Conflict.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 70, no. 4, 1965, pp. 442-454.Bisht, Medha. “Bhutan–India Power Cooperation: Benefits Beyond Bilateralism.” Strategic Analysis, vol. 36, no. 5, 2012, pp. 787-803.Blakeslee, D. S. “Politics and Public Goods in Developing Countries: Evidence from the Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.” Journal of Public Economics, vol. 163, 2018, pp. 1-19.Botcheva, L., Martin, L. L. “Institutional Effects on State Behavior: Convergence and Divergence.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 45, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1-26.Brace, P., & Hinckley, B. “The Structure of Presidential Approval: Constraints within and across Presidencies.” The Journal of Politics, vol. 53, no. 4, 1991, pp. 993-1017.Brulé, D. J., Williams, L. K. “Democracy and Diversion: Government Arrangements, the Economy, and Dispute Initiation.” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 46, no. 6, 2009, pp. 777-798.Burr, William. “Sino-American Relations, 1969: the Sino-Soviet Border War and Steps towards Rapprochement.” Cold War History, vol. 1, no. 3, 2001, pp. 73-112.Chao, Xie. “The Limitation of Audience Costs Theory: A Critique Based on India’s Bargaining Behavior in the Doklam Standoff.” South Asian Studies, vol. 1, 2019, pp 29-54.Chari, P. R. “Reflections on the Kargil War.” Strategic Analysis, vol. 33, no. 3, 2009, pp. 360-364.Chaulia, Sheeram S. “BJP, India’s Foreign Policy and the Realist Alternative to the Nehruvian Tradition.” International Politics, vol. 39, 2002, pp. 215-234.Checkel, J. T. “International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework.” International Organization, vol. 59, no. 4, 2005, pp. 801-826.Cheema, Pervaiz I. “Significance of Pakistan-China Border Agreement of 1963.” Pakistan Horizon, vol. 39, no. 4, 1986, pp. 41-52.Chen, Chun-Ju. “Impact of the Doklam Incident on China-India Border Issue and China-India Relations.” Wenti Yu Yanjiu, vol. 57, no. 1, 2018, pp. 105-116.Chen, Ping-Kuei. “The Deescalating Effect of Unsettled Borders on Enduring Territorial Disputes: An Analysis on the 2017 Doklam Standoff.” Wenti Yu Yanjiu, vol. 59, no. 3, 2020, pp. 1-44.Cheng-Chwee, K. “The Essence of Hedging: Malaysia and Singapore`s Response to a Rising China.” Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, vol. 30, no. 2, 2008, pp.159-185.Chhibber, Pradeep K, Susan L. Ostermann. “The BJP’s Fragile Mandate: Modi and Vote Mobilizers in the 2014 General Elections.” Studies in Indian Politics, vol. 2, no.2, 2014, pp. 137-151.Chu, Tsui-Ping. “Understanding Sino-India Strategy Competition from Doklam Standoff.” World Affairs, vol. 17, 2017, pp. 28-29.Coser, L. A. “Social Conflict and the Theory of Social Change." The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 8, no. 3, 1956, pp. 197-207.DeRouen Jr, K. R. “The Indirect Link: Politics, the Economy, and the Use of Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 39, no. 4, 1995, pp. 671-695.Dhattiwala, Raheel, Michael Biggs, “The Political Logic of Ethnic Violence, The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002,” Politics and Society, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 483-516.Donaldson, Robert H. “India: The Soviet Stake in Stability.” Asian Survey, vol. 12, no. 6, 1972, pp. 475-492.Dong, Yuan-Jing. “India’s Rise after Pokhran II: Chinese Analyses and Assessment.” Asian Survey.” Asian Survey, vol. 41, no. 6, 2001, pp. 978-1001.Doyle, M. W. “Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace.” American Political Science Review, vol. 99, no. 3, 2005, pp. 463-466.Edwards III, G. C., Wood, B. D. “Who Influences Whom? The President, Congress, and the Media.” American Political Science Review, vol. 93, no. 2, 1999, pp. 327-344.Engineer, Asghar Ali. “Kashmir: Autonomy Only Solution.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 30, no. 35, 1995, pp. 2167-2168.Ernest, Satow. “Convention Between the United Kingdom and China Respecting Tibet, Signed April 27, 1906.” American Journal of International Law, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 78-80.F. Michael. “Survival of a Culture: Tibetan Refugees in India.” Asian Survey, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 737-744.Fang, Tien-Sze. “The Development of China-Maldives Relation: Momentum and Limitations.” International and Public Affairs, vol. 1, 2015, pp. 81-104.Fearon, James D. “Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 88, no. 3, 1994, pp. 577-592.Fearon, James D. “Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Trying Hands versus Sinking Costs.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 41, no. 1, 1997, pp. 68-90.Finnemore, M., Sikkink, K. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization, vol. 52, no. 4, 1998, pp. 887-917.Fishburn, P. C., Kochenberger, G. A. “Two‐Piece Von Neumann‐Morgenstern Utility Functions.” Decision Sciences, vol. 10, no. 4, 1979, pp. 503-518.Fordham, B. O. “Another Look at Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force Abroad.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 46, no. 4, 2002, pp. 572-596.Friedberg, A. L. “Bucking Beijing: An Alternative US China Policy.” Foreign Affair, vol. 1, 2012, pp. 48-58.Gan, C. H., & Zheng, R. G. “An Empirical Study on Change of Industrial Structure and Productivity Growth since the Reform and Opening-up——A Test for the Structure-bonus Hypotheses from 1978 to 2007 in China.” China Industrial Economics, vol. 2, 2009, pp. 55-65.Gan-Cheng, Zhao. “China and India: A Corollary to New Great Power Relations.” South Asian Studies, vol. 2, 2014, pp. 47-57.Ganguly, Sumit. “Has Modi Truly Changed India’s Foreign Policy.” The Washington Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 2, 2017, pp. 131-143.Ganguly, Sumit. “Obama, Trump and Indian Foreign Policy under Modi.” International Politics, 2021, pp. 1-15.Gartzke, E. “The Capitalist Peace.” American Journal of Political Science, vol. 51, no. 1, 2007, pp. 166-191.Gaubatz, K. T. “Election Cycles and War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 35, no. 2, 1991, pp. 212-244.Ghatak, Maitreesh, Sanchari Roy. “Did Gujarat’s Growth Rate Accelerate Under Modi.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 49, no. 15, 2014, pp. 12-15.Glaser, C. L. “Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-help.” International Security, vol. 19, no. 3, 1994, pp. 50-90.Gupta, K. “The McMahon Line 1911-45: The British Legacy.” The China Quarterly, vol. 47, 1971, pp. 521-545.H. M, Sanjeev Kr. “Foreign Policy Position of Bharatiya Janata Party towards Issue of India Pakistan Relations.” The Indian Journal of Political Science, vol. 68, no. 2, 2007, pp. 275-291.Ham, M., & Tolentino, E. “The Use of Force at Home and Abroad Through Diversionary Foreign Policy.” The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 2017, pp. 87-105.Haokip, Thongkholal. “India’s Look East Policy: It’s Evolution and Approach.” South Asian Survey, vol. 18, no. 2, 2014, pp. 239-257.Hart, P., A. Vromen. “A New Era for Think Tanks in Public Policy? International Trends, Australian Realities.” Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 67, no. 2, 2008, pp. 135-148.Harris, John, “Hindu Nationalism in Action; The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics,” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, vol. 38, no. 4, 2015, pp. 712-718.Hellmann-Rajanayagam, D. “The Tamil Tigers in Northern Sri Lanka: Origins, Factions, Programmes,” International Quarterly for Asian Studies, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 63-85.Horowitz, I. L. “The Treatment of Conflict in Sociological Literature.” International Journal of Group Tensions, vol. 1, no. 4, 1971, pp. 350-363.Hsieh, Kuo-Pin. “The Independence Movement of Bangladesh.” Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1-16.Iwanek, Krzysztof. “The Political Economy of Hindu Nationalism: From V.D. Savarkar to Narendra Modi,” International Journal of Knowledge and Innovation in Business, vol. 2, no. 1, 2014, pp. 1-38.Jacob, Happymon. “Toward a Kashmir Endgame? How India and Pakistan Could Negotiate a Lasting Solution.” United States Institute of Peace, no. 474, 2020, pp. 2-24.Jaffrelot, Christophe. “Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk,” Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics, vol. 17, 2003, pp. 1-20.James, P., & Hristoulas, A. “Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the United States.” The Journal of Politics, vol. 56, no. 2, 1994, pp. 327-348.James, P., & Oneal, J. R. “The Influence of Domestic and International Politics on the President`s Use of Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 35, no. 2, 1991, pp. 307-332.Jentleson, B. W., & Britton, R. L. “Still Pretty Prudent: Post-Cold War American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 42, no. 4, 1998, pp. 395-417.Jia-Bao, W. “Carrying Forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in the Promotion of Peace and Development.” Chinese Journal of International Law, vol. 3, 2004, pp. 363-368.Kahler, M., Kastner, S. L. “Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait.” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 43, no. 5, 2006, pp. 523-541.Kanat, K. B. “Diversionary Foreign Policy in Authoritarian States: the Use of Multiple Diversionary Strategies by Saddam Hussein during the Gulf War.” Journal of Strategic Security, vol. 7, no. 1, 2014, pp. 16-32.Katz, Eian. “Buffer Zones in International Law Between Here and There.” The University of Chicago Law Review, vol. 84, no. 3, 2017, pp. 1379-1424.Kaura, Vinay. “Deepening Relationship between Russia and China.” Indian Journal of Asian Affairs, vol. 32, no. 1, 2019, pp. 49-66.Kaviraj, S. “Indira Gandhi and Indian Politics.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 21, no. 23, 1986, pp. 1697-1708.Kegley Jr, C. W., Richardson, N. R., Richter, G. “Conflict at Home and Abroad: An Empirical Extension.” The Journal of Politics, vol. 40, no. 3, 1978, pp. 742-752.Keohane, R. O., Nye Jr, J. S. “Power and Interdependence.” Survival, vol. 15, no. 4, 1973, pp. 158-165.Keohane, R. O. “Twenty Years of Institutional Liberalism.” International Relations, vol. 26, no. 2, 2012, pp. 125-138.Khan, Robina, Muhammad Zubair Khan, Zafar Abbas. “Moving Towards Human Catastrophe: The Abrogation of Article 370 in Kashmir Valley.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 41, no. 1, 2021, pp. 78-85.Kisangani, E. F., Pickering, J. “Diverting with Benevolent Military Force: Reducing Risks and Rising above Strategic Behavior.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 2, 2007, pp. 277-299.Kisangani, E. F., Pickering, J. “Democratic Accountability and Diversionary Force: Regime Types and the Use of Benevolent and Hostile Military Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 55, no. 6, 2011, pp. 1021-1046.Korolev, Alexander. “Systemic Balancing and Regional Hedging: China-Russia Relation.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, vol. 9, no. 4, 2016, pp. 375-397.Lee, Szu-Hsien. “The Implications of Sino-Indian Doklam Standoff: Rethinking of India’s Geopolitical Environment.” Review of Global Politics, no. 60, 2017, pp. 15-20.LeVine, R. A. “Anthropology and the Study of Conflict: An Introduction.” Journal of Conflict Resolution. vol. 5, no. 1, 1961, pp. 3-15.Lian, B., Oneal, J. R. “Presidents, the Use of Military Force, and Public Opinion.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 37, no. 2, 1993, pp. 277-300.Liu, Z. “Following the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and Jointly Building a Community of Common Destiny.” Chinese Journal of International Law, vol. 13, no. 3, 2014, pp. 477-480.Mack, R. W. “The Components of Social Conflict.” Social Problems, vol. 12, no. 4, 1965, pp. 388-397.Mastro, O. S. “The Problems of the Liberal Peace in Asia.” Survival, vol. 56, no. 2, 2014, pp. 129-158.McGann, James G. “Think Tanks and the Transnationalization of Foreign Policy,” Connections, vol. 2, no. 1, 2003, pp. 85-90.Mearsheimer, J. J. “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War.” International Security, vol. 15, no. 1, 1990, pp. 5-56.Mearsheimer, J. J. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security, vol. 19, no. 3, 1994, pp. 5-49.Mitrany, D. “The Functional Approach to World Organization.” International Affairs, vol. 24, no. 3, 1948, pp. 350-363.Morgan, T. C., & Bickers, K. N. “Domestic Discontent and the External Use of Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 36, no. 1, 1992, pp. 25-52.Morphet, S. “Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned Movement: What is the Global South Doing and Where Is It Going?” Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, vol. 10, no. 4, 2004, pp. 517-537.Mu-Min, Chen. “Indian China Policy: An Analysis of Its Factors and Decision-making Process.” Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 155-173.Narayanan, Raviprasad. “India-China Relations: The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) Phase.” Harvard Asia Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 4, 2008, pp. 24-31.Nincic, M. “US Soviet Policy and the Electoral Connection.” World Politics, vol. 42, no. 3, 1989, pp. 370-396.Norpoth, H. “Guns and Butter and Government Popularity in Britain.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 81, no. 3, 1987, pp. 949-959.Nye Jr, J. S. “Neorealism and Neoliberalism.” World Politics, vol. 40, no. 2, 1988, pp. 235-251.Ogden, Chris. “Norms, Indian Foreign Policy and the 1998-2004 National Democratic Alliance.” The Round Table, vol. 99, no. 408, 2010, pp. 303-315.Ostrom Jr, C. W., & Job, B. L. “The President and the Political Use of Force.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 80, no. 2, 1986, pp. 541-566.Palshikar, Suhas. “The BJP and Hindu Nationalism: Centrist Politics and Majoritarian Impulses,” Journal of South Asian Studies, vol. 38, no. 4, 2015, pp. 719-735.Pant, Harsh V., Yogesh Joshi. “Indo-US Relations under Modi: The Strategic Logic Underlying the Embrace.” International Affairs, vol. 93, no. 1, 2017, pp. 133-146.Partem, Michael Greenfield. “The Buffer System in International Relations.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 27, no. 1, 1983, pp. 3-26.Pautz, Hartwig. “Revisiting the Think Tank Phenomenon.” Public Policy and Administration, vol. 64, no. 4, 2011, pp. 419-435.Peyrouse, Sebastien. “The Evolution of Russia’s Views on the Belt and Road Initiative.” Asia Policy, vol. 24, 2017, pp. 96-102.Plagemann, Johannes, Sandra Destradi. “Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India.” Foreign Policy Analysis, vol. 15, 2019, pp. 283-301.R. Galloway, A. “The Poverty of Philosophy: Realism and Post-Fordism.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 39, no. 2, 2013, pp. 347-366.Richards, D., Morgan, T. C., Wilson, R. K., Schwebach, V. L., & Young, G. D. “Good Times, Bad Times, and the Diversionary Use of Force: A Tale of Some Not-so-free Agents.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 37, no. 3, 1993, pp. 504-535.Roy, Denny. “The ‘China Threat’ Issue: Major Arguments.” Asian Survey, vol. 36, no. 8, 1996, pp. 758-771.Rummel, R. J. “Dimensions of Conflict Behavior within Nations, 1946-59.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 10, no. 1, 1966, pp. 65-73.Sachdeva, Gulshan. “Indian Perceptions of the Chinese Belt Road Initiative.” International Studies, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 285-296.Schmitter, P. C. “Ernst B. Haas and the Legacy of Neofunctionalism.” Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 12, no. 2, 2005, pp. 255-272.Schottli, Jivanta, Markus Pauli, “Modi-economics and the Politics of Institutional Change in the Indian Economy,” Journal of Asian Public Policy, vol. 9, no. 2, 2016, pp. 154-169.Schweller, R. L. “Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In.” International Security, vol. 19, no. 1, 1994, pp. 72-107.Shih-Ping, Tang. “The Gamble of Sino-India Relation and China’s South Asia Strategy.” World Economy and Politics, vol. 9, 2000, pp. 24-29.Simon, H. A. “Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 79, no. 2, 1985, pp. 293-304.Stein, A. A. “Conflict and Cohesion: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 20, no. 1, 1976, pp. 143-172.Stoll, R. J. “The Guns of November: Presidential Reelections and the Use of Force, 1947-1982.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 28, no. 2, 1984, pp. 231-246.Upadhyay, N. “Hindu Nation and its Queers: Caste, Islamophobia, and De/coloniality in India.” Interventions, vol. 22, no. 4, 2020, pp. 464-480.Walt, S. M. “The Progressive Power of Realism.” American Political Science Review, vol. 91, no. 4, 1997, pp. 931-935.Wang, Zheng, Feng, Ye, “China-Sri Lanka Relations in the Context of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Motives, Challenges and Prospects,” Asian Perspective, vol. 143, no. 3, 2019, pp. 481-503.Weede, E. “The Capitalist Peace and the Rise of China: Establishing Global Harmony by Economic Interdependence.” International Interactions, vol. 36, no. 2, 2010, pp. 206-213.Wendt, A. “Collective Identity Formation and the International State.” American Political Science Review, vol. 88, no. 2, 1994, pp. 384-396.Wendt, A. “Constructing International Politics.” International Security, vol. 20, no. 1, 1995, pp. 71-81.Wilkenfeld, J. “Domestic and Foreign Conflict Behavior of Nations.” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1968, pp. 56-69.Xin-Min, Sui. “Interstate Dynamics and Security Management on the Sino-India Border: A Game Theory Analysis.” South Asian Studies, vol. 4, 2014, pp. 1-15.D. Internet SourcesAbeyagoonasekera, Asanga, “How China Won Over Local Agency to Shackle Sri Lanka using a Port City,” Observer Research Foundation, 2021, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/how-china-won-over-local-agency-to-shackle-sri-lanka-using-a-port-city/.Adhikari, Anand, “Supersize Gujarat,” Business Today India, 2011, https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/gujarat-is-indias-new-factory-hub-20852-2011-01-13.Awan, Zamir Ahmed, “China-Pakistan; A Journey of Friendship (1950-2020),” Global Times, 2020, https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1189007.shtml.Ayres, Alyssa, “A Few Thoughts on Narendra Modi’s Shangri-La Dialogue Speech,” Council on Foreign Relations, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/blog/few-thoughts-narendra-modis-shangri-la-dialogue-speech.Bansari, Kamdar, “What to Make of India’s Absence from the Second Belt and Road Forum?” The Diplomat, 2019, https://reurl.cc/bXVb6d.Basu, Nayanima, “India, China Special Representatives Talks Key to Keep the Peace, Should Continue: Experts,” The Print, 2020, https://reurl.cc/lR6QdA.Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, “About BIMSTEC,” https://bimstec.org/?page_id=189.Bhalla, Madhu, “The China Factor in India’s Economic Diplomacy,” Observer Research Foundation, 2021, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/china-factor-india-economic-diplomacy/.BJP’s Election Manifesto, 2014, https://reurl.cc/Dg5jv6.BRICS Brazil 2019, “What is BRICS,” 2019, http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/about-brics/what-is-brics.Centre for Civil Society, “About US,” 2020, https://ccs.in/.Centre for Policy Research, “About,” 2019, https://cprindia.org/about.Chen, Mu-Min, “The New Realm of Competition Between India and China, the First-handed Observation of Bangladesh,” The Storm Media, 2017, https://www.storm.mg/article/219378?page=1.Chowdhury, Debasish R, “Quad is Key to Biden’s Strategy in Asia, But the Four-Way Alliance is Ambiguous and Contradictory”, Time, 2021, https://reurl.cc/e9l4oR.Delhi Policy Group, “Mission Statement,” 2021, https://reurl.cc/VEo49y.Development Alternative, “About US,” 2010, https://www.devalt.org/Aboutus.aspx.Duhalde, Marcelo, Dennis Wong and Kaliz Lee, “India-China Border Clash Explained,” South China Morning Post, 2020, https://reurl.cc/a9mLXX.Dutta, Prabhash K., “Why Japan Lent Support to India Against China over Doklam Standoff,” India Today, 2017, https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/japan-india-china-doklam-standoff-1030287-2017-08-18.Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations, “About Gateway House,” 2011, https://www.gatewayhouse.in/about-us/.Goldman, Russell, “India-China Border Dispute: A Conflict Explained,” The New York Times, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/world/asia/india-china-border-clashes.html.Goswami, Ranjit, “Modi’s Bank Note Ban Has Inflicted Pointless Suffering on India’s Poorest”, The Conversation, 2016, https://reurl.cc/L0VL84.Haidar, Suhasini, “South Block in the Shade,” The Hindu, 2016, https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/south-block-in-the-shade/article8591271.ece.Haldar, Sayantan, “Growing Chinese Engagement in Bangladesh: Implications for India,” ICS Analysis, 2020, https://reurl.cc/a9DL0Q.Harris, Gardiner, “Tillerson Hails Ties with India But Criticizes China and Pakistan,” The New York Times, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/us/politics/tillerson-india-china-pakistan.html.Harris, Gardiner, “Trumps’ Rough Edges Complicates Trip by Pompeo and Mattis to India,” The New York Times, 2018, https://reurl.cc/5rN4jn.Huang, Tzu-Chuan, “Ministry of Foreign Affairs: India Sending Troops over the Boundary, A Severe Violation,” People.cn, 2017, https://reurl.cc/2rqEZ9.Hussain, Masood, “BJP Blasts UPA’s China Policy,” The Economic Times, 2013, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-blasts-upas-china-policy/articleshow/26712863.cms.Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, “About ICRIER,” 2020, http://icrier.org/abouticrier/about-icrier/.Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, “About MP-IDSA,” 2020, https://www.idsa.in/aboutidsa.Jacob, Jayanth, “Narendra Modi calls Nawaz Sharif, Opens New Indo-Pak Innings,” Hindustan Times, 2015, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/narendra-modi-calls-nawaz-sharif-opens-new-indo-pak-innings/story-or5wdgt2opkJjivRNVkbtL.html.Jayasekera, Deepal, “India: BJP PM Candidate Modi Makes Provocative Anti-China Speech,” World Socialist Web Site, 2014, https://reurl.cc/dGomj8.Kazmin, Amy, “Jammu and Kashmir Autonomy: How It Begin and Why It Was Scrapped,” Financial Times, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/b12f9148-b78e-11e9-96bd-8e884d3ea203.Kim, Anna, “The New Nationalism in Modi’s India,” The Diplomat, 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/the-new-nationalism-in-modis-india/.Kondapalli, Srikanth, “Perspective: Modi-Xi Meeting in Wuhan Highlighted the Restoration to the Original State, Doklam Standoff Has Been Past Incident,” BBC, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-43949860.Krishnan, Anath, “Modi Courts Chinese Investment, Showcasing the Gujarat Model,” The Hindu, 2011, https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/modi-courts-chinese-investment-showcasing-the-gujarat-model/article2612458.ece.Kutty, Sumitha N., Rajesh Basrur, “The Quad: What It Is and What It Is Not”, The Diplomat, 2021, https://reurl.cc/o92omq.Lynch III, Thomas F., “A Failure of Strategic Vision: U.S. Policy and the Doklam Border Dispute,” Strategic Insights, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 2017, https://inss.ndu.edu/Media/News/Article/1428958/a-failure-of-strategic-vision-us-policy-and-the-doklam-border-dispute/.MacAskill, Andrew, Bibhudatta Pradhan, “Manmohan Singh Attacked for Being Weak on China,” Mint, 2013, https://reurl.cc/W3ovoZ.Madia, Priyanka, “China’s Belt and Road Initiative: History in the Making,” ICS Analysis, 2020, https://reurl.cc/kZWa4G.Karan Manral, “Gujarat By-election Results 2020: List of Winning Candidates as BJP Wins all 8 Seats," Hindustan Times, 2020, https://reurl.cc/O0WM17.Marcus, Jonathan, “China-India Border Tension: Satellite Imagery Shows Doklam Plateau Build-up,” BBC, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-42834609.Marthinsen, John, “India’s Demonetization: What Were They Thinking?”, Babson College, 2017, https://reurl.cc/4yqngX.Mccarthy, Julie, “Tillerson Visit Highlights India’s Evolving Relationship with U.S.,” National Public Radio, 2017, https://reurl.cc/VEoNrY.McGann, James G., “2020 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report,” University of Pennsylvania, 2020, https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/18/.McGann, James G., “2020 India Think Tank Forum,” University of Pennsylvania, 2020, https://repository.upenn.edu/ttcsp_india_reports/1/.Mcgregor, Grady, “How India’s Made in China Boycott Could Backfire,” Fortune, 2020, https://fortune.com/2020/06/30/india-china-boycott/.Medcalf, Rory, “Indian Poll 2013,” Lowy Institute, 2013, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/india-poll-2013.Miglani, Sanjeev, “India Skips China’s Silk Road Summit, Warns of Unsustainable Debt,” Reuters, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-silkroad-india-idUKKBN18A07N?edition-redirect=uk.Miglani, Sanjeev, Fayaz Bykhari, “India, China Soldiers Involved in Border Altercation: Indian Sources,” Reuters, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china-idUSKCN1AV29F.Modi, Narendra, Barack Obama, “A Renewed US-India Partnership for the 21st Century,” The Washington Post, 2014, https://reurl.cc/eEoLNj.Mohan, Geeta, “Border Standoff: India, China Hold 20th WMCC Meeting, Agree to Work for Complete Disengagement in All Friction Points Along LAC,” India Today, 2020, https://reurl.cc/O0WjmD.Mohanty, Arun, “Reassessing the Soviet Stand on the Indo-China Conflict,” Russia Beyond, 2012, https://reurl.cc/1YW3qp.Nehru, Jawaharlal, “A Tryst with Destiny,” University of Cambridge, 1947, https://www.cam.ac.uk/tryst_with_destiny.Observer Research Foundation, “About,” 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/about-us/.Pai, Santosh, “Deciphering India’s Dependency on Chinese Imports,” ICS Analysis, 2020, https://reurl.cc/zeklQ6.Panagariya, Arvind, “Here’s Proof That Gujarat Has Flourished under Modi,” Tehelka, 2014, http://old.tehelka.com/heres-proof-that-gujarat-has-flourished-under-modi/.Pant, Harsh V., “China’s Revisionism: From Hong Kong to India’s Borders,” Observer Research Foundation, 2020, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/china-revisionism-hongkong-india-borders-67086/.Pant, Harsh V., “India’s Rise is a Reality,” Observer Research Foundation, 2021, https://www.orfonline.org/research/indias-rise-is-a-reality/.Putin, Vladimir, “For Russia, Deepening Friendship with India is a Top Foreign Policy Priority,” The Hindu, https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/for-russia-deepening-friendship-with-india-is-a-top-foreign-policy-priority/article4232857.ece.Rapoza, Kenneth, “India Goes All in On Boycott China,” Forbes, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2020/07/10/india-goes-all-in-on-boycott-china/?sh=6b6708916e19.Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai, “How China Strengthens the Quad,” Observer Research Foundation, 2020, https://www.orfonline.org/research/how-china-strengthens-the-quad/.Roche, Elizabeth, “James Mattis in India; US Commits to Transfer Advanced Technology for Make in India,” Livemint.com, 2017, https://reurl.cc/O0WMb7.Sagar, Pradip R, “100 Days On, India-China Border in Ladakh Still Remains Tense,” The Week, 2020, https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/13/100-days-on--india-china-border-in-ladakh-still-remains-tense.html.Sarkar, Shankhyaneel, “At SCO Meet, Rajnath Singh Tells China to Restore Status Quo at LAC,” Hindustan Times, 2020, https://reurl.cc/YOz03l.Sattar, Huma, “China and Pakistan’s All-Weather Friendship,” The Diplomat, 2015, https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/china-and-pakistans-all-weather-friendship/.Sharma, Rajeev, “Top Indian Diplomat Explains Russia’s Importance to India,” Russia Beyond, 2012, https://reurl.cc/4aMjOV.Shrivastava, Rahul, “Galwan: How PM Modi’s All-party Meet May Unfold, Open Ready with Tough Questions,” India Today, 2020, https://reurl.cc/YOz04a.Singh, A. K., “Modi 2.0 and National Security: What’s Been Done and What’s Left to Do,” The Quint, 2020, https://reurl.cc/eEqzYj.Singh, Harmeet Shah, “Indian Prime Minister Makes Surprise Visit, Meets with Pakistani Counterpart,” CNN, 2015, https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/25/asia/india-pm-visits-pakistan/index.html.Singh, Hemant, “List of National Security Advisor in India,” Jagran Josh, 2019, https://reurl.cc/VEKzd5.Singh, Manmohan, “India and China in the New Era,” The Hindu, 2013, https://reurl.cc/LbYWGK.Singh, Rahul, “A Timeline: India-China’s Deadliest Border Clash Since 1975 Explained,” Hindustan Times, 2020, https://reurl.cc/eEYdx7.Singh, Sushant, “Line of Actual Control (LAC): Where It Is Located, and Where India and China Differ,” The Indian Express, 2020, https://reurl.cc/gzMGXQ.Slater, Joanna, Niha Masih, “Modi Vows Action after Dozens Die in Deadliest Attack in Indian-held Kashmir in 3 Decades,” The Washington Post, 2019, https://reurl.cc/qgqrap.Smith, Jeff M, “Waking the Beast: India’s Defense Reforms under Modi,” The Diplomat, 2016, https://thediplomat.com/tag/modi-defense-policy/.South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, “About SAARC,” 2020, https://www.saarc-sec.org/index.php/about-saarc/about-saarc.South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, “External Relations,” https://www.saarc-sec.org/index.php/about-saarc/external-relations.Suneja, Kirtika, Alnoor Peermohamed, “Boycott China: Display Country of Origin by August 1, Ecommerce Companies Told,” The Economic Times, 2020, https://reurl.cc/nokNg1.Surjewala, Randeep, “Rs 500 & 1000 Currency Notes Banned: Congress Raises Questions Against Narendra Modi Government’s Shocking Move”, India.com, 2016, https://reurl.cc/GdQL7y.Tata Institute of Social Science, “Instructions,” 2020, https://reurl.cc/MAEO1K.The Economic Times, “China Admits Four PLA Soldiers Killed In Galwan Valley Clash with Indian Army,” 2021, https://reurl.cc/3aGXn9.The Economic Times, “No Dispute with Bhutan in Doklam: China,” 2018, https://reurl.cc/yE2LVD.The Economic Times, “Vibrant Gujarat 2013: Industrialists Laud Gujarat CM Narendra Modi but Shy Away From ‘Modi for PM’ Chorus,”, 2013, https://reurl.cc/LbGWje.The Hindu, “What is LEMOA,” 2016, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/What-is-LEMOA/article15604647.ece.The Indian Express, “Explained: History of Muslim League in Kerala and India,” 2019, https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-history-of-muslim-league-in-kerala-and-india-5660839/.The Obama White House, “The President meets with the Prime Minister of India,” 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM_YqiKr7Ww.The Straits Time, “Bhutan Protests against China’s Road Construction,” 2017, https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/bhutan-protests-against-chinas-road-construction.The Times of India, “Bhutan Rejects Beijing’s Claim That Doklam Belongs to China,” 2017, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhutan-rejects-beijings-claim-that-doklam-belongs-to-china/articleshow/60001311.cms.The Times of India, “Manipur Assembly Bypolls: Independent Candidate Wins One Seat,” 2020, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/counting-of-votes-for-manipur-assembly-bypolls-under-way/articleshow/79141364.cms.Tiezzi, Shannon, “Why China Embraces Narendra Modi,” The Diplomat, 2014, https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/why-china-embraces-narendra-modi/.United Nation, “United Nations Charter,” https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-6.Venkataramanan, K., “Explained: How the Status of Jammu and Kashmir Is Being Changed,” The Hindu, 2019, https://reurl.cc/MAQlpm.Verma, Jai Kumar, “Quad is to Check on Chinese Assertiveness in Indo-Pacific,” Chennai Centre for China Studies, 2021, https://reurl.cc/dGRn4D.Volodzko, David, “China Biggest Taboos: The Three Ts,” The Diplomat, 2015, https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/chinas-biggest-taboos-the-three-ts/.West, John, “The China-Japan Economic Relationship is Getting Stronger,” Marsh Mclennan, 2020, https://www.brinknews.com/the-china-japan-economic-relationship-is-getting-stronger/.Wongchaum, Panu, Patpicha Tanakasempipat, Liz Lee, “India Rejects China-backed Asian Trade Deal, as Others Move Ahead,” Reuters, 2019, https://reurl.cc/YOLEzD.Wu, Li-Ming, “Three Suggestions to India,” Xinhua, 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2017-08/03/c_1121427634.htm.Yadav, Sidharth, “Madhya Pradesh Bypolls: BJP Wins 16 Seats, Secures Government,” The Hindu, 2020, https://reurl.cc/eEqzKj.Yang, Lu, “Indian Think Tanks Still Adopt a Western Perspective on China,” Carnegie-Tsinghua, Center for Global Policy, 2020, https://carnegietsinghua.org/2020/07/17/zh-pub-82410.Yang, Sheng-Ru, “China’s Hierarchical Foreign Relation,” Central News Agency, 2018, https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201811210244.aspx.Yu, Liang, “China, Russia Agree to Upgrade Relations for New Era,” XinHua Net, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/06/c_138119879.htm. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
107253013資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107253013 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 李明 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lee, Ming en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 陳材瀚 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Chen, Cai-Han en_US dc.creator (作者) 陳材瀚 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chen, Cai-Han en_US dc.date (日期) 2021 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-十二月-2021 14:45:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-十二月-2021 14:45:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-十二月-2021 14:45:36 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0107253013 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/138021 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 外交學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 107253013 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 轉移性外交政策是一種在領導人面臨國內動亂或者低民調之時會採取之策略。較為冒險或者攻擊性的外交政策方針可以創造「聚旗效應」，增強國內凝聚力並順勢讓領導者達成其政治目的。這樣的政策選擇常見於民主國家，通常發生在當權者需要贏得第二次大選或者鞏固自身領導地位、穩定支持率之時。本文旨在點出莫迪政府在對中政策上，採用了轉移性外交政策的戰略。這樣的政策選擇體現在三個重大事件上，分別為：洞朗衝突、加勒萬河谷衝突以及喀什米爾自治地位的廢除。為了瞭解政策制定之動機，本文會將政策產出的過程分為三個部分，並針對每一個部分進行獨立的分析。第一部分為「外部因素」，主要會探討三個影響莫迪對中政策的因素。第一為中印關係的歷史，再者為中國之大戰略以及對印政策，最後會將對中印關係有重大影響力的三個國家納入討論－巴基斯坦、俄羅斯以及美國。以上三個外部因素都或多或少影響著莫迪政府對中印關係的判斷。第二部分為「內部機制」，在此部分將會以層次分析的方式將政策形塑過程中的變因加以討論。在個人層次的部分，討論莫迪個人經驗以及戰略思維對其外交政策的影響。國家層次則討論政府部門－外交部、國防部以及貿易部；與國內行為者－國民大會黨、印度人民黨以及印度智庫等，分析這些行為者如何影響印度對中政策。最後，我則依據上面的討論框架，分析三個重大事件中的轉移性外交政策因子。本文認為莫迪所採取的轉移性外交政策有別於一般的對於此類政策的認識。雖然莫迪試圖運用轉移性外交政策來凝聚民心，但其對中國的經濟依賴讓莫迪政府在政策的施行上有所侷限。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Diversionary foreign policy is a strategy which state leaders would adopt while they face domestic turmoil or low popularity. An aggressive or adventurous foreign policy would generate a rally-around-the-flag effect, enhance national cohesion so that they would achieve their own political goal. This approach of foreign policy has been widely seen in democracies, as a tactic to win the re-election or to secure their support base.This article argues that the Modi administration applies such strategy to its China policy, especially demonstrated from three events taken place during his term, namely, Doklam dispute, Galwan Valley dispute and the revocation of Kashmir’s autonomous status. In order to understand the motivation behind the policy, this article will divide the whole policy-making process into two sections, and analyze them respectively.The first section is the external factors, which consist of historical factors, China’s foreign policy and foreign stakeholders. The level analysis will be adopted while examining the next section: the internal mechanism. At an individual level, I touch upon the influence of Modi’s past experience and his foreign policy framework. As for the domestic level, both governmental agencies and domestic agents are discussed. I argue that although Modi attempted to adopt diversionary policies to win over support from Indian citizens, India’s economic dependence on China has restricted the approaches he can actually implement. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1- Introduction 11.1 Research Motivation 11.2 Research Purpose 61.3 Research Approach 71.4 Research Methodology 81.4.1 Comparative Analysis 91.4.2 Content Analysis 91.4.3 Historical Research 101.5 Literature Review 101.5.1 Realism 101.5.2 Liberalism 121.5.3 Constructivism 141.5.4 Foreign Policy Decision Making 151.5.5 Diversionary Foreign Policy Theory 171.5.6 India’s Foreign Policy 241.6 Scope and Limitations 29Chapter 2- The External Factors 312.1 Historical Factors 322.1.1 History of Sino-India Relation 322.1.2 Sino-India Border Issues and Agreements 402.1.3 India’s Foreign Policy Legacies 452.2 China’s Foreign Policy 492.2.1 China’s Foreign Policy Framework 492.2.2 China’s India Policy 522.3 Foreign Stakeholders 552.3.1 Pakistan 552.3.2 Russia 602.3.3 United States 642.4 Conclusion 68Chapter 3- The Internal Mechanism 723.1 Individual Level 733.1.1 Modi’s Ideology 733.1.2 Modi’s Foreign Policy Framework 793.2 State Level: The Departments of the Government 833.2.1 Ministry of External Affairs 853.2.2 Ministry of Defense 883.2.3 Ministry of Commerce and Industry 923.3 State Level: Other Domestic Actors 943.3.1 Indian National Congress 943.3.2 Bharatiya Janata Party 983.3.3 Think Tanks 1013.4 Conclusion 106Chapter 4- The Policy Outcomes 1084.1 The Diversionary Policies 1084.2 Border Conflicts with China under Modi 1124.2.1 Doklam Dispute 1124.2.2 Galwan Valley Dispute 1184.3 The Revocation of Kashmir’s Autonomy Status 1244.4 Conclusion 128Chapter 5- Findings and Conclusion 133Bibliography 143A. Government Publications 143B. Books 146C. Journal Articles 151D. Internet Sources 162 zh_TW dc.format.extent 4383286 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107253013 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 莫迪 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 轉移性外交政策 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中印關係 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 邊界衝突 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Modi en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Diversionary foreign policy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sino-India relation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Border conflict en_US dc.title (題名) 莫迪的對中政策：轉移性外交政策之觀點 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Modi`s China Policy: Perspective of Diversionary Foreign Policy en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) A. Government PublicationsAzad Jammu and Kashmir Government. “History of AJ&K,” Government of Pakistan.Central Intelligence Agency. “The World Factbook: India,” Government of the United States of America, 2021.Department of Commerce. “Overview of South Asian Free Trade Area,” Government of Sri Lanka.Department of States. “U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Cooperation,” Government of the United States of America, 2015.Election Commission of India. “Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat,” Government of India, 2003.Embassy at Pakistan. “China, India Agree on Strategic Partnership,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2010.Embassy in the Islamic Republic of Iran. “President Xi’s Speech at the Asian-African Leaders Conference,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2015.Embassy of India, Moscow, Russia. “Bilateral Relations: India-Russia Relations,” Government of India.Ministry of Commerce. “Country Trade Report: India, 2009,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2009.Ministry of Defense. “Annual Report 2014-2015,” Government of India, 2015.Ministry of Defense. “India-China Border Situation,” Government of India, 2020.Ministry of External Affairs. “19th Meeting of the Working Mechanism for Consultation & Coordination on India-China Border Affairs,” Government of India, 2020.Ministry of External Affairs. “Annual Report 2012-2013,” Government of India, 2013.Ministry of External Affairs. “Annual Report 2019-2020,” Government of India, 2020.Ministry of External Affairs. “External Affairs Minister,” Government of India.Ministry of External Affairs. “History and Evolution of Non-aligned Movement,” Government of India, 2012.Ministry of External Affairs. “India-China Informal Summit at Wuhan,” Government of India, 2018.Ministry of External Affairs. “Joint Communique of the Republic of India and the People’s Republic of China,”, Government of India, 2010.Ministry of External Affairs. “MEA Organogram,” Government of India, 2021.Ministry of External Affairs. “Prime Minister’s Keynote Address at Shangri La Dialogue,” Government of India, 2018.Ministry of External Affairs. “Question No. 4062. Act East Policy,” Government of India, 2015.Ministry of External Affairs. “Remark by the Prime Minister at the G4 Summit,” Government of India, 2015.Ministry of External Affairs. “Speech by External Affairs Minister at the Asian African Summit 2015,” Government of India, 2015.Ministry of External Affairs. “Statement on Award of Arbitral Tribunal on South China Sea Under Annexure VII of UNCLOS,” Government of India, 2016.Ministry of External Affairs. “Tashkent Declaration,” Government of India, 1966.Ministry of External Affairs. “Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Co-operation,” Government of India, 1971.Ministry of Finance. “Trade Statistics,” Government of Japan.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Geng Shuang’s Regular Press Congress on October 31st,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2019.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Hua Chua-Ying’s Regular Press Congress,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2020.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Zhao Li-Jian’s Regular Press Congress on June 28th,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2020.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “New Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP),” Government of the Republic of Indonesia, 2019.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Non-Aligned Movement,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2021.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Pakistan and China Diplomatic Relations,” Government of Pakistan, 2021.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Prime Minister Modi of India met with Wang Yi,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2014.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: The Time-tested Guideline of China’s Policy with Neighbors,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2014.Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Xi Jinping Met with the Prime Minister of India, Modi,” Government of People’s Republic of China, 2014.Ministry of Law and Justice. “The Constitution of India,” Government of India, 2019.Ministry of Law and Justice. “The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Bill 2019,” Government of India, 2019.Ministry of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives. “China Pakistan Economic Corridor,” Government of Pakistan, 2020.Office of the Under Secretary of Defense. “National Defense Budget Estimates for FY 2020,” Government of United States of America, 2020.Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations, New York. “India and United Nations,” Government of India, 2021.Prime Minister’s Office. “English Rendering of PM’s Remarks on the Situation in India-China Border Areas” Government of India, 2020.Prime Minister Office. “Former Prime Ministers,” Government of India.State Council. “Vision and Actions on Joint Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road,’ Government of People’s Republic of China, 2015.United Nation Peacemaker. “Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas”, United Nation, 1993.United Nation Peacemaker. “Agreement Between India and China on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas,” United Nation, 1996.United Nation Peacemaker. “Protocol Between India and China on Modalities for the Implementation of Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas,” United Nation, 2005.United Nation Peacemaker. “Agreement on the Establishment of a Working for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs,” United Nation, 2012.United Nation Peacemaker. “Border Defense Cooperation Agreement between India and China,” United Nation, 2013.B. BooksBarnaby, Frank. How Nuclear Weapons Spread: Nuclear-Weapon Proliferation in the 1990s. London: Routledge, 1994.Burchill, S., A. Linklater, R. Devetak, J. Donnelly, T. Nardin Paterson, J. True. Theories of International Relations. Macmillan International Higher Education, 2013.Callinicos, A. Marxism and Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1983.Cashman, G. What Causes War: An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2013.Chau, Donovan C., Thomas M. Kane, China and International Security: History, Strategy and 21th Century Policy. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, 2014.Chen, Mu-Min. Deciphering India: The Uncertain Emerging Power. Taipei: Wunan, 2016.Coser, L. A. The Functions of Social Conflict. London: Routledge, 1998.Dass, S. K. Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Prime Minister of India. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2004.Dong, Yuan-Jing. “Foe or Friend? The Chinese Assessment of a Rising India after Pokhran-II,” In South Asia’s Nuclear Security Dilemma. London: Routledge, 2005.Dutta, Sujit. “Dealing with the Rising China,” In India’s Foreign Policy: Surviving in a Turbulent World. New Delhi: SAGE Publication India, 2020.George, A. L. “The Case for Multiple Advocacy in Making Foreign Policy.” In Alexander L. George: A Pioneer in Political and Social Sciences. Berlin: Springer, Cham, 2019.Ghosh, J., Chandrasekhar, C. P., Patnaik, P. Demonetisation Decoded: A Critique of India`s Currency Experiment. London: Taylor & Francis, 2017.Gilpin, R. War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University Press, 1981.Goldstein, J. S., Pevehouse, J. C., Sernau, S. Principles of International Relations. London: Pearson Longman, 2008.Graver, John W. Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001.Guha, Ramachandra. India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. London: Macmillan, 2007.Haas, E. B. “Does Constructivism Subsume Neofunctionalism.” Debates on European Integration, London: Red Globe Press, 2006.Hazelwood, L. A. “Externalizing Systemic Stresses: International Conflict as Adaptive Behavior.” Conflict Behavior and Linkage Politics, New York: McKay, 1973.Hollis, M., & Smith, S. Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.Hopf, T. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities & Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Cornell University Press, 2000.Ikenberry, G. J. “America’s Liberal Grand Strategy: Democracy and National Security in the Post-war Era.” American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts, Oxford University Press, 2000.Jaffrelot, Christophe, Louise Tillin, “Populism in India,” In The Oxford Handbook on Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.James, P. Crisis and War. Kingston: McGill-Queen`s Press, 1998.Jayapalan, N. India and Her Neighbours, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Dist, 2000.K. P. S. Menon, “India and the Soviet Union”, In Indian Foreign Policy: The Nehru Years. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1976.Kang, D. C. O. China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.Katzenstein, M. F. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.Kavic, L. India’s Quest for Security: Defense Policies, 1947-1965. Berkley: University of California Press, 1967.Kundra, J. C. Indian Foreign Policy: 1947-1954. Groningen: J. B. Wolters, 1956.Levy, J. S. “The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique.” Handbook of War Studies. Michigan Press Ann Arbor, 1989.Little, Richard. “International Regimes.” The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2001.Ludden, David. Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.Mahmud, Ershad. “Azad Jammu and Kashmir’s Quest for Empowerment,” In Society and Politics of Jammu and Kashmir, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.Malhotra, I. Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, Inc, 2014.Malik, Anas, Political Survival in Pakistan: Beyond Ideology, London: Routledge, 2010.Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. London: OUP Oxford, 2015.Mandel, Robert. “Psychological Approaches to International Relations.” In Political Psychology. San Francisco: Joeesy-Bass, 1986.Andy Marino, Narendra Modi: A Political Biography. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India, 2014.Mearsheimer, J. J. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: WW Norton & Company, 2003.Mishra, Rahul. “From Look East to Act East: Transitions in India’s Eastward Engagement.” In International Relations and Asia’s Southern Tier. Berlin: Springer, 2018.Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc, 1978.Muller, Jan-Werner. What is Populism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.Mullins, N. C., & Mullins, C. J. Theories and Theory Groups in Contemporary American Sociology. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.Noorani, A. G. Constitutional Questions and Citizens` Rights: An Omnibus comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens’ Rights, Judges and State Accountability. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.Resecrance, R. N. Action and Reaction in World Politics: International Systems in Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 1963.Rivilin, Ann Fischback, The Diversionary Theory of Foreign Policy? American and Public Opinion. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan, 2008.Russett, B. Controlling the Sword. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.Sen, T. India, China, and the World: A Connected History. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.Sharma, J. Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2011.Shepherd, K. I. Why I am not a Hindu: A Sudra Critique of Hindutva Philosophy, Culture and Political Economy. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India, 2019.Simmel, G. Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955.Snyder, J. Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition. Cornell University Press, 1991.Subba, J. R. Culture and Customs of Sikkim. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2008.Synnott, Hilary. The Causes and Consequences of South Asia’s Nuclear Tests. Oxford University Press, 1999.Lee, Sze-Hsien. “India’s Aspiration for ‘Great Power Status’.” In New Perspectives on South Asia. Taipei: Wunan, 2015.Tammen, Ronald L., Jacek Kugler, Douglas Lemke, Allan C. Stam III, Mark Abdollahian, Carole Alsharabti, Brian Efird and A. F. K. Organski. Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers of Seven Bridges Press, 2000.Vasquez, J. A. The Power of Power Politics: From Classical Realism to Neotraditionalism. Cambridge University Press, 1998.Verma, Anand K. Reassessing Pakistan: Role of Two-Nation Theory. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers, 2001.Walt, S. M. The Origins of Alliance. Cornell University Press, 1990.Waltz, K. N. Theory of International Politics. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 1979.Weede, E. “Globalization: Creative Destruction and the Prospect of a Capitalist Peace.” Globalization and Armed Conflict, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2003.Williams, R., Williams, R. H. Marxism and Literature. Oxford Paperbacks, 1977.Wright, Q., Wright, L. L. A Study of War. University of Chicago Press, 1983.C. Journal ArticlesAcharya, A. “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism.” International Organization, vol. 58, no. 2, 2004, pp. 239-275.Allison, G. T. “Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 63, no. 3, 1969, pp. 689-718.Alam, Mohammed Badrul. “Contextualising India-Russia Relations.” World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, vol. 23, no. 1, 2019, pp. 48-59.Babu, Shyam. “India’s National Security Council: Stuck in the Cradle.” Security Dialogue, vol. 34, no. 2, 2003, pp. 215-230.Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. “The Common Minimum Programme: The Finances of the State Governments and the Urgent Tasks of Repair and Reconstruction,” Social Scientist, vol. 32, no. 7, 2004, pp. 3-16.Bajpai, Kanti. “Narendra Modi’s Pakistan and China Policy: Assertive Bilateral Diplomacy, Active Coalition Diplomacy.” International Affairs, vol. 93, no. 1, 2017, pp. 69-91.Bakshi, Jyotsna. “Russia and India: From Ideology to Geopolitics, 1947-1998.” Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 12, no. 3, 2010, pp. 50-90.Bala, Madhu. “Doklam Dispute: Sino-Indian Perspectives.” Ascent International Journal For Research Analysis, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 28.Bandyopadhyaya, J. “The Non-aligned Movement and International Relations.” India Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 2, 1977, pp. 137-164.Baral, J.K., J.K. Mohapatra and S.P. Mishra. “Rajiv Gandhi’s China Diplomacy: Dynamics and Problems.” International Studies, vol. 26, no. 3, 1989, pp. 257-270.Basu, A.R. “India’s China Policy in Historical Perspective.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 13, no. 1, 1991, pp. 103-115.Bernard, J. “Some Current Conceptualizations in the Field of Conflict.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 70, no. 4, 1965, pp. 442-454.Bisht, Medha. “Bhutan–India Power Cooperation: Benefits Beyond Bilateralism.” Strategic Analysis, vol. 36, no. 5, 2012, pp. 787-803.Blakeslee, D. S. “Politics and Public Goods in Developing Countries: Evidence from the Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.” Journal of Public Economics, vol. 163, 2018, pp. 1-19.Botcheva, L., Martin, L. L. “Institutional Effects on State Behavior: Convergence and Divergence.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 45, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1-26.Brace, P., & Hinckley, B. “The Structure of Presidential Approval: Constraints within and across Presidencies.” The Journal of Politics, vol. 53, no. 4, 1991, pp. 993-1017.Brulé, D. J., Williams, L. K. “Democracy and Diversion: Government Arrangements, the Economy, and Dispute Initiation.” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 46, no. 6, 2009, pp. 777-798.Burr, William. “Sino-American Relations, 1969: the Sino-Soviet Border War and Steps towards Rapprochement.” Cold War History, vol. 1, no. 3, 2001, pp. 73-112.Chao, Xie. “The Limitation of Audience Costs Theory: A Critique Based on India’s Bargaining Behavior in the Doklam Standoff.” South Asian Studies, vol. 1, 2019, pp 29-54.Chari, P. R. “Reflections on the Kargil War.” Strategic Analysis, vol. 33, no. 3, 2009, pp. 360-364.Chaulia, Sheeram S. “BJP, India’s Foreign Policy and the Realist Alternative to the Nehruvian Tradition.” International Politics, vol. 39, 2002, pp. 215-234.Checkel, J. T. “International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework.” International Organization, vol. 59, no. 4, 2005, pp. 801-826.Cheema, Pervaiz I. “Significance of Pakistan-China Border Agreement of 1963.” Pakistan Horizon, vol. 39, no. 4, 1986, pp. 41-52.Chen, Chun-Ju. “Impact of the Doklam Incident on China-India Border Issue and China-India Relations.” Wenti Yu Yanjiu, vol. 57, no. 1, 2018, pp. 105-116.Chen, Ping-Kuei. “The Deescalating Effect of Unsettled Borders on Enduring Territorial Disputes: An Analysis on the 2017 Doklam Standoff.” Wenti Yu Yanjiu, vol. 59, no. 3, 2020, pp. 1-44.Cheng-Chwee, K. “The Essence of Hedging: Malaysia and Singapore`s Response to a Rising China.” Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, vol. 30, no. 2, 2008, pp.159-185.Chhibber, Pradeep K, Susan L. Ostermann. “The BJP’s Fragile Mandate: Modi and Vote Mobilizers in the 2014 General Elections.” Studies in Indian Politics, vol. 2, no.2, 2014, pp. 137-151.Chu, Tsui-Ping. “Understanding Sino-India Strategy Competition from Doklam Standoff.” World Affairs, vol. 17, 2017, pp. 28-29.Coser, L. A. “Social Conflict and the Theory of Social Change." The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 8, no. 3, 1956, pp. 197-207.DeRouen Jr, K. R. “The Indirect Link: Politics, the Economy, and the Use of Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 39, no. 4, 1995, pp. 671-695.Dhattiwala, Raheel, Michael Biggs, “The Political Logic of Ethnic Violence, The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002,” Politics and Society, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 483-516.Donaldson, Robert H. “India: The Soviet Stake in Stability.” Asian Survey, vol. 12, no. 6, 1972, pp. 475-492.Dong, Yuan-Jing. “India’s Rise after Pokhran II: Chinese Analyses and Assessment.” Asian Survey.” Asian Survey, vol. 41, no. 6, 2001, pp. 978-1001.Doyle, M. W. “Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace.” American Political Science Review, vol. 99, no. 3, 2005, pp. 463-466.Edwards III, G. C., Wood, B. D. “Who Influences Whom? The President, Congress, and the Media.” American Political Science Review, vol. 93, no. 2, 1999, pp. 327-344.Engineer, Asghar Ali. “Kashmir: Autonomy Only Solution.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 30, no. 35, 1995, pp. 2167-2168.Ernest, Satow. “Convention Between the United Kingdom and China Respecting Tibet, Signed April 27, 1906.” American Journal of International Law, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 78-80.F. Michael. “Survival of a Culture: Tibetan Refugees in India.” Asian Survey, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 737-744.Fang, Tien-Sze. “The Development of China-Maldives Relation: Momentum and Limitations.” International and Public Affairs, vol. 1, 2015, pp. 81-104.Fearon, James D. “Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 88, no. 3, 1994, pp. 577-592.Fearon, James D. “Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Trying Hands versus Sinking Costs.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 41, no. 1, 1997, pp. 68-90.Finnemore, M., Sikkink, K. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization, vol. 52, no. 4, 1998, pp. 887-917.Fishburn, P. C., Kochenberger, G. A. “Two‐Piece Von Neumann‐Morgenstern Utility Functions.” Decision Sciences, vol. 10, no. 4, 1979, pp. 503-518.Fordham, B. O. “Another Look at Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force Abroad.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 46, no. 4, 2002, pp. 572-596.Friedberg, A. L. “Bucking Beijing: An Alternative US China Policy.” Foreign Affair, vol. 1, 2012, pp. 48-58.Gan, C. H., & Zheng, R. G. “An Empirical Study on Change of Industrial Structure and Productivity Growth since the Reform and Opening-up——A Test for the Structure-bonus Hypotheses from 1978 to 2007 in China.” China Industrial Economics, vol. 2, 2009, pp. 55-65.Gan-Cheng, Zhao. “China and India: A Corollary to New Great Power Relations.” South Asian Studies, vol. 2, 2014, pp. 47-57.Ganguly, Sumit. “Has Modi Truly Changed India’s Foreign Policy.” The Washington Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 2, 2017, pp. 131-143.Ganguly, Sumit. “Obama, Trump and Indian Foreign Policy under Modi.” International Politics, 2021, pp. 1-15.Gartzke, E. “The Capitalist Peace.” American Journal of Political Science, vol. 51, no. 1, 2007, pp. 166-191.Gaubatz, K. T. “Election Cycles and War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 35, no. 2, 1991, pp. 212-244.Ghatak, Maitreesh, Sanchari Roy. “Did Gujarat’s Growth Rate Accelerate Under Modi.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 49, no. 15, 2014, pp. 12-15.Glaser, C. L. “Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-help.” International Security, vol. 19, no. 3, 1994, pp. 50-90.Gupta, K. “The McMahon Line 1911-45: The British Legacy.” The China Quarterly, vol. 47, 1971, pp. 521-545.H. M, Sanjeev Kr. “Foreign Policy Position of Bharatiya Janata Party towards Issue of India Pakistan Relations.” The Indian Journal of Political Science, vol. 68, no. 2, 2007, pp. 275-291.Ham, M., & Tolentino, E. “The Use of Force at Home and Abroad Through Diversionary Foreign Policy.” The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 2017, pp. 87-105.Haokip, Thongkholal. “India’s Look East Policy: It’s Evolution and Approach.” South Asian Survey, vol. 18, no. 2, 2014, pp. 239-257.Hart, P., A. Vromen. “A New Era for Think Tanks in Public Policy? International Trends, Australian Realities.” Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 67, no. 2, 2008, pp. 135-148.Harris, John, “Hindu Nationalism in Action; The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics,” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, vol. 38, no. 4, 2015, pp. 712-718.Hellmann-Rajanayagam, D. “The Tamil Tigers in Northern Sri Lanka: Origins, Factions, Programmes,” International Quarterly for Asian Studies, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 63-85.Horowitz, I. L. “The Treatment of Conflict in Sociological Literature.” International Journal of Group Tensions, vol. 1, no. 4, 1971, pp. 350-363.Hsieh, Kuo-Pin. “The Independence Movement of Bangladesh.” Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1-16.Iwanek, Krzysztof. “The Political Economy of Hindu Nationalism: From V.D. Savarkar to Narendra Modi,” International Journal of Knowledge and Innovation in Business, vol. 2, no. 1, 2014, pp. 1-38.Jacob, Happymon. “Toward a Kashmir Endgame? How India and Pakistan Could Negotiate a Lasting Solution.” United States Institute of Peace, no. 474, 2020, pp. 2-24.Jaffrelot, Christophe. “Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk,” Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics, vol. 17, 2003, pp. 1-20.James, P., & Hristoulas, A. “Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the United States.” The Journal of Politics, vol. 56, no. 2, 1994, pp. 327-348.James, P., & Oneal, J. R. “The Influence of Domestic and International Politics on the President`s Use of Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 35, no. 2, 1991, pp. 307-332.Jentleson, B. W., & Britton, R. L. “Still Pretty Prudent: Post-Cold War American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 42, no. 4, 1998, pp. 395-417.Jia-Bao, W. “Carrying Forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in the Promotion of Peace and Development.” Chinese Journal of International Law, vol. 3, 2004, pp. 363-368.Kahler, M., Kastner, S. L. “Strategic Uses of Economic Interdependence: Engagement Policies on the Korean Peninsula and Across the Taiwan Strait.” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 43, no. 5, 2006, pp. 523-541.Kanat, K. B. “Diversionary Foreign Policy in Authoritarian States: the Use of Multiple Diversionary Strategies by Saddam Hussein during the Gulf War.” Journal of Strategic Security, vol. 7, no. 1, 2014, pp. 16-32.Katz, Eian. “Buffer Zones in International Law Between Here and There.” The University of Chicago Law Review, vol. 84, no. 3, 2017, pp. 1379-1424.Kaura, Vinay. “Deepening Relationship between Russia and China.” Indian Journal of Asian Affairs, vol. 32, no. 1, 2019, pp. 49-66.Kaviraj, S. “Indira Gandhi and Indian Politics.” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 21, no. 23, 1986, pp. 1697-1708.Kegley Jr, C. W., Richardson, N. R., Richter, G. “Conflict at Home and Abroad: An Empirical Extension.” The Journal of Politics, vol. 40, no. 3, 1978, pp. 742-752.Keohane, R. O., Nye Jr, J. S. “Power and Interdependence.” Survival, vol. 15, no. 4, 1973, pp. 158-165.Keohane, R. O. “Twenty Years of Institutional Liberalism.” International Relations, vol. 26, no. 2, 2012, pp. 125-138.Khan, Robina, Muhammad Zubair Khan, Zafar Abbas. “Moving Towards Human Catastrophe: The Abrogation of Article 370 in Kashmir Valley.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 41, no. 1, 2021, pp. 78-85.Kisangani, E. F., Pickering, J. “Diverting with Benevolent Military Force: Reducing Risks and Rising above Strategic Behavior.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 2, 2007, pp. 277-299.Kisangani, E. F., Pickering, J. “Democratic Accountability and Diversionary Force: Regime Types and the Use of Benevolent and Hostile Military Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 55, no. 6, 2011, pp. 1021-1046.Korolev, Alexander. “Systemic Balancing and Regional Hedging: China-Russia Relation.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, vol. 9, no. 4, 2016, pp. 375-397.Lee, Szu-Hsien. “The Implications of Sino-Indian Doklam Standoff: Rethinking of India’s Geopolitical Environment.” Review of Global Politics, no. 60, 2017, pp. 15-20.LeVine, R. A. “Anthropology and the Study of Conflict: An Introduction.” Journal of Conflict Resolution. vol. 5, no. 1, 1961, pp. 3-15.Lian, B., Oneal, J. R. “Presidents, the Use of Military Force, and Public Opinion.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 37, no. 2, 1993, pp. 277-300.Liu, Z. “Following the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and Jointly Building a Community of Common Destiny.” Chinese Journal of International Law, vol. 13, no. 3, 2014, pp. 477-480.Mack, R. W. “The Components of Social Conflict.” Social Problems, vol. 12, no. 4, 1965, pp. 388-397.Mastro, O. S. “The Problems of the Liberal Peace in Asia.” Survival, vol. 56, no. 2, 2014, pp. 129-158.McGann, James G. “Think Tanks and the Transnationalization of Foreign Policy,” Connections, vol. 2, no. 1, 2003, pp. 85-90.Mearsheimer, J. J. “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War.” International Security, vol. 15, no. 1, 1990, pp. 5-56.Mearsheimer, J. J. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security, vol. 19, no. 3, 1994, pp. 5-49.Mitrany, D. “The Functional Approach to World Organization.” International Affairs, vol. 24, no. 3, 1948, pp. 350-363.Morgan, T. C., & Bickers, K. N. “Domestic Discontent and the External Use of Force.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 36, no. 1, 1992, pp. 25-52.Morphet, S. “Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned Movement: What is the Global South Doing and Where Is It Going?” Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, vol. 10, no. 4, 2004, pp. 517-537.Mu-Min, Chen. “Indian China Policy: An Analysis of Its Factors and Decision-making Process.” Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 155-173.Narayanan, Raviprasad. “India-China Relations: The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) Phase.” Harvard Asia Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 4, 2008, pp. 24-31.Nincic, M. “US Soviet Policy and the Electoral Connection.” World Politics, vol. 42, no. 3, 1989, pp. 370-396.Norpoth, H. “Guns and Butter and Government Popularity in Britain.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 81, no. 3, 1987, pp. 949-959.Nye Jr, J. S. “Neorealism and Neoliberalism.” World Politics, vol. 40, no. 2, 1988, pp. 235-251.Ogden, Chris. “Norms, Indian Foreign Policy and the 1998-2004 National Democratic Alliance.” The Round Table, vol. 99, no. 408, 2010, pp. 303-315.Ostrom Jr, C. W., & Job, B. L. “The President and the Political Use of Force.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 80, no. 2, 1986, pp. 541-566.Palshikar, Suhas. “The BJP and Hindu Nationalism: Centrist Politics and Majoritarian Impulses,” Journal of South Asian Studies, vol. 38, no. 4, 2015, pp. 719-735.Pant, Harsh V., Yogesh Joshi. “Indo-US Relations under Modi: The Strategic Logic Underlying the Embrace.” International Affairs, vol. 93, no. 1, 2017, pp. 133-146.Partem, Michael Greenfield. “The Buffer System in International Relations.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 27, no. 1, 1983, pp. 3-26.Pautz, Hartwig. “Revisiting the Think Tank Phenomenon.” Public Policy and Administration, vol. 64, no. 4, 2011, pp. 419-435.Peyrouse, Sebastien. “The Evolution of Russia’s Views on the Belt and Road Initiative.” Asia Policy, vol. 24, 2017, pp. 96-102.Plagemann, Johannes, Sandra Destradi. “Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India.” Foreign Policy Analysis, vol. 15, 2019, pp. 283-301.R. Galloway, A. “The Poverty of Philosophy: Realism and Post-Fordism.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 39, no. 2, 2013, pp. 347-366.Richards, D., Morgan, T. C., Wilson, R. K., Schwebach, V. L., & Young, G. D. “Good Times, Bad Times, and the Diversionary Use of Force: A Tale of Some Not-so-free Agents.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 37, no. 3, 1993, pp. 504-535.Roy, Denny. “The ‘China Threat’ Issue: Major Arguments.” Asian Survey, vol. 36, no. 8, 1996, pp. 758-771.Rummel, R. J. “Dimensions of Conflict Behavior within Nations, 1946-59.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 10, no. 1, 1966, pp. 65-73.Sachdeva, Gulshan. “Indian Perceptions of the Chinese Belt Road Initiative.” International Studies, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 285-296.Schmitter, P. C. “Ernst B. Haas and the Legacy of Neofunctionalism.” Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 12, no. 2, 2005, pp. 255-272.Schottli, Jivanta, Markus Pauli, “Modi-economics and the Politics of Institutional Change in the Indian Economy,” Journal of Asian Public Policy, vol. 9, no. 2, 2016, pp. 154-169.Schweller, R. L. “Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In.” International Security, vol. 19, no. 1, 1994, pp. 72-107.Shih-Ping, Tang. “The Gamble of Sino-India Relation and China’s South Asia Strategy.” World Economy and Politics, vol. 9, 2000, pp. 24-29.Simon, H. A. “Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 79, no. 2, 1985, pp. 293-304.Stein, A. A. “Conflict and Cohesion: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 20, no. 1, 1976, pp. 143-172.Stoll, R. J. “The Guns of November: Presidential Reelections and the Use of Force, 1947-1982.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 28, no. 2, 1984, pp. 231-246.Upadhyay, N. “Hindu Nation and its Queers: Caste, Islamophobia, and De/coloniality in India.” Interventions, vol. 22, no. 4, 2020, pp. 464-480.Walt, S. M. “The Progressive Power of Realism.” American Political Science Review, vol. 91, no. 4, 1997, pp. 931-935.Wang, Zheng, Feng, Ye, “China-Sri Lanka Relations in the Context of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Motives, Challenges and Prospects,” Asian Perspective, vol. 143, no. 3, 2019, pp. 481-503.Weede, E. “The Capitalist Peace and the Rise of China: Establishing Global Harmony by Economic Interdependence.” International Interactions, vol. 36, no. 2, 2010, pp. 206-213.Wendt, A. “Collective Identity Formation and the International State.” American Political Science Review, vol. 88, no. 2, 1994, pp. 384-396.Wendt, A. “Constructing International Politics.” International Security, vol. 20, no. 1, 1995, pp. 71-81.Wilkenfeld, J. “Domestic and Foreign Conflict Behavior of Nations.” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1968, pp. 56-69.Xin-Min, Sui. “Interstate Dynamics and Security Management on the Sino-India Border: A Game Theory Analysis.” South Asian Studies, vol. 4, 2014, pp. 1-15.D. Internet SourcesAbeyagoonasekera, Asanga, “How China Won Over Local Agency to Shackle Sri Lanka using a Port City,” Observer Research Foundation, 2021, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/how-china-won-over-local-agency-to-shackle-sri-lanka-using-a-port-city/.Adhikari, Anand, “Supersize Gujarat,” Business Today India, 2011, https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/gujarat-is-indias-new-factory-hub-20852-2011-01-13.Awan, Zamir Ahmed, “China-Pakistan; A Journey of Friendship (1950-2020),” Global Times, 2020, https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1189007.shtml.Ayres, Alyssa, “A Few Thoughts on Narendra Modi’s Shangri-La Dialogue Speech,” Council on Foreign Relations, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/blog/few-thoughts-narendra-modis-shangri-la-dialogue-speech.Bansari, Kamdar, “What to Make of India’s Absence from the Second Belt and Road Forum?” The Diplomat, 2019, https://reurl.cc/bXVb6d.Basu, Nayanima, “India, China Special Representatives Talks Key to Keep the Peace, Should Continue: Experts,” The Print, 2020, https://reurl.cc/lR6QdA.Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, “About BIMSTEC,” https://bimstec.org/?page_id=189.Bhalla, Madhu, “The China Factor in India’s Economic Diplomacy,” Observer Research Foundation, 2021, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/china-factor-india-economic-diplomacy/.BJP’s Election Manifesto, 2014, https://reurl.cc/Dg5jv6.BRICS Brazil 2019, “What is BRICS,” 2019, http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/about-brics/what-is-brics.Centre for Civil Society, “About US,” 2020, https://ccs.in/.Centre for Policy Research, “About,” 2019, https://cprindia.org/about.Chen, Mu-Min, “The New Realm of Competition Between India and China, the First-handed Observation of Bangladesh,” The Storm Media, 2017, https://www.storm.mg/article/219378?page=1.Chowdhury, Debasish R, “Quad is Key to Biden’s Strategy in Asia, But the Four-Way Alliance is Ambiguous and Contradictory”, Time, 2021, https://reurl.cc/e9l4oR.Delhi Policy Group, “Mission Statement,” 2021, https://reurl.cc/VEo49y.Development Alternative, “About US,” 2010, https://www.devalt.org/Aboutus.aspx.Duhalde, Marcelo, Dennis Wong and Kaliz Lee, “India-China Border Clash Explained,” South China Morning Post, 2020, https://reurl.cc/a9mLXX.Dutta, Prabhash K., “Why Japan Lent Support to India Against China over Doklam Standoff,” India Today, 2017, https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/japan-india-china-doklam-standoff-1030287-2017-08-18.Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations, “About Gateway House,” 2011, https://www.gatewayhouse.in/about-us/.Goldman, Russell, “India-China Border Dispute: A Conflict Explained,” The New York Times, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/world/asia/india-china-border-clashes.html.Goswami, Ranjit, “Modi’s Bank Note Ban Has Inflicted Pointless Suffering on India’s Poorest”, The Conversation, 2016, https://reurl.cc/L0VL84.Haidar, Suhasini, “South Block in the Shade,” The Hindu, 2016, https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/south-block-in-the-shade/article8591271.ece.Haldar, Sayantan, “Growing Chinese Engagement in Bangladesh: Implications for India,” ICS Analysis, 2020, https://reurl.cc/a9DL0Q.Harris, Gardiner, “Tillerson Hails Ties with India But Criticizes China and Pakistan,” The New York Times, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/us/politics/tillerson-india-china-pakistan.html.Harris, Gardiner, “Trumps’ Rough Edges Complicates Trip by Pompeo and Mattis to India,” The New York Times, 2018, https://reurl.cc/5rN4jn.Huang, Tzu-Chuan, “Ministry of Foreign Affairs: India Sending Troops over the Boundary, A Severe Violation,” People.cn, 2017, https://reurl.cc/2rqEZ9.Hussain, Masood, “BJP Blasts UPA’s China Policy,” The Economic Times, 2013, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-blasts-upas-china-policy/articleshow/26712863.cms.Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, “About ICRIER,” 2020, http://icrier.org/abouticrier/about-icrier/.Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, “About MP-IDSA,” 2020, https://www.idsa.in/aboutidsa.Jacob, Jayanth, “Narendra Modi calls Nawaz Sharif, Opens New Indo-Pak Innings,” Hindustan Times, 2015, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/narendra-modi-calls-nawaz-sharif-opens-new-indo-pak-innings/story-or5wdgt2opkJjivRNVkbtL.html.Jayasekera, Deepal, “India: BJP PM Candidate Modi Makes Provocative Anti-China Speech,” World Socialist Web Site, 2014, https://reurl.cc/dGomj8.Kazmin, Amy, “Jammu and Kashmir Autonomy: How It Begin and Why It Was Scrapped,” Financial Times, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/b12f9148-b78e-11e9-96bd-8e884d3ea203.Kim, Anna, “The New Nationalism in Modi’s India,” The Diplomat, 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/the-new-nationalism-in-modis-india/.Kondapalli, Srikanth, “Perspective: Modi-Xi Meeting in Wuhan Highlighted the Restoration to the Original State, Doklam Standoff Has Been Past Incident,” BBC, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-43949860.Krishnan, Anath, “Modi Courts Chinese Investment, Showcasing the Gujarat Model,” The Hindu, 2011, https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/modi-courts-chinese-investment-showcasing-the-gujarat-model/article2612458.ece.Kutty, Sumitha N., Rajesh Basrur, “The Quad: What It Is and What It Is Not”, The Diplomat, 2021, https://reurl.cc/o92omq.Lynch III, Thomas F., “A Failure of Strategic Vision: U.S. Policy and the Doklam Border Dispute,” Strategic Insights, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 2017, https://inss.ndu.edu/Media/News/Article/1428958/a-failure-of-strategic-vision-us-policy-and-the-doklam-border-dispute/.MacAskill, Andrew, Bibhudatta Pradhan, “Manmohan Singh Attacked for Being Weak on China,” Mint, 2013, https://reurl.cc/W3ovoZ.Madia, Priyanka, “China’s Belt and Road Initiative: History in the Making,” ICS Analysis, 2020, https://reurl.cc/kZWa4G.Karan Manral, “Gujarat By-election Results 2020: List of Winning Candidates as BJP Wins all 8 Seats," Hindustan Times, 2020, https://reurl.cc/O0WM17.Marcus, Jonathan, “China-India Border Tension: Satellite Imagery Shows Doklam Plateau Build-up,” BBC, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-42834609.Marthinsen, John, “India’s Demonetization: What Were They Thinking?”, Babson College, 2017, https://reurl.cc/4yqngX.Mccarthy, Julie, “Tillerson Visit Highlights India’s Evolving Relationship with U.S.,” National Public Radio, 2017, https://reurl.cc/VEoNrY.McGann, James G., “2020 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report,” University of Pennsylvania, 2020, https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/18/.McGann, James G., “2020 India Think Tank Forum,” University of Pennsylvania, 2020, https://repository.upenn.edu/ttcsp_india_reports/1/.Mcgregor, Grady, “How India’s Made in China Boycott Could Backfire,” Fortune, 2020, https://fortune.com/2020/06/30/india-china-boycott/.Medcalf, Rory, “Indian Poll 2013,” Lowy Institute, 2013, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/india-poll-2013.Miglani, Sanjeev, “India Skips China’s Silk Road Summit, Warns of Unsustainable Debt,” Reuters, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-silkroad-india-idUKKBN18A07N?edition-redirect=uk.Miglani, Sanjeev, Fayaz Bykhari, “India, China Soldiers Involved in Border Altercation: Indian Sources,” Reuters, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china-idUSKCN1AV29F.Modi, Narendra, Barack Obama, “A Renewed US-India Partnership for the 21st Century,” The Washington Post, 2014, https://reurl.cc/eEoLNj.Mohan, Geeta, “Border Standoff: India, China Hold 20th WMCC Meeting, Agree to Work for Complete Disengagement in All Friction Points Along LAC,” India Today, 2020, https://reurl.cc/O0WjmD.Mohanty, Arun, “Reassessing the Soviet Stand on the Indo-China Conflict,” Russia Beyond, 2012, https://reurl.cc/1YW3qp.Nehru, Jawaharlal, “A Tryst with Destiny,” University of Cambridge, 1947, https://www.cam.ac.uk/tryst_with_destiny.Observer Research Foundation, “About,” 2019, https://www.orfonline.org/about-us/.Pai, Santosh, “Deciphering India’s Dependency on Chinese Imports,” ICS Analysis, 2020, https://reurl.cc/zeklQ6.Panagariya, Arvind, “Here’s Proof That Gujarat Has Flourished under Modi,” Tehelka, 2014, http://old.tehelka.com/heres-proof-that-gujarat-has-flourished-under-modi/.Pant, Harsh V., “China’s Revisionism: From Hong Kong to India’s Borders,” Observer Research Foundation, 2020, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/china-revisionism-hongkong-india-borders-67086/.Pant, Harsh V., “India’s Rise is a Reality,” Observer Research Foundation, 2021, https://www.orfonline.org/research/indias-rise-is-a-reality/.Putin, Vladimir, “For Russia, Deepening Friendship with India is a Top Foreign Policy Priority,” The Hindu, https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/for-russia-deepening-friendship-with-india-is-a-top-foreign-policy-priority/article4232857.ece.Rapoza, Kenneth, “India Goes All in On Boycott China,” Forbes, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2020/07/10/india-goes-all-in-on-boycott-china/?sh=6b6708916e19.Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai, “How China Strengthens the Quad,” Observer Research Foundation, 2020, https://www.orfonline.org/research/how-china-strengthens-the-quad/.Roche, Elizabeth, “James Mattis in India; US Commits to Transfer Advanced Technology for Make in India,” Livemint.com, 2017, https://reurl.cc/O0WMb7.Sagar, Pradip R, “100 Days On, India-China Border in Ladakh Still Remains Tense,” The Week, 2020, https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/13/100-days-on--india-china-border-in-ladakh-still-remains-tense.html.Sarkar, Shankhyaneel, “At SCO Meet, Rajnath Singh Tells China to Restore Status Quo at LAC,” Hindustan Times, 2020, https://reurl.cc/YOz03l.Sattar, Huma, “China and Pakistan’s All-Weather Friendship,” The Diplomat, 2015, https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/china-and-pakistans-all-weather-friendship/.Sharma, Rajeev, “Top Indian Diplomat Explains Russia’s Importance to India,” Russia Beyond, 2012, https://reurl.cc/4aMjOV.Shrivastava, Rahul, “Galwan: How PM Modi’s All-party Meet May Unfold, Open Ready with Tough Questions,” India Today, 2020, https://reurl.cc/YOz04a.Singh, A. K., “Modi 2.0 and National Security: What’s Been Done and What’s Left to Do,” The Quint, 2020, https://reurl.cc/eEqzYj.Singh, Harmeet Shah, “Indian Prime Minister Makes Surprise Visit, Meets with Pakistani Counterpart,” CNN, 2015, https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/25/asia/india-pm-visits-pakistan/index.html.Singh, Hemant, “List of National Security Advisor in India,” Jagran Josh, 2019, https://reurl.cc/VEKzd5.Singh, Manmohan, “India and China in the New Era,” The Hindu, 2013, https://reurl.cc/LbYWGK.Singh, Rahul, “A Timeline: India-China’s Deadliest Border Clash Since 1975 Explained,” Hindustan Times, 2020, https://reurl.cc/eEYdx7.Singh, Sushant, “Line of Actual Control (LAC): Where It Is Located, and Where India and China Differ,” The Indian Express, 2020, https://reurl.cc/gzMGXQ.Slater, Joanna, Niha Masih, “Modi Vows Action after Dozens Die in Deadliest Attack in Indian-held Kashmir in 3 Decades,” The Washington Post, 2019, https://reurl.cc/qgqrap.Smith, Jeff M, “Waking the Beast: India’s Defense Reforms under Modi,” The Diplomat, 2016, https://thediplomat.com/tag/modi-defense-policy/.South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, “About SAARC,” 2020, https://www.saarc-sec.org/index.php/about-saarc/about-saarc.South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, “External Relations,” https://www.saarc-sec.org/index.php/about-saarc/external-relations.Suneja, Kirtika, Alnoor Peermohamed, “Boycott China: Display Country of Origin by August 1, Ecommerce Companies Told,” The Economic Times, 2020, https://reurl.cc/nokNg1.Surjewala, Randeep, “Rs 500 & 1000 Currency Notes Banned: Congress Raises Questions Against Narendra Modi Government’s Shocking Move”, India.com, 2016, https://reurl.cc/GdQL7y.Tata Institute of Social Science, “Instructions,” 2020, https://reurl.cc/MAEO1K.The Economic Times, “China Admits Four PLA Soldiers Killed In Galwan Valley Clash with Indian Army,” 2021, https://reurl.cc/3aGXn9.The Economic Times, “No Dispute with Bhutan in Doklam: China,” 2018, https://reurl.cc/yE2LVD.The Economic Times, “Vibrant Gujarat 2013: Industrialists Laud Gujarat CM Narendra Modi but Shy Away From ‘Modi for PM’ Chorus,”, 2013, https://reurl.cc/LbGWje.The Hindu, “What is LEMOA,” 2016, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/What-is-LEMOA/article15604647.ece.The Indian Express, “Explained: History of Muslim League in Kerala and India,” 2019, https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-history-of-muslim-league-in-kerala-and-india-5660839/.The Obama White House, “The President meets with the Prime Minister of India,” 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM_YqiKr7Ww.The Straits Time, “Bhutan Protests against China’s Road Construction,” 2017, https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/bhutan-protests-against-chinas-road-construction.The Times of India, “Bhutan Rejects Beijing’s Claim That Doklam Belongs to China,” 2017, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhutan-rejects-beijings-claim-that-doklam-belongs-to-china/articleshow/60001311.cms.The Times of India, “Manipur Assembly Bypolls: Independent Candidate Wins One Seat,” 2020, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/counting-of-votes-for-manipur-assembly-bypolls-under-way/articleshow/79141364.cms.Tiezzi, Shannon, “Why China Embraces Narendra Modi,” The Diplomat, 2014, https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/why-china-embraces-narendra-modi/.United Nation, “United Nations Charter,” https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-6.Venkataramanan, K., “Explained: How the Status of Jammu and Kashmir Is Being Changed,” The Hindu, 2019, https://reurl.cc/MAQlpm.Verma, Jai Kumar, “Quad is to Check on Chinese Assertiveness in Indo-Pacific,” Chennai Centre for China Studies, 2021, https://reurl.cc/dGRn4D.Volodzko, David, “China Biggest Taboos: The Three Ts,” The Diplomat, 2015, https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/chinas-biggest-taboos-the-three-ts/.West, John, “The China-Japan Economic Relationship is Getting Stronger,” Marsh Mclennan, 2020, https://www.brinknews.com/the-china-japan-economic-relationship-is-getting-stronger/.Wongchaum, Panu, Patpicha Tanakasempipat, Liz Lee, “India Rejects China-backed Asian Trade Deal, as Others Move Ahead,” Reuters, 2019, https://reurl.cc/YOLEzD.Wu, Li-Ming, “Three Suggestions to India,” Xinhua, 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2017-08/03/c_1121427634.htm.Yadav, Sidharth, “Madhya Pradesh Bypolls: BJP Wins 16 Seats, Secures Government,” The Hindu, 2020, https://reurl.cc/eEqzKj.Yang, Lu, “Indian Think Tanks Still Adopt a Western Perspective on China,” Carnegie-Tsinghua, Center for Global Policy, 2020, https://carnegietsinghua.org/2020/07/17/zh-pub-82410.Yang, Sheng-Ru, “China’s Hierarchical Foreign Relation,” Central News Agency, 2018, https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201811210244.aspx.Yu, Liang, “China, Russia Agree to Upgrade Relations for New Era,” XinHua Net, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/06/c_138119879.htm. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202101709 en_US
