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題名 COVID-19期間對非援助網絡輿情分析：以Twitter為研究標的
Analysis of Public Opinion of the Aid to Africa During COVID-19 Era on Twitter
作者 陳妍如
Chen, Yen-Ju
貢獻者 李明
Lee, Ming
陳妍如
Chen, Yen-Ju
關鍵詞 對非援助
新古典現實主義
民意
R語言
文字探勘
情感分析
Aid to African
Neoliberalism
public opinion
R programming
text-mining
sentimental analysis
日期 2021
上傳時間 10-二月-2022 13:16:46 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究使用R語言撈取Twitter平台上3000筆關於對非援助相關推文，使用情感分析、主題模型分析以及論述分析的方式，一步步剖析探討疫情期間網絡民意在對非援助議題上，所關注的方向及對非援助的成效和立場，並和文獻回顧結果做比較，以完善對非援助議題的研究。
研究成果分成技術上及文字探勘兩層面來探討，在技術層次上，本研究發現情感分析及主題模型分析在對非援助議題的局限性，在文字探勘的部分，發現學者和網絡民意在對非援助議題上的見解相似，但網絡民意又多了非洲地區的聲量，這部分的意見不但可作為援助系統調整的參考方向，也是學術上可以深入探討的地方。
社群媒體的發達以及文字探勘技術的進步，亦使得援助國更可取得在地聲音，援助國不應忽視這些聲量，否則會落入投入許多資源、精力，但援助行為非但無法達到促進非洲地區國家發展的良善目的，反而引來接受國的反彈及不諒解。
This study utilizes the “R language” mining tweets regarding aid to Africa on Twitter, using the sentimental, model and discourse analysis to analyze public opinion towards aid issues during the COVID-19 era. The purpose of the study is to find out the aspects that netizens would discuss when they mention aid to African as well as their thoughts regarding the effects of it.
The results could be divided into two areas, one is how technology applies to the topic and the other one is the finding of text mining. First, the study found out that sentimental analysis and model analysis on the aid issue have their limitations, and discourse analysis could improve it. On the other hand, the scholars and opinions on Twitter have similar views on problems of aid to Africa. Furthermore, the public opinion on the Internet could let voices from Africa be heard by the world. Opinions could not only be referred to the donor countries for their aid policies, but also be used for further academic research.
The development of social media and text mining let the donors get access to more voices from African local people. It is better for the donors to take it seriously, or they would end up involving a lot of resources and energy but receiving rebound and mistrust from recipients.
參考文獻 中文部分
一、 專書
陳敦源、廖洲棚、黃心怡，〈政府公共溝通： 新型態網路參與及溝通策
略〉，台北市：數位治理研究中心，2017。
國家發展委員會，〈Web 2.0 時代的民意探勘：政府部門網路輿情分析的概念與實務〉，台北市：國家發展委員會，2017。
二、 期刊
王貿，〈公務人員關注議題之文字探勘：以PTT公職板為例〉，《調查研究－方法與應用》，第45期，2020，頁119-154。
李問，〈亞洲「假新聞」輿論戰-及民主社會的防衛戰略〉，《新社會政策》，第54期，2017，頁15-19。
何吉森，〈假新聞之監理與治理探討〉，《傳播研究與實踐》，第8卷，第2期，2018，頁1-41。
林照真，〈假新聞情境初探：以阿拉伯世界的資訊逆流為例〉，《傳播研究與實踐》，第8卷，第1期，2018，頁 1-26。
余采蓓、施俊名，〈運用文字探勘技術探討性相關議題之研究－以PTT論壇feminine_sex板為例〉，《性學研究》。第9.2期，2019，頁63-89。
袁得嵛、章逸釩、高見、孫海春，〈基於用戶特徵提取的新浪微博異常用戶檢測方法〉，《計算機科學》，第6A卷，第47期，2020，頁364-368。
黃詩淳、邵軒磊，〈以人工智慧讀取親權酌定裁判文本：自然語言與文字探勘之實踐〉，《臺大法學論叢》，第1卷，第49期，2020，頁195-224。
陳世榮，〈社會科學研究中的文字探勘應用：以文意為基礎的文件分類及其問題〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》，第4卷，第27期，2015，頁683-718。
謝吉隆、楊苾淳，〈從「應變自然」到「社會應變」：以文字探勘方法檢視國內風災新聞的報導演變〉，《教育資料與圖書館學》，第55卷，第3期，2018，頁285-318。
鄭宇君、陳恭、陳百齡，〈社群媒體巨量資料搜集與分析－以Facebook與Twitter為例〉，《人文與社會科學簡訊》，第19卷，第1期，2017，頁37-46。
蕭乃沂、朱斌妤，〈資料驅動創新的跨域公共治理〉，《國土及公共治理季刊》，第6卷，第4期，2018，頁74-85。
三、 學位論文
郝志揚，〈使用文字探勘實作新聞事件追蹤〉，《淡江大學資訊工程學系碩士班學位論文》，2017，頁1-58。
四、 網路資料
世界銀行，〈14張圖回顧2019年〉，2019，網址：https://www.shihang.org/zh/news/feature/2019/12/20/year-in-review-2019-in-charts（檢閱日期：2021年01月06日）。
Weka簡介與實作：資料探勘的分群、異常偵測、關聯規則探勘、分類，網址：http://blog.pulipuli.info/2019/10/weka-practice-data-mining-with-weka.html#（檢閱日期：2021年04月05日）。
發掘文件中的主題：Weka分群應用於文本探勘，網址：http://blog.pulipuli.info/2019/07/weka-discover-topic-of-text-collection.html（檢閱日期：2021年04月08日）。
分群與分類的整合應用：無監督分類器，網址：http://blog.pulipuli.info/2017/10/building-unsupervised-classification.html（檢閱日期：2021年04月10日）。
簡單易用的中英文斷詞和詞性標註：Python-Jieba ，網址：http://blog.pulipuli.info/2019/01/python-jieba-word-segmentation-and-part.html（檢閱日期：2021年04月22日）。

英文部分
一、 官方文件
OECD. “Aid by DAC Members Increases in 2019 with More Aid to the Poorest Countries.” 2020.
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The World Bank Group (2020). “The World Bank Data.” https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-governance-indicators (accessed on 02 November 2020).
The World Bank Group. “The World Bank Data.” 2020.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ALLD.CD?locations=T6(accessed on 04 January 2021).
United Nations. “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda (accessed on 26 May 2021).
二、 書籍
Ali, Mohamed Sami Ben, and S. M. Krammer. Economic Development in the Middle East and North Africa: Challenges and Prospects. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Cambria, Erik, Dipankar Das, Sivaji Bandyopadhyay and Antonio Feraco. A Practical Guide to Sentiment Analysis. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2017.
Ehteshami Anoushiravan. Globalization and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Old Games, New Rules. London, United Kingdom: Routledge, 2007.
Fiedlschuster, Micha. Globalization, EU Democracy Assistance and the World Social Forum: Concepts and Practices of Democracy. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
Heintze, Hans-Joachim, and Andrej Zwitter, eds. International Law and Humanitarian Assistance: A Crosscut through Legal Issues Pertaining to Humanitarianism. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.
Irrera, Daniela. EU Emergency Response Policies and NGOs: Trends and Innovations. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2017.
Kalu, Kenneth. Foreign Aid and the Future of Africa. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2018.
Karini, Artan. International Aid, Administrative Reform and the Politics of EU Accession. The Case of Albania. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2019.
Murphy, Susan P. Responsibility in an Interconnected World: International Assistance, Duty, and Action. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG,
2016.
Schweller, Randall L. Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. Princeton, New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Silge, Julia, and David Robinson. Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach. California, CA: O`Reilly Media, Inc., 2017.
三、 期刊
Akokpari, John K. “The AU, NEPAD and the Promotion of Good Governance in Africa.” Nordic Journal of African Studies, vol. 13, no. 3, 2004, pp. 1-21.
Adeniyi, Olatunbosun, Ngozi Mercy Opara, Toyosi Adeyemo, Augustina Irenosen Ekeria, & Bolorunduro Faith-Lois. “African Union and the Challenges of Development.” Journal of African Union Studies, vol. 5, February/March, 2016, pp. 67-89.
Bräutigam, Deborah A. & Stephen Knack. “Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 52, no. 2, 2004, pp. 255-285.
Brown, Stephen. “Foreign Aid and Democracy Promotion: Lessons from Africa.” The European Journal of Development Research, vol. 17, no. 2, 2005, pp. 179-198.
Bleiker, Roland, and Amy Kay. “Representing HIV/AIDS in Africa: Pluralist Photography and Local Empowerment.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 1, 2007, pp. 139-163.
Busse, Matthias and Steffen Gröning. “Does Foreign Aid Improve Governance?” Economics Letters, vol. 104, no. 2, 2009, pp. 76-78.
Bauhr, Monika, Nicholas Charron, and Naghmeh Nasiritousi. “Does Corruption Cause Aid Fatigue? Public Opinion and the Aid-corruption Paradox.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 57, no.3, 2013, pp. 568-579.
Bailey, Sarah and Paul Harvey. “State of Evidence on Humanitarian Cash transfers.” Overseas Development Institute Background Note, 2015, pp. 1-8.
Cheng, Yinghong. “From Campus Racism to Cyber Racism: Discourse of Race and Chinese Nationalism.” The China Quarterly, vol. 207, 2011, pp. 561-579 doi:10.1017/S0305741011000658.
Cardwell, Ryan, and Pascal L. Ghazalian. “COVID-19 and International Food Assistance: Policy Proposals to Keep Food Flowing.” World Development, vol. 135, 2020, pp. 1-4.
Canuto, Otaviano. "The Impact of Coronavirus on the Global Economy." Policy Notes & Policy Briefs 1929, June 2020, pp. 2-16.
DiBacco, Thomas V. “American Business and Foreign Aid: The Eisenhower Years.” The Business History Review, vol. 41, no.1, 1967, pp. 21-35.
Escobar, Arturo. “The Invention of Development.” Current History, vol. 98, no. 631, 1999, pp. 382-386.
Ezeoha, Abel E. “Can NGOs Aid Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa? Some Theoretical Insights.” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, vol. 8, no. 3, 2006, pp. 128-147.
Easterly, William. “Was Development Assistance A Mistake?” American Economic Review, vol. 97, no. 2, 2007, pp. 328-332.
Farrell, Henry, and Abraham L. Newman. "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion." International Security, vol. 44, no. 1, 2019, pp. 42-79.
Fearon, James, and Alexander Wendt. "Rationalism v. constructivism: a skeptical view." Handbook of international relations, vol. 1, 2002, pp. 52-72.
Faye, Michael, and Paul Niehaus. "Political Aid Cycles." The American Economic Review, vol. 102, no. 7, 2012, pp. 3516-3530. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41724643.
Goldsmith, Arthur A. "Foreign Aid and Statehood in Africa.” International Organization. vol. 55, no. 1, 2001, pp. 123-148. doi:10.1162/002081801551432.
Gill, Bates. "China’s Global Influence: Post-COVID Prospects for Soft Power." The Washington Quarterly, vol. 43, no. 2, 2020, pp. 97-115.
Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World politics, vol. 17, no. 3, 1965, pp. 386-430.
Harvey, Paul. “Cash-based Responses in Emergencies.” IDS Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 3, 2007, pp. 79-81.
Heinrich, Tobias, Yoshiharu Kobayashi, and Kristin A. Bryant. “Public Opinion and Foreign Aid Cuts in Economic Crises.” World Development, vol. 77, 2016, pp. 66-79.
Knack, Stephen. “Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy?” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 48, no. 1, 2004, pp. 251-266.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi. “The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues1.” Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, vol. 3, no. 2, 2011, pp. 220-246.
Kasthuri, S., L. Jayasimman, and A. Nisha Jebaseeli. “An Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis Techniques: A Survey.” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 3, no. 2, 2016, pp. 2395-0056.
Lake, David A. "Why “Isms” are Evil: Theory, Epistemology, and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress." International Studies Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 2, 2011, pp. 465-480.
Liu, Philip Hsiaopong. “Petty Annoyances?: Revisiting John Emmanuel Hevi`s An African Student in China after 50 Years.” China: An International Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, 2013, pp. 131-145.
Li, Su Ying. “A Survey of Key Technology of Network Public Opinion Analysis.” EDP Sciences., vol. 63, 2016, pp. 1-4. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/2016630
Muller, Edward N. “Dependent Economic Development, Aid dependence on the United States, and Democratic Breakdown in the Third World.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 4, 1985, pp. 445-469.
Morgenthau, Hans J. “A Political Theory of Foreign Aid.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 56, no. 2, 1962, pp. 301-309.
Manzo, Kate. “An Extension of Colonialism? Development Education, Images and the Media.” Development Education Journal, vol. 12, no.2, 2006, pp. 1-4.
Moyo, Dambisa. “Why Foreign Aid Is Hurting Africa?” The Wall Street Journal, vol. 21, 2009, pp. 1-6, http://www.wsj.com/articles/ SB123758895999200083.
Milner, Helen V. and Dustin Tingley. "Public Opinion and Foreign Aid: A Review Essay." International Interactions, vol. 39, no. 3, 2013, pp. 389-401. doi: 10.1080/03050629.2013.784090
Mulay, S. A., S. J. Joshi, M. R. Shaha, H. V. Vibhute, & M. P. Panaskar. “Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining with Social Networking for Predicting Box Office Collection of Movie.” International Journal of Emerging Research in Management & Technology, vol. 5, no.1, 2016, pp. 74-79.
Noël, Alain and Jean-Philippe Thérien. “From Domestic to International Justice: The Welfare State and Foreign Aid.” International organization, vol. 49, no.3, 1995, pp. 523-553.
Nye, Joseph S. “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-benefit Analysis.” American Political Science Review, vol. 61, no. 2, 1967, pp. 417-427.
Narizny, Kevin. “On Systemic Paradigms and Domestic Politics: A Critique of the Newest realism.” International Security, vol. 42, no. 2, 2017, pp. 155-190.
Nguyen, An and Daniel Catalan. “Digital Mis/Disinformation and Public Engagement with Health and Science Controversies: Fresh Perspectives from Covid-19.” Media and Communication, vol. 8, no. 2, 2020, pp. 323-328.
Olsen, Gorm Rye. “European Public Opinion and Aid to Africa: is There A Link?” Journal of Modern African Studies, vol.39, no. 4, 2001, pp. 645-674.
Otter, Mark. “Domestic Public Support for Foreign Aid: Does It Matter?” Third World Quarterly, vol. 24, no.1, 2003, pp. 115-125, doi: 10.1080/713701372.
Oliver, Amy. “The Pornography of Poverty and the Brothel Without Walls: Understanding the Impact of Art on Development.” Undercurrent, vol. 3, no. 2, 2006, pp. 19-25.
Pye, Lucian W. “The Concept of Political Development.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 358, no. 1, 1965, pp. 1-13.
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Thérien, Jean-Philippe and Alain Noel. “Political Parties and Foreign Aid.” American Political Science Review, vol. 94, no.1, 2000, pp. 151-162.
Thomas, Melissa. A. “What Do the Worldwide Governance Indicators Measure?” The European Journal of Development Research, vol. 22, no. 1, 2010, pp. 31-54.
Wang, Shu-wei and Rena L. Repetti. “Who Gives to Whom? Testing the Support Gap Hypothesis with Naturalistic Observations of Couple Interactions.” Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 30, no. 4, 2016, pp.492.
四、 學位論文
Bølstad, Jørgen. “Principles, Interests and Beliefs: Public Opinion on International Aid.” Doctoral dissertation, 2011.
五、 網路資料
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
108253009
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108253009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 李明zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lee, Mingen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 陳妍如zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Chen, Yen-Juen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳妍如zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Yen-Juen_US
dc.date (日期) 2021en_US
dc.date.accessioned 10-二月-2022 13:16:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 10-二月-2022 13:16:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 10-二月-2022 13:16:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0108253009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/138982-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 108253009zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究使用R語言撈取Twitter平台上3000筆關於對非援助相關推文，使用情感分析、主題模型分析以及論述分析的方式，一步步剖析探討疫情期間網絡民意在對非援助議題上，所關注的方向及對非援助的成效和立場，並和文獻回顧結果做比較，以完善對非援助議題的研究。
研究成果分成技術上及文字探勘兩層面來探討，在技術層次上，本研究發現情感分析及主題模型分析在對非援助議題的局限性，在文字探勘的部分，發現學者和網絡民意在對非援助議題上的見解相似，但網絡民意又多了非洲地區的聲量，這部分的意見不但可作為援助系統調整的參考方向，也是學術上可以深入探討的地方。
社群媒體的發達以及文字探勘技術的進步，亦使得援助國更可取得在地聲音，援助國不應忽視這些聲量，否則會落入投入許多資源、精力，但援助行為非但無法達到促進非洲地區國家發展的良善目的，反而引來接受國的反彈及不諒解。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study utilizes the “R language” mining tweets regarding aid to Africa on Twitter, using the sentimental, model and discourse analysis to analyze public opinion towards aid issues during the COVID-19 era. The purpose of the study is to find out the aspects that netizens would discuss when they mention aid to African as well as their thoughts regarding the effects of it.
The results could be divided into two areas, one is how technology applies to the topic and the other one is the finding of text mining. First, the study found out that sentimental analysis and model analysis on the aid issue have their limitations, and discourse analysis could improve it. On the other hand, the scholars and opinions on Twitter have similar views on problems of aid to Africa. Furthermore, the public opinion on the Internet could let voices from Africa be heard by the world. Opinions could not only be referred to the donor countries for their aid policies, but also be used for further academic research.
The development of social media and text mining let the donors get access to more voices from African local people. It is better for the donors to take it seriously, or they would end up involving a lot of resources and energy but receiving rebound and mistrust from recipients.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 目次
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與途徑 5
第三節 章節鋪陳 7
第貳章 文獻回顧 9
第一節 新古典現實主義與國內層次探討 9
第二節 對非援助學者見解 14
第三節 援助相關民意立場論述 17
第參章 輿情資料撈取及研究設計 23
第一節 輿情分析方法及技術探討 23
第二節 對非援助輿情資料撈取及清洗 26
第三節 研究流程與設計 28
第肆章 輿情資料分析與詮釋 35
第一節 對非援助主題模型分析 35
第二節 對非援助論述分析與詮釋 45
第三節 對非援助小結 57
第伍章 結論 61
第一節 總結 61
第二節 研究限制 62
第三節 政策建議暨未來研究方向 62
參考文獻 65
附錄－主題模型中該分類權重較高推文列舉 75		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2253753 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108253009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 對非援助zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新古典現實主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民意zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) R語言zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 文字探勘zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 情感分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Aid to Africanen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Neoliberalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) public opinionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) R programmingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) text-miningen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) sentimental analysisen_US
dc.title (題名) COVID-19期間對非援助網絡輿情分析：以Twitter為研究標的zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Analysis of Public Opinion of the Aid to Africa During COVID-19 Era on Twitteren_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分
一、 專書
陳敦源、廖洲棚、黃心怡，〈政府公共溝通： 新型態網路參與及溝通策
略〉，台北市：數位治理研究中心，2017。
國家發展委員會，〈Web 2.0 時代的民意探勘：政府部門網路輿情分析的概念與實務〉，台北市：國家發展委員會，2017。
二、 期刊
王貿，〈公務人員關注議題之文字探勘：以PTT公職板為例〉，《調查研究－方法與應用》，第45期，2020，頁119-154。
李問，〈亞洲「假新聞」輿論戰-及民主社會的防衛戰略〉，《新社會政策》，第54期，2017，頁15-19。
何吉森，〈假新聞之監理與治理探討〉，《傳播研究與實踐》，第8卷，第2期，2018，頁1-41。
林照真，〈假新聞情境初探：以阿拉伯世界的資訊逆流為例〉，《傳播研究與實踐》，第8卷，第1期，2018，頁 1-26。
余采蓓、施俊名，〈運用文字探勘技術探討性相關議題之研究－以PTT論壇feminine_sex板為例〉，《性學研究》。第9.2期，2019，頁63-89。
袁得嵛、章逸釩、高見、孫海春，〈基於用戶特徵提取的新浪微博異常用戶檢測方法〉，《計算機科學》，第6A卷，第47期，2020，頁364-368。
黃詩淳、邵軒磊，〈以人工智慧讀取親權酌定裁判文本：自然語言與文字探勘之實踐〉，《臺大法學論叢》，第1卷，第49期，2020，頁195-224。
陳世榮，〈社會科學研究中的文字探勘應用：以文意為基礎的文件分類及其問題〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》，第4卷，第27期，2015，頁683-718。
謝吉隆、楊苾淳，〈從「應變自然」到「社會應變」：以文字探勘方法檢視國內風災新聞的報導演變〉，《教育資料與圖書館學》，第55卷，第3期，2018，頁285-318。
鄭宇君、陳恭、陳百齡，〈社群媒體巨量資料搜集與分析－以Facebook與Twitter為例〉，《人文與社會科學簡訊》，第19卷，第1期，2017，頁37-46。
蕭乃沂、朱斌妤，〈資料驅動創新的跨域公共治理〉，《國土及公共治理季刊》，第6卷，第4期，2018，頁74-85。
三、 學位論文
郝志揚，〈使用文字探勘實作新聞事件追蹤〉，《淡江大學資訊工程學系碩士班學位論文》，2017，頁1-58。
四、 網路資料
世界銀行，〈14張圖回顧2019年〉，2019，網址：https://www.shihang.org/zh/news/feature/2019/12/20/year-in-review-2019-in-charts（檢閱日期：2021年01月06日）。
Weka簡介與實作：資料探勘的分群、異常偵測、關聯規則探勘、分類，網址：http://blog.pulipuli.info/2019/10/weka-practice-data-mining-with-weka.html#（檢閱日期：2021年04月05日）。
發掘文件中的主題：Weka分群應用於文本探勘，網址：http://blog.pulipuli.info/2019/07/weka-discover-topic-of-text-collection.html（檢閱日期：2021年04月08日）。
分群與分類的整合應用：無監督分類器，網址：http://blog.pulipuli.info/2017/10/building-unsupervised-classification.html（檢閱日期：2021年04月10日）。
簡單易用的中英文斷詞和詞性標註：Python-Jieba ，網址：http://blog.pulipuli.info/2019/01/python-jieba-word-segmentation-and-part.html（檢閱日期：2021年04月22日）。

英文部分
一、 官方文件
OECD. “Aid by DAC Members Increases in 2019 with More Aid to the Poorest Countries.” 2020.
OECD. "Detailed Aid Statistics: Total receipts." OECD International Development Statistics (database), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00079-en (accessed on 02 November 2020).
OECD. “Aid at a Glance Charts.” https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-data/aid-at-a-glance.htm (accessed on 2 June 2021).
The World Bank Group (2020). “The World Bank Data.” https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-governance-indicators (accessed on 02 November 2020).
The World Bank Group. “The World Bank Data.” 2020.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ALLD.CD?locations=T6(accessed on 04 January 2021).
United Nations. “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda (accessed on 26 May 2021).
二、 書籍
Ali, Mohamed Sami Ben, and S. M. Krammer. Economic Development in the Middle East and North Africa: Challenges and Prospects. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Cambria, Erik, Dipankar Das, Sivaji Bandyopadhyay and Antonio Feraco. A Practical Guide to Sentiment Analysis. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2017.
Ehteshami Anoushiravan. Globalization and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Old Games, New Rules. London, United Kingdom: Routledge, 2007.
Fiedlschuster, Micha. Globalization, EU Democracy Assistance and the World Social Forum: Concepts and Practices of Democracy. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
Heintze, Hans-Joachim, and Andrej Zwitter, eds. International Law and Humanitarian Assistance: A Crosscut through Legal Issues Pertaining to Humanitarianism. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.
Irrera, Daniela. EU Emergency Response Policies and NGOs: Trends and Innovations. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2017.
Kalu, Kenneth. Foreign Aid and the Future of Africa. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2018.
Karini, Artan. International Aid, Administrative Reform and the Politics of EU Accession. The Case of Albania. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2019.
Murphy, Susan P. Responsibility in an Interconnected World: International Assistance, Duty, and Action. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG,
2016.
Schweller, Randall L. Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. Princeton, New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
Silge, Julia, and David Robinson. Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach. California, CA: O`Reilly Media, Inc., 2017.
三、 期刊
Akokpari, John K. “The AU, NEPAD and the Promotion of Good Governance in Africa.” Nordic Journal of African Studies, vol. 13, no. 3, 2004, pp. 1-21.
Adeniyi, Olatunbosun, Ngozi Mercy Opara, Toyosi Adeyemo, Augustina Irenosen Ekeria, & Bolorunduro Faith-Lois. “African Union and the Challenges of Development.” Journal of African Union Studies, vol. 5, February/March, 2016, pp. 67-89.
Bräutigam, Deborah A. & Stephen Knack. “Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 52, no. 2, 2004, pp. 255-285.
Brown, Stephen. “Foreign Aid and Democracy Promotion: Lessons from Africa.” The European Journal of Development Research, vol. 17, no. 2, 2005, pp. 179-198.
Bleiker, Roland, and Amy Kay. “Representing HIV/AIDS in Africa: Pluralist Photography and Local Empowerment.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 1, 2007, pp. 139-163.
Busse, Matthias and Steffen Gröning. “Does Foreign Aid Improve Governance?” Economics Letters, vol. 104, no. 2, 2009, pp. 76-78.
Bauhr, Monika, Nicholas Charron, and Naghmeh Nasiritousi. “Does Corruption Cause Aid Fatigue? Public Opinion and the Aid-corruption Paradox.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 57, no.3, 2013, pp. 568-579.
Bailey, Sarah and Paul Harvey. “State of Evidence on Humanitarian Cash transfers.” Overseas Development Institute Background Note, 2015, pp. 1-8.
Cheng, Yinghong. “From Campus Racism to Cyber Racism: Discourse of Race and Chinese Nationalism.” The China Quarterly, vol. 207, 2011, pp. 561-579 doi:10.1017/S0305741011000658.
Cardwell, Ryan, and Pascal L. Ghazalian. “COVID-19 and International Food Assistance: Policy Proposals to Keep Food Flowing.” World Development, vol. 135, 2020, pp. 1-4.
Canuto, Otaviano. "The Impact of Coronavirus on the Global Economy." Policy Notes & Policy Briefs 1929, June 2020, pp. 2-16.
DiBacco, Thomas V. “American Business and Foreign Aid: The Eisenhower Years.” The Business History Review, vol. 41, no.1, 1967, pp. 21-35.
Escobar, Arturo. “The Invention of Development.” Current History, vol. 98, no. 631, 1999, pp. 382-386.
Ezeoha, Abel E. “Can NGOs Aid Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa? Some Theoretical Insights.” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, vol. 8, no. 3, 2006, pp. 128-147.
Easterly, William. “Was Development Assistance A Mistake?” American Economic Review, vol. 97, no. 2, 2007, pp. 328-332.
Farrell, Henry, and Abraham L. Newman. "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion." International Security, vol. 44, no. 1, 2019, pp. 42-79.
Fearon, James, and Alexander Wendt. "Rationalism v. constructivism: a skeptical view." Handbook of international relations, vol. 1, 2002, pp. 52-72.
Faye, Michael, and Paul Niehaus. "Political Aid Cycles." The American Economic Review, vol. 102, no. 7, 2012, pp. 3516-3530. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41724643.
Goldsmith, Arthur A. "Foreign Aid and Statehood in Africa.” International Organization. vol. 55, no. 1, 2001, pp. 123-148. doi:10.1162/002081801551432.
Gill, Bates. "China’s Global Influence: Post-COVID Prospects for Soft Power." The Washington Quarterly, vol. 43, no. 2, 2020, pp. 97-115.
Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World politics, vol. 17, no. 3, 1965, pp. 386-430.
Harvey, Paul. “Cash-based Responses in Emergencies.” IDS Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 3, 2007, pp. 79-81.
Heinrich, Tobias, Yoshiharu Kobayashi, and Kristin A. Bryant. “Public Opinion and Foreign Aid Cuts in Economic Crises.” World Development, vol. 77, 2016, pp. 66-79.
Knack, Stephen. “Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy?” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 48, no. 1, 2004, pp. 251-266.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi. “The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues1.” Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, vol. 3, no. 2, 2011, pp. 220-246.
Kasthuri, S., L. Jayasimman, and A. Nisha Jebaseeli. “An Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis Techniques: A Survey.” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 3, no. 2, 2016, pp. 2395-0056.
Lake, David A. "Why “Isms” are Evil: Theory, Epistemology, and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress." International Studies Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 2, 2011, pp. 465-480.
Liu, Philip Hsiaopong. “Petty Annoyances?: Revisiting John Emmanuel Hevi`s An African Student in China after 50 Years.” China: An International Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, 2013, pp. 131-145.
Li, Su Ying. “A Survey of Key Technology of Network Public Opinion Analysis.” EDP Sciences., vol. 63, 2016, pp. 1-4. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/2016630
Muller, Edward N. “Dependent Economic Development, Aid dependence on the United States, and Democratic Breakdown in the Third World.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 4, 1985, pp. 445-469.
Morgenthau, Hans J. “A Political Theory of Foreign Aid.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 56, no. 2, 1962, pp. 301-309.
Manzo, Kate. “An Extension of Colonialism? Development Education, Images and the Media.” Development Education Journal, vol. 12, no.2, 2006, pp. 1-4.
Moyo, Dambisa. “Why Foreign Aid Is Hurting Africa?” The Wall Street Journal, vol. 21, 2009, pp. 1-6, http://www.wsj.com/articles/ SB123758895999200083.
Milner, Helen V. and Dustin Tingley. "Public Opinion and Foreign Aid: A Review Essay." International Interactions, vol. 39, no. 3, 2013, pp. 389-401. doi: 10.1080/03050629.2013.784090
Mulay, S. A., S. J. Joshi, M. R. Shaha, H. V. Vibhute, & M. P. Panaskar. “Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining with Social Networking for Predicting Box Office Collection of Movie.” International Journal of Emerging Research in Management & Technology, vol. 5, no.1, 2016, pp. 74-79.
Noël, Alain and Jean-Philippe Thérien. “From Domestic to International Justice: The Welfare State and Foreign Aid.” International organization, vol. 49, no.3, 1995, pp. 523-553.
Nye, Joseph S. “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-benefit Analysis.” American Political Science Review, vol. 61, no. 2, 1967, pp. 417-427.
Narizny, Kevin. “On Systemic Paradigms and Domestic Politics: A Critique of the Newest realism.” International Security, vol. 42, no. 2, 2017, pp. 155-190.
Nguyen, An and Daniel Catalan. “Digital Mis/Disinformation and Public Engagement with Health and Science Controversies: Fresh Perspectives from Covid-19.” Media and Communication, vol. 8, no. 2, 2020, pp. 323-328.
Olsen, Gorm Rye. “European Public Opinion and Aid to Africa: is There A Link?” Journal of Modern African Studies, vol.39, no. 4, 2001, pp. 645-674.
Otter, Mark. “Domestic Public Support for Foreign Aid: Does It Matter?” Third World Quarterly, vol. 24, no.1, 2003, pp. 115-125, doi: 10.1080/713701372.
Oliver, Amy. “The Pornography of Poverty and the Brothel Without Walls: Understanding the Impact of Art on Development.” Undercurrent, vol. 3, no. 2, 2006, pp. 19-25.
Pye, Lucian W. “The Concept of Political Development.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 358, no. 1, 1965, pp. 1-13.
Rajan, Raghuram and Arvind Subramanian. “Does Aid Affect Governance?” American Economic Review, vol. 97, no. 2, 2007, pp. 322-327.
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Thérien, Jean-Philippe and Alain Noel. “Political Parties and Foreign Aid.” American Political Science Review, vol. 94, no.1, 2000, pp. 151-162.
Thomas, Melissa. A. “What Do the Worldwide Governance Indicators Measure?” The European Journal of Development Research, vol. 22, no. 1, 2010, pp. 31-54.
Wang, Shu-wei and Rena L. Repetti. “Who Gives to Whom? Testing the Support Gap Hypothesis with Naturalistic Observations of Couple Interactions.” Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 30, no. 4, 2016, pp.492.
四、 學位論文
Bølstad, Jørgen. “Principles, Interests and Beliefs: Public Opinion on International Aid.” Doctoral dissertation, 2011.
五、 網路資料
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Irfan Alghani Khalid. Text Mining with R: Gathering and Cleaning Data, towards Data Science, 2020. https://towardsdatascience.com/text-mining-with-r-gathering-and-cleaning-data-8f8b0d65e67c (accessed on 1 October 2021).
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Wristbandresources. Which Countries Provide and Receive the Most Foreign Aid?
https://www.wristband.com/content/which-countries-provide-receive-most-foreign-aid/ (accessed on 06 January 2021).		zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU202200029en_US