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題名 台灣人間佛教的保環注意：以慈濟基金會為例 1990-2021
Environment in Taiwanese Humanistic Buddhism: The Case of the Tzu Chi Foundation 1990-2021作者 賴海生
Rapp Aparicio, Adrian貢獻者 吳考甯
Work, Courtney
賴海生
Rapp Aparicio, Adrian關鍵詞 環保主義
宗教
慈濟
佛教
Environmentalism
Religion
Tzu Chi
Buddhism日期 2022 上傳時間 1-Jul-2022 16:30:57 (UTC+8) 摘要 本論文的目的是研究佛教與環境主義之間的相互作用在台灣最大和最成功的佛教組織之一：慈濟基金會。我認為慈濟整合了環境話語和佛教中的修行。環保主義的採用是對其興起的回應由於自然條件的惡化而突出。環保主義有時會提供合法性的不確定性。這讓慈濟能夠適應新的語法並保持其作為宗教組織。為了支持我的主張，我收集了與佛教和環保主義。此外，我分析了慈濟的原始資料，例如文件和視頻，並進行實地考察，參觀了其中一家慈濟回收中心。
The purpose of this thesis is to research the interactions between Buddhism and environmentalism within one of the biggest and most successful Buddhist organizations inTaiwan: the Tzu Chi Foundation. I argue that Tzu Chi has integrated environmental discoursesand practices within Buddhism. The adoption of environmentalism responds to its rise to prominence due to worsening natural conditions. Environmentalism offers legitimacy in times of uncertainty. This allows Tzu Chi to adapt to a new grammar and retain its power as a religious organization. In order to back up my claims, I have gathered desk literature related to Buddhism and environmentalism. In addition, I analysed Tzu Chi primary sources, such as documents and videos, and carried out fieldwork, visiting one of the Tzu Chi recycling centres.參考文獻 Asad, Talal (2003) Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Badiner, Allan Hunt (1990) Dharma Gaia: a harvest of essays in Buddhism and ecology. Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax PressBarnhill, David L., and Roger S. Gottlieb, eds. (2001) Deep Ecology and World Religions: New Essays on Sacred Grounds. Albany: State University of New York Press.Bergmann, Sigurd and Yong-bok, Kim (2009) Religion, Ecology & Gender: East-West Perspectives. Berlin: LIT.Collins, Steven (1998) Introduction, in Nirvana and other Buddhist felicities: utopias of the Pali imaginaire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Cozort, Daniel; Mark Shields, James. (2018) The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics. Oxford University Pressure: Oxford.Daniels, Peter (2007) “Buddhism and the transformation to sustainable economies”. In Society and economy, Vol.29 (2), p.155-180; Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.Daniels, PL (2010a) “Climate change, economics and Buddhism – Part I: An integrated environmental analysis framework”. In Ecological Economics 69(5): 952–961.Daniels, PL (2010b) “Climate change, economics and Buddhism – Part II: New views and practices for sustainable world economies”. In Ecological Economics 69(5): 952–961.Davis, E. W. (2016). Deathpower: Buddhism’s Ritual Imagination in Cambodia. New York: Columbia University PressDawley, Ewan (2019) Becoming Taiwanese: Ethnogenesis in a Colonial City, 1880s to 1950s. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Asia CenterDescola, Philippe (2013) Beyond Nature and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Geertz, C (1973) Religion as a Cultural System. In The Interpretation of Cultures: selected essays, 87–125.Gerber, Abraham (2015, March 17) Tzu Chi retracts controversial project. Taipei Times. Retrieved from:https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/03/17/2003613729Grano, Simona Alba (2015) Environmental governance in Taiwan: a new generation of activists and stakeholders. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge.Guha, Ramachandra (2000) Environmentalism: a global history. New York : Longman; c2000.Hathaway, Michael J. (2013) Environmental Winds: Making the Global in Southwest China. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Hayashi, Yukio (2003) “Reconfiguration of Village Guardian Spirits among the Thai-Lao in Northeastern Thailand.” In Founders’ Cults in Southeast Asia: Ancestors, Polity, and Identity, edited by N Tannenbaum and C.A Kammerer, 184–209. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.Henning, Daniel H. (2002) Buddhism and deep ecology. Bloomington, Ind.: 1st Books Library.Hickel, Jason (2021) Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World. London: Penguin Random House.Holt, John (2009) Spirits of the place: Buddhism and Lao religious culture. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i PressHopwood, Bill; Mellor, Mary; and O’Brien Jeff (2005) Sustainable Development: Mapping Different Approaches. In Sustainable Development 13 38-52. Retrieved from: https://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/pluginfile.php/630982/mod_resource/content/1/t863_2_reading2.pdfHuang, Julia Chien-yu (2001) Recapturing Charisma: Emotion and Rationalization in a Globalizing Buddhist Movement from Taiwan. PhD Dissertation. Boston: Boston University.Huang, C. Julia (2009) Charisma and Compassion: Cheng Yen and the Buddhist Tzu Chi Movement. Harvard University Press.Huang, Chien-Yu Julia and Weller, Robert P. (1998). Merit and Mothering: Women and Social Welfare in Taiwanese Buddhism. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 57, No. 2. pp. 379-396. Retrieved from:https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658829?casa_token=bZHtbMLL2LsAAAAA%3AZWZf1e0r2SO4qJsOmIxS08PgEZpa-3VQfWO4csB2iYRN7bqKuhPKYW06hEhzWMapP5r5fNyIAmkxk6KRBVaHVKNb7HqiPjfCB39opfixVReNt93jMwGrIg&seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contentsHulme, Mike (2020) Climate change forever: the future of an idea. In ScottishGeographical Journal, 136:1-4, 118-122IPCC (2019) Climate Change and Land. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/Jerryson, Michael K (2017) The Oxford handbook of contemporary Buddhism. New York, NY : Oxford University Press.Jones, Charles B. (1999) Buddhism in Taiwan. Religion and the State, 1660-1990. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press https://muse.jhu.edu/book/8020Kapleau, Philip (1986) To Cherish All Life: A Buddhist Case for Becoming Vegetarian. San Francisco. Zen CentreKatz, Paul (2003) Religion and the State in Post-war Taiwan. The China Quarterly. 174. 395-412.Kaza, S and Kraft, K; eds (2000) Dharma rain: Sources of Buddhist environmentalism. Boston: Shambhala Publications.Kaza, Stephanie (2006) Chapter 7: The Greening of Buddhism. In The Oxford handbook of religion and ecology. Oxford England; New York : Oxford University Press; 2006.King, Sallie B (2009) Socially Engaged Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Kuo, Cheng-tian (2008). Religion and democracy in Taiwan. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.Laliberté, André (2004). Democratic Transition and Cultural Diversity: Buddhist Organizations and Identity Construction in Taiwan. In Henders, Susan. Democratization and Identity: Regimes and Ethnicity in East and Southeast Asia. Oxford: Lexington Books.Laliberté, André (2004). The politics of Buddhist organizations in Taiwan, 1989-2003: safeguard the faith, build a pure land, help the poor. London ; New York, N.Y. : RoutledgeCurzon.Lee, Chengpang and Han, Ling (2021) “Taiwanese Buddhism and Environmentalism: A Mixed Method Study”. In Review of Religion and Chinese Society. P. 1–26.Lee, Chengpang and Han, Ling (2016) Mothers and Moral Activists: Two Models of Women’s Social Engagement in Contemporary Taiwanese Buddhism. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 54-77. Retrieved from:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26418518?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contentsLee, Chengpang and Han, Ling (2015) “Recycling Bodhisattva: The Tzu-Chi Movement’s Response to Global Climate Change”. In Social Compass 62 (3): 311–25.Liu, King-pong (2000) Great love across the Taiwan straits: a special edition for the tenth anniversary of Tzu Chi`s relief works in mainland China. Taipei, Taiwan: Tzu Chi Cultural Center; 2000.Liu, Hwa-Jen (2015) Leverage of the weak: labor and environmental movements in Taiwan and South Korea. Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press.Lu, Yunfeng, Byron, Johnson and Rodney, Stark (2008) “Deregulation and the Religious Market in Taiwan: A Research Note.” In The Sociological Quarterly 49 (1): 139–153.Madsen, Richard (2007). Democracy`s dharma: religious renaissance and political development in Taiwan. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Oomen, Ralph (2016) A case study of Tzu Chi in the Taiwanese recycling sector, focusing on incentive dynamics. Master thesis retrieved from NCCU library.Pei-Ru Liao (2013) Imagining ‘human Bodhisattva’ via televisual discourse: media platform of the Tzu-Chi organisation. In Contemporary Buddhism, 14:2, 284-297.Rappaport, Roy (1999) Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Rappaport, Roy (1993) Ecology, Meaning & Religion. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.Sahlins, Marshall (2017) “The Original Political Society.” In On Kings, edited by David Graeber and Marshall Sahlins, 23–65. Chicago: Hau Books.Sahni, Pragati (2008) Environmental Ethics in Buddhism: A Virtues Approach. New York: Routledge.Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich (2010). Small is Beautiful. Economics as if people mattered. New York: Harper Perennial.Shaw, Douglas (2000) Enveloping the world with great love: the Tzu Chi International Relief effort 1991-2000. Taipei, Taiwan: Tzu Chi Cultural Center.Shields, James Mark (2017) Against Harmony: progressive and radical Buddhism in modern Japan. New York: Oxford University Press.Sørensen, Henrik H (2013) “Of Eco-Buddhas and Dharma-Roots: Views from the East Asian Buddhist Tradition.” In Nature, Environment and Culture in East Asia: The Challenge of Climate Change, edited by C. Meinert, 1:83–104. Leiden: Brill.Swearer, D (2006) “An assessment of Buddhist eco-philosophy". In The Harvard Theological Review 99(2): 123–137.The Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation (2018) Co-exist with the Earth. San Dimas, CA: The Tzu Chi Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.tzuchi.org.tw/en/doc/COP24articles_20181129.pdfThe Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation (2020) 2020 年度報告書. Tzu Chi Taiwan. Retrieved from:https://www.tzuchi.org.tw/financial/2020financial/2020financial5.pdfTucker, Mary Evelyn and Duncan Ryūken, Williams, eds. (1997) Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Tzu Chi Mission of Culture (2019) 2019 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS. Tzu Chi Taiwan. Retrieved from: http://tzuchiculture.org/financial-accountability/Tzu Chi Environmental Protection Website (2022) 當年度年鑑資料. Retrieved from:https://www.tzuchi.org.tw/epa/index.php/2016-08-11-02-44-19Yang, Olivia (2015, October 21) Religion in Taiwan: When Faith and Money Collide.The News Lens. Retrieved from: https://international.thenewslens.com/article/26900Yao, Yushuang (2012) Taiwan`s Tzu Chi as engaged Buddhism: origins, organization, appeal and social impact. Boston: Global Oriental.Zimmerman-Liu, Teresa (2019) Humanistic Buddhism and Climate Change: Propagating the Bodhisattva Ethic of Compassion for People and the Planet. PhD dissertation. Retrieved from: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zm9t8sk大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, February 26) 【人間菩提】20210226 - 毫芒成林護人間 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtkgxQen-rk大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, February 28) 【人間菩提】20210228 - 大仁大勇入人群 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJqxQTMTlZc大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, March 1) Saving Ourselves by Eating a Vegetarian Diet [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcKcOUxhz大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, March 6) 【人間菩提】20210306 - 四大調和人間福 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=piLA0tMgBk8大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, March 22) 【人間菩提】20210322 - 積福節約蓄資糧 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jp9adC9IIiY大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, April 20) 【人間菩提】20210420 - 推善護生悟無常 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZL9FUAhEFy0大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, May 6) 【人間菩提】20210506 - 緣苦修心善聚合[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThrKcnWgAcg大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, August 16) 【人間菩提】20210816 - 返璞歸善共享安 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSUxfdba9E0大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, September 30) 【人間菩提】20210930 - 盤點生命積善德 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCvYw93jXuo大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, October 6) 【人間菩提】20211006 - 素養身心物欣榮 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vE1AKhYGrWM大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, October 14) 【人間菩提】20211014 - 精勤信受淨國土 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZckvDQ8KDM4大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, October 19) 【人間菩提】20211019 - 清淨道場愛綿延 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pB6mb3DwGn4大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, November 14) 【人間菩提】20211114 - 愛心暖流繞全球 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2x6Dp_XxIPo大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, December 2) 【人間菩提】20211202 - 環保共善護地球 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eSvuQ6BMoA大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2021, December 11) 【人間菩提】【人間菩提】20211211 - 素養慈心共生息 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ca_zsqVnhX4大愛電視 Tzu Chi DaAi Video (2022) Playlists. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/user/DaAiVideo/playlists 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
109926013資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109926013 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 吳考甯 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Work, Courtney en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 賴海生 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Rapp Aparicio, Adrian en_US dc.creator (作者) 賴海生 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Rapp Aparicio, Adrian en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2022 16:30:57 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Jul-2022 16:30:57 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2022 16:30:57 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109926013 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/140709 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109926013 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文的目的是研究佛教與環境主義之間的相互作用在台灣最大和最成功的佛教組織之一：慈濟基金會。我認為慈濟整合了環境話語和佛教中的修行。環保主義的採用是對其興起的回應由於自然條件的惡化而突出。環保主義有時會提供合法性的不確定性。這讓慈濟能夠適應新的語法並保持其作為宗教組織。為了支持我的主張，我收集了與佛教和環保主義。此外，我分析了慈濟的原始資料，例如文件和視頻，並進行實地考察，參觀了其中一家慈濟回收中心。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this thesis is to research the interactions between Buddhism and environmentalism within one of the biggest and most successful Buddhist organizations inTaiwan: the Tzu Chi Foundation. I argue that Tzu Chi has integrated environmental discoursesand practices within Buddhism. The adoption of environmentalism responds to its rise to prominence due to worsening natural conditions. Environmentalism offers legitimacy in times of uncertainty. This allows Tzu Chi to adapt to a new grammar and retain its power as a religious organization. In order to back up my claims, I have gathered desk literature related to Buddhism and environmentalism. In addition, I analysed Tzu Chi primary sources, such as documents and videos, and carried out fieldwork, visiting one of the Tzu Chi recycling centres. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents ContentIntroduction 8Literature Review 12Religion as world-making 12Humanistic Buddhism 14Environmentalism 16The Tzu Chi model 20Methodology 23Historic approach 26Tzu Chi ‘model of’: discourse analysis 34The ‘Tzu Chi’ model: Co-exist with the Earth analysis 46Environmentalism in the Tzu Chi ‘model for’: recycling facilities 57Conclusions 66References 69 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2031119 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109926013 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 環保主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 宗教 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 慈濟 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 佛教 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Environmentalism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Religion en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Tzu Chi en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Buddhism en_US dc.title (題名) 台灣人間佛教的保環注意：以慈濟基金會為例 1990-2021 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Environment in Taiwanese Humanistic Buddhism: The Case of the Tzu Chi Foundation 1990-2021 en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Asad, Talal (2003) Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Badiner, Allan Hunt (1990) Dharma Gaia: a harvest of essays in Buddhism and ecology. Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax PressBarnhill, David L., and Roger S. Gottlieb, eds. (2001) Deep Ecology and World Religions: New Essays on Sacred Grounds. Albany: State University of New York Press.Bergmann, Sigurd and Yong-bok, Kim (2009) Religion, Ecology & Gender: East-West Perspectives. Berlin: LIT.Collins, Steven (1998) Introduction, in Nirvana and other Buddhist felicities: utopias of the Pali imaginaire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Cozort, Daniel; Mark Shields, James. (2018) The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics. Oxford University Pressure: Oxford.Daniels, Peter (2007) “Buddhism and the transformation to sustainable economies”. In Society and economy, Vol.29 (2), p.155-180; Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.Daniels, PL (2010a) “Climate change, economics and Buddhism – Part I: An integrated environmental analysis framework”. In Ecological Economics 69(5): 952–961.Daniels, PL (2010b) “Climate change, economics and Buddhism – Part II: New views and practices for sustainable world economies”. In Ecological Economics 69(5): 952–961.Davis, E. W. (2016). Deathpower: Buddhism’s Ritual Imagination in Cambodia. New York: Columbia University PressDawley, Ewan (2019) Becoming Taiwanese: Ethnogenesis in a Colonial City, 1880s to 1950s. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Asia CenterDescola, Philippe (2013) Beyond Nature and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Geertz, C (1973) Religion as a Cultural System. In The Interpretation of Cultures: selected essays, 87–125.Gerber, Abraham (2015, March 17) Tzu Chi retracts controversial project. Taipei Times. Retrieved from:https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/03/17/2003613729Grano, Simona Alba (2015) Environmental governance in Taiwan: a new generation of activists and stakeholders. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge.Guha, Ramachandra (2000) Environmentalism: a global history. New York : Longman; c2000.Hathaway, Michael J. (2013) Environmental Winds: Making the Global in Southwest China. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Hayashi, Yukio (2003) “Reconfiguration of Village Guardian Spirits among the Thai-Lao in Northeastern Thailand.” In Founders’ Cults in Southeast Asia: Ancestors, Polity, and Identity, edited by N Tannenbaum and C.A Kammerer, 184–209. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.Henning, Daniel H. (2002) Buddhism and deep ecology. Bloomington, Ind.: 1st Books Library.Hickel, Jason (2021) Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World. London: Penguin Random House.Holt, John (2009) Spirits of the place: Buddhism and Lao religious culture. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i PressHopwood, Bill; Mellor, Mary; and O’Brien Jeff (2005) Sustainable Development: Mapping Different Approaches. In Sustainable Development 13 38-52. Retrieved from: https://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/pluginfile.php/630982/mod_resource/content/1/t863_2_reading2.pdfHuang, Julia Chien-yu (2001) Recapturing Charisma: Emotion and Rationalization in a Globalizing Buddhist Movement from Taiwan. PhD Dissertation. Boston: Boston University.Huang, C. Julia (2009) Charisma and Compassion: Cheng Yen and the Buddhist Tzu Chi Movement. Harvard University Press.Huang, Chien-Yu Julia and Weller, Robert P. (1998). Merit and Mothering: Women and Social Welfare in Taiwanese Buddhism. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 57, No. 2. pp. 379-396. Retrieved from:https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658829?casa_token=bZHtbMLL2LsAAAAA%3AZWZf1e0r2SO4qJsOmIxS08PgEZpa-3VQfWO4csB2iYRN7bqKuhPKYW06hEhzWMapP5r5fNyIAmkxk6KRBVaHVKNb7HqiPjfCB39opfixVReNt93jMwGrIg&seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contentsHulme, Mike (2020) Climate change forever: the future of an idea. In ScottishGeographical Journal, 136:1-4, 118-122IPCC (2019) Climate Change and Land. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/Jerryson, Michael K (2017) The Oxford handbook of contemporary Buddhism. New York, NY : Oxford University Press.Jones, Charles B. (1999) Buddhism in Taiwan. Religion and the State, 1660-1990. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press https://muse.jhu.edu/book/8020Kapleau, Philip (1986) To Cherish All Life: A Buddhist Case for Becoming Vegetarian. San Francisco. Zen CentreKatz, Paul (2003) Religion and the State in Post-war Taiwan. The China Quarterly. 174. 395-412.Kaza, S and Kraft, K; eds (2000) Dharma rain: Sources of Buddhist environmentalism. Boston: Shambhala Publications.Kaza, Stephanie (2006) Chapter 7: The Greening of Buddhism. In The Oxford handbook of religion and ecology. Oxford England; New York : Oxford University Press; 2006.King, Sallie B (2009) Socially Engaged Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Kuo, Cheng-tian (2008). Religion and democracy in Taiwan. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.Laliberté, André (2004). Democratic Transition and Cultural Diversity: Buddhist Organizations and Identity Construction in Taiwan. In Henders, Susan. Democratization and Identity: Regimes and Ethnicity in East and Southeast Asia. Oxford: Lexington Books.Laliberté, André (2004). The politics of Buddhist organizations in Taiwan, 1989-2003: safeguard the faith, build a pure land, help the poor. London ; New York, N.Y. : RoutledgeCurzon.Lee, Chengpang and Han, Ling (2021) “Taiwanese Buddhism and Environmentalism: A Mixed Method Study”. In Review of Religion and Chinese Society. P. 1–26.Lee, Chengpang and Han, Ling (2016) Mothers and Moral Activists: Two Models of Women’s Social Engagement in Contemporary Taiwanese Buddhism. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 54-77. Retrieved from:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26418518?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contentsLee, Chengpang and Han, Ling (2015) “Recycling Bodhisattva: The Tzu-Chi Movement’s Response to Global Climate Change”. In Social Compass 62 (3): 311–25.Liu, King-pong (2000) Great love across the Taiwan straits: a special edition for the tenth anniversary of Tzu Chi`s relief works in mainland China. Taipei, Taiwan: Tzu Chi Cultural Center; 2000.Liu, Hwa-Jen (2015) Leverage of the weak: labor and environmental movements in Taiwan and South Korea. Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press.Lu, Yunfeng, Byron, Johnson and Rodney, Stark (2008) “Deregulation and the Religious Market in Taiwan: A Research Note.” In The Sociological Quarterly 49 (1): 139–153.Madsen, Richard (2007). Democracy`s dharma: religious renaissance and political development in Taiwan. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Oomen, Ralph (2016) A case study of Tzu Chi in the Taiwanese recycling sector, focusing on incentive dynamics. Master thesis retrieved from NCCU library.Pei-Ru Liao (2013) Imagining ‘human Bodhisattva’ via televisual discourse: media platform of the Tzu-Chi organisation. In Contemporary Buddhism, 14:2, 284-297.Rappaport, Roy (1999) Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Rappaport, Roy (1993) Ecology, Meaning & Religion. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.Sahlins, Marshall (2017) “The Original Political Society.” In On Kings, edited by David Graeber and Marshall Sahlins, 23–65. Chicago: Hau Books.Sahni, Pragati (2008) Environmental Ethics in Buddhism: A Virtues Approach. New York: Routledge.Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich (2010). Small is Beautiful. Economics as if people mattered. 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