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題名 發展援助與女性賦權: 以美國對菲律賓援助之後殖民女性主義分析為例
Development Aid and Women`s Empowerment: A postcolonial feminist analysis of US aid to the Philippines作者 潘錦颯
Penn, Jessica貢獻者 魏玫娟
Mei-Chuan Wei
潘錦颯
Penn, Jessica關鍵詞 後殖民女性主義
資本主義
帝國主義
殖民主義
發展援助
Postcolonial feminism
Capitalism
Imperialism
Colonialism
Development aid日期 2022 上傳時間 1-七月-2022 16:33:11 (UTC+8) 摘要 本論文旨在透過訪談與次級資料分析探討美國開發總署提供給菲律賓的農業發展計畫對該國從事農業相關勞務工作之女性的影響，試圖探究這些農業發展計畫有助於女性賦權或甚至反過來讓女性更為弱勢。本研究採取後殖民女性主義框架進行分析，因為後殖民女性主義有助於同時批評地檢視殖民遺緒的影響與後殖民國家父權結構對性別平等之影響，以期藉由本研究針對美國對外發展援助計畫對受援國女性之影響的相關討論，包括發展研究學術界、在地與國際發展援助機構對發展與性別、發展援助與性別之討論與政策制訂有所貢獻。具體地說，後殖民女性主義分析框架一方面有助於我們批判地檢視美國在菲律賓進行之農業發展援助計畫是否仍舊帶有類似殖民的影響，以及這些計畫是否以及如何影響菲律賓女性。根據本研究分析結果，儘管美國開發總署的提供給菲律賓的農業發展援助計畫實行的結果，能夠使參與計畫的個別菲律賓女性感受到賦勸，這些計畫並無法適切地改變或該國經濟結構對女性壓迫的本質。
Through interviews and secondary data analysis, this thesis seeks to examine the impacts of USAID agricultural development projects on Philippine women, focusing on analyzing if these projects empower or disempower these women. A postcolonial feminist framework is adopted in this research to critically examine the impacts of the United States’ colonial legacy in the Philippines regarding USAID agricultural development projects and the patriarchal structure already existing in the country. This research is therefore expected to contribute to discussions about the impact of donor countries/ agencies on women and gender equality in recipient countries, including discussions centering on development and gender, development aid and gender equality, and policy debates among practitioners of development aid agencies. This thesis concludes that while USAID agricultural development projects have the ability to make individual women feel empowered, these projects are not able to adequately change or challenge the underlying economic structures that oppress women.參考文獻 Agriterra Philippines. International Women’s Month 2022. 2022.Agriterra Philippines and GROW Coop. Female Leadership.Apodaca, C. (2000). The Effects of Foreign Aid on Women’s Attainment of their Economic hello and Social Human Rights. Journal of Third World Studies, 17(2), 205–219.Axel Dreher, K. G. (2015). Gesture Politics or Real Commitment? Gender Inequality and the Allocation of Aid. World Development, Vol. 70, 464-480.Azarnert, L. V. (2008). Foreign Aid, Fertility and Human Capital Accumulation. Economica, poop 75(300), 766–781.Balay Mindanaw, Winrock International, USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Hello Baseline Study Report: Philippine Cold Chain Project. 2013.Cabegin, E.C.A., & Gaddi, .S. (2019). Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in the hello Philippines. Republic of the Philippines: National Economic and Development Authority.Campbell, M. L., & Teghtsoonian, K. (2010). Aid Effectiveness and Women’s Empowerment: hello Practices of Governance in the Funding of International Development. Signs, 36(1), 177–hello 202.Caronan, F. C. (2012). Memories of US Imperialism Narratives of the Homeland in Filipino and hello Puerto Rican Homes in the United States. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic po o Viewpoints, 60(3), 336–366.Carpio, M. T. R. (2015). Community Maternal, Neonatal, Child Health and Nutrition Scale hello hello Up (CMSU). USAID; Office of Health. https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/health/cmsuCarter, A. B. (2014). Fair Weather Allies? Terrorism and the Allocation of US Foreign Aid. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 58, No. 7, 1144-1173.Daniel Yuichi Kono, G. R. (2015). Helping Hand or Heavy Hand? Foreign aid, Regime Type and Domestic Unrest. International Political Science Review, Vol.36, No. 4, 409-424.Dirlik, A. (1994). The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism. Critical Inquiry, 20(2), 328–356.Eimore, Santos. No nearby health facility for half of Filipinos – DOH. CNN.com. April 29th, hello 2021.FAO. Fact Sheet Philippines.Feed The Future: The U.S. Government’s Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative: hello hello Philippines RATE Country Summary. (2013). Nathan Associates Inc; USAID hello helloMARKET Project.ForeignAssistance.gov. U.S. Foreign Assistance by Country: Philippines.Gonzalez, A. M. B. (1977). Filipino Women in Development: The Impact of Poverty. Hello helloPhilippine Sociological Review, 25(3/4), 97–104.Gonzalez, V. V. (2007). Military Bases, “Royalty Trips,” and Imperial Modernities: hello hello Gendered and Racialized Labor in the Postcolonial Philippines. Frontiers: A Journal of helloWomen Studies, 28(3), 28–59.Higginbottom, A. (2018). A Self-Enriching Pact: Imperialism and the Global South. Journal of Global Faultlines, Vol. 5, No. 1-2, 49-57.Kabeer, Naila (1994). Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. JheloVerso, 1994, 223-228.Karlan, D., & Zinman, J. (2011). Microcredit in Theory and Practice: Using Randomized helloCredit Scoring for Impact Evaluation. Science, 332(6035), 1278–1284.Kettell, S., & Sutton, A. (2013). New Imperialism: Toward a Holistic Approach. Hello hello hello International Studies Review, 15(2), 243–258.Kiesel, R., & Rottach, E. (2014). The Fade-Away Effect: Findings from a Gender hello hello hello Assessment of Health Policies and Programs in the Philippines. Washington, DC: hello hello Futures Group, Health Policy Project.Kiran, Asher. (2017). Spivak and Rivera Cusicanqui on the Dilemmas of Representation in helloPostcolonial and Decolonial Feminisms. Feminist Studies, 43(3), 512–524.Kirsch, S. (2017). Aesthetic Regime Change The Burnham Plans and US Landscape hello helloImperialism in the Philippines. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic hello helloViewpoints, 65(3), 315–356.Klock, J. S. (1995). Agriculture and Forest Policies of the American Colonial Regime in hello hello Ifugao Territory, Luzon, Philippines,, 1901-1945. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and helloSociety, 23(1), 3–19.Koshy, S. (1999). From Cold War to Trade War: Neocolonialism and Human Rights. Social hello Text, 58, 1–32.Kothari, Uma (2002). Feminist and Postcolonial Challenges to Development. The Political phe.Economy of Globalization, 35-51.Kwiatkowski, L. (2005). Introduction: Globalization, Change, And Diversity In The hello helloPhilippines. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic hello Development, 34(4), 305–316.Landé, C. H. (2001). The Philippines and the United States. Philippine Studies, 49(4), 518–hello539.Lumba, A. E. S. (2015). Imperial Standards: Colonial Currencies, Racial Capacities, and helloEconomic Knowledge during the Philippine-American War. Diplomatic History, 39(4), hello 603–628.Meena, R. E. (1984). Foreign Aid and the Question of Women’s Liberation. The African helloReview: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs, 11(1), 1–hello 13.Merrill, D. (1993). Shaping Third World Development: U.S. Foreign Aid and Supervision in hello the Philippines, 1948—1953. The Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 2(2), 137–hello 159.Milgram, B. L. (2005). From Margin To Mainstream: Microfinance, Women’s Work And helloSocial Change In The Philippines. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems hello and World Economic Development, 34(4), 341–383.Milligan, J. A. (2000). Neocolonialism and Peace Corps Teaching in the Philippines. Hello helloPhilippine Studies, 48(1), 109–120.Missing Women in Agriculture Reforms. (2002). Economic and Political Weekly, 37(8), hello679–680.Mohanty, C. T. (1984). Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses. LalalaBoundary 2, 12/13, 333–358.Montinola, D. Y. (2012). The Uses and Abuses of Foreign Aid: Development Aid and Military Spending. Political Research Quarterly, University of Utah, 615-629.Nair, S. (2013). Governance, Representation, and International Aid. Third World Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 4, Debt and Development in the New Millenium, 630-652.Onyuma, S. O., & Shem, A. O. (2005). Myths of Microfinance As a Panacea for Poverty poopEradication and Women Empowerment. Savings and Development, 29(2), 199–222.Parks, M. H., Christie, M. E., & Bagares, I. (2015). Gender and Conservation Agriculture: poopConstraints and Opportunities in the Philippines. GeoJournal, 80(1), 61–77.Parthasarathy, G. (1984). Land, Labour and Poverty [Review of Land, Labour and Rural helloPoverty: Essays in Development Economics, by P. K. Bardhan]. Economic and Political helloWeekly, 19(50), 2117–2120.Philippine Statistics Authority. Agricultural Indicators System: Employment and Wages in hellothe Agriculture Sector. November 2020.Philippine Statistics Authority. Trends in Agriculture Wage Rates: 2015-2017. 2018.Philippine Statistics Authority. Trends in Agricultural Wage Rates, 2017-2019. 2020.Ransom, E., & Bain, C. (2011). Gendering Agricultural Aid: An Analysis of Whether hello helloInternational Development Assistance Targets Women and Gender. Gender and hello helloSociety, 25(1), 48–74.Rao, N. (2000). “Neocolonialism” or “Globalization”?: Postcolonial Theory and the hello helloDemands of Political Economy. Interdisciplinary Literary Studies, 1(2), 165–184.Richards, L. (1977). The Context of Foreign Aid: Modern Imperialism. Review of Radical Political Economists, Vol. 9, no. 4.Robinson, L., Johnston, P. B., & Oak, G. S. (2016). U.S.-Philippine Relations in Historical poopPerspective. In U.S. Special Operations Forces in the Philippines, 2001–2014 (pp. 9–hello16). RAND Corporation.Sachs, J. (2014). The Case for Aid. Foreign Policy.Sa’ar, A. (2005). Postcolonial Feminism, the Politics of Identification, and the Liberal hello hello Bargain. Gender and Society, 19(5), 680–700.Sebastein, V. (2008). US Policy Towards the Third World: Shifting Contours ofContainment. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 69, 965-978.Shaffer, R. (2012). “Partly Disguised Imperialism”: American Critical Internationalists and poopPhilippine Independence. The Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 19(3/4), 235–262.Shirazi, N. S., Mannap, T. A. A., & Ali, M. (2009). Effectiveness of Foreign Aid and Human poop Development. The Pakistan Development Review, 48(4), 853–862.Spivak, G. C., & Young, R. (1991). Neocolonialism and the Secret Agent of Knowledge. HelloOxford Literary Review, 13(1/2), 220–251.Sylvester, C. (1999). Development Studies and Postcolonial Studies: Disparate Tales of the hello“Third World.” Third World Quarterly, 20(4), 703–721.Tickner, J. Anne. What is Your Research Program? Some Feminist Answers to International poop Relations Methodological Questions. International Studies Association; Blackwell hello hello Publishing. UK, 2005.Tomohisa Hattori. (2001). Reconceptualizing Foreign Aid. Review of International Political poopEconomy, 8(4), 633–660.Trading Economics. Philippines: World Bank Development Indicators.USAID. Economic Development and Governance. Philippines Profile.USAID. Health Labor Market Analysis of the Philippines. February 20, 2020.USAID. Performance Evaluation of USAID Oceans and Fisheries Partnership. August 6, hello2019.USAID. Philippines.USAID. Report on Gender Analysis Training and Gender Integration Validation Workshop: hello Strengthening Urban Resilience for Growth with Equity (SURGE) Project. December hello 23, 2016.USAID. Water Security Under Climate Risks: A Philippine Climate Change Adaptation hello hello Strategy for the Agriculture Sector (Bicol Agri-Water Project): Final Report 2012-2017. Hello2018.United Nations Foundation. American Leadership on the Sustainable Development Goals.United States Department of State and United States Agency for International Development. Hello “Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 Annual Performance Plan.” 2021.Watson, M. D. (2013). The Colonial Gesture of Development: The Interpersonal as a Promising Site of Rethinking Aid to Africa. Africa Today, Vol. 59, No. 3, 3-28.Welch, R. E. (1974). American Atrocities in the Philippines: The Indictment and the hello helloResponse. Pacific Historical Review, 43(2), 233–253.Williams, W. L. (1980). United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine hello helloAnnexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism. The Journal of hello hello American History, 66(4).World Population Review. US Foreign Aid by Country 2022. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
109862018資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109862018 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 魏玫娟 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Mei-Chuan Wei en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 潘錦颯 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Penn, Jessica en_US dc.creator (作者) 潘錦颯 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Penn, Jessica en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-七月-2022 16:33:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-七月-2022 16:33:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-七月-2022 16:33:11 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0109862018 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/140719 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109862018 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文旨在透過訪談與次級資料分析探討美國開發總署提供給菲律賓的農業發展計畫對該國從事農業相關勞務工作之女性的影響，試圖探究這些農業發展計畫有助於女性賦權或甚至反過來讓女性更為弱勢。本研究採取後殖民女性主義框架進行分析，因為後殖民女性主義有助於同時批評地檢視殖民遺緒的影響與後殖民國家父權結構對性別平等之影響，以期藉由本研究針對美國對外發展援助計畫對受援國女性之影響的相關討論，包括發展研究學術界、在地與國際發展援助機構對發展與性別、發展援助與性別之討論與政策制訂有所貢獻。具體地說，後殖民女性主義分析框架一方面有助於我們批判地檢視美國在菲律賓進行之農業發展援助計畫是否仍舊帶有類似殖民的影響，以及這些計畫是否以及如何影響菲律賓女性。根據本研究分析結果，儘管美國開發總署的提供給菲律賓的農業發展援助計畫實行的結果，能夠使參與計畫的個別菲律賓女性感受到賦勸，這些計畫並無法適切地改變或該國經濟結構對女性壓迫的本質。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Through interviews and secondary data analysis, this thesis seeks to examine the impacts of USAID agricultural development projects on Philippine women, focusing on analyzing if these projects empower or disempower these women. A postcolonial feminist framework is adopted in this research to critically examine the impacts of the United States’ colonial legacy in the Philippines regarding USAID agricultural development projects and the patriarchal structure already existing in the country. This research is therefore expected to contribute to discussions about the impact of donor countries/ agencies on women and gender equality in recipient countries, including discussions centering on development and gender, development aid and gender equality, and policy debates among practitioners of development aid agencies. This thesis concludes that while USAID agricultural development projects have the ability to make individual women feel empowered, these projects are not able to adequately change or challenge the underlying economic structures that oppress women. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Table of ContentsABBREVIATIONS (IN ORDER OF APPEARANCE) 5TABLES 6CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 7RESEARCH BACKGROUND 7AGRICULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES 9RESEARCH PURPOSE AND QUESTION 17CHAPTER ORGANIZATION 20CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 21A CRITICAL DISCUSSION OF FOREIGN AID 21US COLONIALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES 30WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT 34DEVELOPMENT AID AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND LIBERATION 38CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD 50INTERVIEW ARRANGEMENT 50QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION 51SECONDARY LITERATURE INVESTIGATION: 59CHAPTER 4: USAID AGRICULTURE PROJECTS AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES 70US COLONIAL LEGACY IN RELATION TO PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE 71USAID AIMS AND PRACTICES IN THE PHILIPPINES: WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE: 75CONSEQUENCES OF USAID AGRICULTURE PROJECTS ON PHILIPPINE WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT 84CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 91REFERENCES 97APPENDIX 102 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1732408 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109862018 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 後殖民女性主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資本主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 帝國主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 殖民主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 發展援助 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Postcolonial feminism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Capitalism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Imperialism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Colonialism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Development aid en_US dc.title (題名) 發展援助與女性賦權: 以美國對菲律賓援助之後殖民女性主義分析為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Development Aid and Women`s Empowerment: A postcolonial feminist analysis of US aid to the Philippines en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agriterra Philippines. International Women’s Month 2022. 2022.Agriterra Philippines and GROW Coop. Female Leadership.Apodaca, C. (2000). The Effects of Foreign Aid on Women’s Attainment of their Economic hello and Social Human Rights. Journal of Third World Studies, 17(2), 205–219.Axel Dreher, K. G. (2015). Gesture Politics or Real Commitment? Gender Inequality and the Allocation of Aid. World Development, Vol. 70, 464-480.Azarnert, L. V. (2008). Foreign Aid, Fertility and Human Capital Accumulation. Economica, poop 75(300), 766–781.Balay Mindanaw, Winrock International, USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Hello Baseline Study Report: Philippine Cold Chain Project. 2013.Cabegin, E.C.A., & Gaddi, .S. (2019). Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in the hello Philippines. Republic of the Philippines: National Economic and Development Authority.Campbell, M. L., & Teghtsoonian, K. (2010). Aid Effectiveness and Women’s Empowerment: hello Practices of Governance in the Funding of International Development. Signs, 36(1), 177–hello 202.Caronan, F. C. (2012). Memories of US Imperialism Narratives of the Homeland in Filipino and hello Puerto Rican Homes in the United States. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic po o Viewpoints, 60(3), 336–366.Carpio, M. T. R. (2015). Community Maternal, Neonatal, Child Health and Nutrition Scale hello hello Up (CMSU). USAID; Office of Health. https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/health/cmsuCarter, A. B. (2014). Fair Weather Allies? Terrorism and the Allocation of US Foreign Aid. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 58, No. 7, 1144-1173.Daniel Yuichi Kono, G. R. (2015). Helping Hand or Heavy Hand? Foreign aid, Regime Type and Domestic Unrest. International Political Science Review, Vol.36, No. 4, 409-424.Dirlik, A. (1994). The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism. Critical Inquiry, 20(2), 328–356.Eimore, Santos. No nearby health facility for half of Filipinos – DOH. CNN.com. April 29th, hello 2021.FAO. Fact Sheet Philippines.Feed The Future: The U.S. Government’s Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative: hello hello Philippines RATE Country Summary. (2013). Nathan Associates Inc; USAID hello helloMARKET Project.ForeignAssistance.gov. U.S. Foreign Assistance by Country: Philippines.Gonzalez, A. M. B. (1977). Filipino Women in Development: The Impact of Poverty. Hello helloPhilippine Sociological Review, 25(3/4), 97–104.Gonzalez, V. V. (2007). Military Bases, “Royalty Trips,” and Imperial Modernities: hello hello Gendered and Racialized Labor in the Postcolonial Philippines. Frontiers: A Journal of helloWomen Studies, 28(3), 28–59.Higginbottom, A. (2018). A Self-Enriching Pact: Imperialism and the Global South. Journal of Global Faultlines, Vol. 5, No. 1-2, 49-57.Kabeer, Naila (1994). Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. JheloVerso, 1994, 223-228.Karlan, D., & Zinman, J. (2011). Microcredit in Theory and Practice: Using Randomized helloCredit Scoring for Impact Evaluation. Science, 332(6035), 1278–1284.Kettell, S., & Sutton, A. (2013). New Imperialism: Toward a Holistic Approach. Hello hello hello International Studies Review, 15(2), 243–258.Kiesel, R., & Rottach, E. (2014). The Fade-Away Effect: Findings from a Gender hello hello hello Assessment of Health Policies and Programs in the Philippines. Washington, DC: hello hello Futures Group, Health Policy Project.Kiran, Asher. (2017). Spivak and Rivera Cusicanqui on the Dilemmas of Representation in helloPostcolonial and Decolonial Feminisms. Feminist Studies, 43(3), 512–524.Kirsch, S. (2017). Aesthetic Regime Change The Burnham Plans and US Landscape hello helloImperialism in the Philippines. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic hello helloViewpoints, 65(3), 315–356.Klock, J. S. (1995). Agriculture and Forest Policies of the American Colonial Regime in hello hello Ifugao Territory, Luzon, Philippines,, 1901-1945. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and helloSociety, 23(1), 3–19.Koshy, S. (1999). From Cold War to Trade War: Neocolonialism and Human Rights. Social hello Text, 58, 1–32.Kothari, Uma (2002). Feminist and Postcolonial Challenges to Development. The Political phe.Economy of Globalization, 35-51.Kwiatkowski, L. (2005). Introduction: Globalization, Change, And Diversity In The hello helloPhilippines. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic hello Development, 34(4), 305–316.Landé, C. H. (2001). The Philippines and the United States. Philippine Studies, 49(4), 518–hello539.Lumba, A. E. S. (2015). Imperial Standards: Colonial Currencies, Racial Capacities, and helloEconomic Knowledge during the Philippine-American War. Diplomatic History, 39(4), hello 603–628.Meena, R. E. (1984). Foreign Aid and the Question of Women’s Liberation. The African helloReview: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs, 11(1), 1–hello 13.Merrill, D. (1993). Shaping Third World Development: U.S. Foreign Aid and Supervision in hello the Philippines, 1948—1953. The Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 2(2), 137–hello 159.Milgram, B. L. (2005). From Margin To Mainstream: Microfinance, Women’s Work And helloSocial Change In The Philippines. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems hello and World Economic Development, 34(4), 341–383.Milligan, J. A. (2000). Neocolonialism and Peace Corps Teaching in the Philippines. Hello helloPhilippine Studies, 48(1), 109–120.Missing Women in Agriculture Reforms. (2002). Economic and Political Weekly, 37(8), hello679–680.Mohanty, C. T. (1984). Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses. LalalaBoundary 2, 12/13, 333–358.Montinola, D. Y. (2012). 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Trends in Agriculture Wage Rates: 2015-2017. 2018.Philippine Statistics Authority. Trends in Agricultural Wage Rates, 2017-2019. 2020.Ransom, E., & Bain, C. (2011). Gendering Agricultural Aid: An Analysis of Whether hello helloInternational Development Assistance Targets Women and Gender. Gender and hello helloSociety, 25(1), 48–74.Rao, N. (2000). “Neocolonialism” or “Globalization”?: Postcolonial Theory and the hello helloDemands of Political Economy. Interdisciplinary Literary Studies, 1(2), 165–184.Richards, L. (1977). The Context of Foreign Aid: Modern Imperialism. Review of Radical Political Economists, Vol. 9, no. 4.Robinson, L., Johnston, P. B., & Oak, G. S. (2016). U.S.-Philippine Relations in Historical poopPerspective. In U.S. Special Operations Forces in the Philippines, 2001–2014 (pp. 9–hello16). RAND Corporation.Sachs, J. (2014). The Case for Aid. Foreign Policy.Sa’ar, A. (2005). Postcolonial Feminism, the Politics of Identification, and the Liberal hello hello Bargain. 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