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題名 移民的母國政治參與： 以菲律賓海外缺席投票為例
Emigrants’ Participation in Homeland Politics: A Case of the Philippines’ Overseas Absentee Voting作者 葛瑞絲
Longakit, Grace Tonnette Golez貢獻者 俞振華
Yu, Eric Chen-Hua
葛瑞絲
Longakit, Grace Tonnette Golez關鍵詞 教育
選舉參與
外部投票
母國政治
移民
海外不在籍投票
菲律賓
再社會化
education
electoral participation
external voting
homeland politics
migration
Overseas Absentee Voting
Philippines
resocialization日期 2022 上傳時間 1-八月-2022 18:54:20 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究將海外移民和選舉研究結合在一起，重點關注於海外移民透過海外不在籍投票參與母國的政治。 本篇主要使用社會經濟學之觀點、再社會化之因素、以及前述兩者對移民投票行為之影響等三項概念進行研究。 本研究以定居臺灣之菲律賓籍移民的觀點為中心，探討他們透過海外不在籍投票（OAV）對菲律賓海外投票政策的認識、參與投票和投票意識的重要性。 結果顯示，教育作為一個社會經濟程度上的指標，符合研究假設中教育如何積極影響海外移民對母國的政治參與、以及對選舉的觀點。 另一方面，移民在海外停留的時間長度作為再社會化之指標，研究發現顯示僅有較微弱的關聯性，若在假設更長的海外停留時間，會使移民遠離母國政治和選舉參與的情况之下，產生出既正面又截然不同的兩種結果。
Bringing migration and electoral studies together, this research focuses on emigrants` homeland political participation through external voting. It primarily uses the concepts of socioeconomic and resocialization factors and their influence on migrants’ voting behaviors. The study centers on Taiwan-based Filipino migrants’ perspectives and explores their awareness, participation, and perceived importance of the Philippines’ external voting policy through Overseas Absentee Voting (OAV). Results show that education as a socioeconomic indicator coincided more with assumptions on how it can positively influence emigrants’ homeland political and electoral participation or perspectives. On the other hand, length of stay abroad as a resocialization indicator shows a weaker link, yielding both positive and contrasting results on assumptions that a longer stay abroad distances emigrants from homeland politics and electoral participation.參考文獻 Alarcon, J. A. (2012). Diaspora and Democracy: Overseas Absentee Voting, Elections, and the Challenges for a Working Democracy in the Philippines. Ritsumeikan Studies in Language and Culture, 23(4), 183-200. doi:10.34382/00002704.Armendáriz, C., & Crow, D. (2010). Do Migrants Remit Democracy? International Migration, Political Beliefs, and Behavior in Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 43(1), 119–148. doi:10.1177/0010414009331733.Baggio, F., & Asis, M. (2008). Global Workers, Local Philanthropists. In T. Naerssen, E. Spaan, & A. Zoomers (Eds.), Global Migration and Development (pp. 130-149). New York: Routledge.Bertelli, D., Erdal, M., Szulecki, K., Cosciug, A., Kussy, A., Mikiewicz, G., & Tulbure, C. (2021). Migrant Political Engagement and Voting from Abroad. Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).Bordey, H. (2022, May 18). GMA News. Retrieved from Eleksyon 2022 voter turnout at 83%, highest in PH history: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/832115/eleksyon-2022-voter-turnout-at-83-highest-in-ph-history/story/Center for Migrant Advocacy. (2011, November). Enhancing the Right of Suffrage by Overseas Filipinos: A Policy Paper on Overseas Absentee Voting (OAV). Retrieved from https://centerformigrantadvocacy.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/policy-paper-on-overseas-absentee-voting-oav.pdfChami, R., Barajas, A., Cosimano, T., Fullenkamp, C., Gapen, M., & Montiel, P. (2008, March 11). Retrieved from Macroeconomic Consequences of Remittances (Occasional Paper No. 259): https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Issues/2016/12/31/Macroeconomic-Consequences-of-Remittances-20547Chaudhary, A. (2018). Voting here and there: political integration and transnational political engagement among immigrants in Europe. Global Networks, 18(3), 437-460. doi:10.1111/glob.12171.Cho, W. (1999, November). Naturalization, Socialization, Participation: Immigrants and (Non-)Voting. The Journal of Politics, 61(4), 1140-1155. doi:10.2307/2647557.Commission on Elections. (2013, June 03). No More Affidavit of Intent to Return in Amended OAV Law. Retrieved from https://comelec.gov.ph/?r=OverseasVoting/PressReleases/NoMoreAffidavitofIntenttoReturninAmendedOAVLawCommission on Elections. (2019, February 5). Number of Registered Overseas Voters. Retrieved from https://comelec.gov.ph/index.html?r= OverseasVoting/Statistics/2019NLEOVRegVotersDepartment of Foreign Affairs. (2019, May 28). DFA-OVS: 2019 Highest Voter Turnout for Midterm Elections. Retrieved from https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/dfa-releasesupdate/22724-dfa-ovs-2019-highest-voter-turnout-for-midterm-electionsDepartment of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Historical Data on Overseas Voter Registration and Voter Turnout. Retrieved from Department of Foreign Affairs: https://dfa.gov.ph/historical-data-on-overseas-voter-registration-and-voter-turnoutDocquier, F., Lodigiani, E., Rapoport, H., & Schiff, M. (2016). Emigration and democracy. Journal of Development Economics, 120, 209–223. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.12.001.Eckstein, S. (2013). Immigrants from Developing Countries: An Overview of Their Homeland Impacts. In A. Najam, & S. Eckstein (Eds.), How Immigrants Impact Their Homelands (pp. 1-29). Durham: Duke University Press.Employment Service Act. (2018, November 28). Retrieved from Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan): https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0090001Everington, K. (2019, June 3). Migrant worker count in Taiwan climbs to 706,000, Indonesians largest group. Retrieved from Taiwan News: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3716487Everington, K. (2022, February 17). Taiwan enables foreign blue-collar workers to apply for permanent residency. Retrieved from Taiwan News: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4446266Faist, T., Fauser, M., & Reisenauer, E. (2013). Transnational Migration. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Feddersen, T. (2004). Rational Choice Theory and the Paradox of Not Voting. Journal of Economic Perspective, 18(1), 99–112. doi:10.1257/089533004773563458.Fidrmuc, J., & Doyle, O. (2004). Voice of the Diaspora: An Analysis of Migrant Voting Behavior. SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.576184.Gherghina, S., & Tseng, H. (2016). Voting home or abroad? Comparing migrants` electoral participation in countries of origin and of residence. Nationalities Papers, 44(3), 456-472. doi:10.1080/00905992.2015.1132690.Goodman, G., & Hiskey, J. (2008). Exit without Leaving: Political Disengagement in High Migration Municipalities in Mexico. Comparative Politics, 40(2), 169–188. doi:10.5129/001041508x12911362382751.International IDEA. (2007). Voting from Abroad: Handbook on External Voting (International IDEA Handbooks series). International IDEA.Jaca, G., & Torneo, A. (2021). Explaining (non) participation in overseas voting: the case of overseas Filipino voters in Japan in the 2016 elections. Diaspora Studies, 14(1), 45–74. doi:10.1080/09739572.2019.1705695.Kessler, C., & Rother, S. (2008, July 29). Democratization Through Migration [Paper presentation]. Retrieved from https://centerformigrantadvocacy.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/dr-alfredo-j-ganapin-forum-ii-year-4-22democratizationthrough-migration22.docLafleur, J. (2013). Transnational Politics and the State: The External Voting Rights of Diasporas. New York, NY: Routledge.Leal, D., Lee, B., & McCann, J. (2012). Transnational absentee voting in the 2006 Mexican presidential election: The roots of participation. Electoral Studies, 540–549. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2012.05.001.Levitt, P., & Schiller, N. (2004). Conceptualizing Simultaneity: A Transnational Social Field Perspective on Society. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1002–1039. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00227.x.Manila Economic and Cultural Office. (2022, May 11). City/Municipal Canvass Report. Retrieved from Facebook: Manila Economic & Cultural Office: https://www.facebook.com/MECO.official/posts/5660481067298216Moon, J. (2009, November 26). Overseas Filipino Workers Activism and its influence on Philippine Politics: A Case study of the Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003. Retrieved from https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/16374Ombay, G. (2022, May 11). Eleksyon 2022 overseas voting turnout reached 34.88% – Comelec. Retrieved from GMA News: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/news/831355/eleksyon-2022-overseas-voting-turnout-reaches-record-high-of-34-88-comelec/story/Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. (2019, November 25). May 2019 Elections: Data Analysis of Votes, Voters, Winners. Retrieved from https://pcij.org/data/231/may-2019-electionsbr-data-analysis-of-votes-voters-winnersPhilippine Statistics Authority. (2020). Total Number of OFWs Estimated at 2.2 Million. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/labor-and-employment/survey-overseas-filipinosPhilippine Statistics Authority. (2021, October). National QuickStat - October 2021. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/quickstat/national-quickstat/2021/%2APhilippine Statistics Authority. (2022, March 7). 2020 Overseas Filipino Workers (Final Results). Retrieved from Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines: https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/labor-and-employment/survey-overseas-filipinosPhilippines News Agency. (2019, March 21). Number of Overseas Voters Up: DFA. Retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1065175Republic Act No. 9189. (2003, February 13). Retrieved from Commission on Elections: https://comelec.gov.ph/?r=References/RelatedLaws/ElectionLaws/OAV/RA9189Rivas, R. (2020, February 17). OFW remittances hit record high of $33.5 billion in 2019. Retrieved from Rappler.com: https://www.rappler.com/business/overseas-filipino-workers-remittances-2019Sahay, A. (2009). Indian diaspora in the United States: Brain drain or gain? Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.The Economist. (2020). Democracy Index 2020. Retrieved from The Economist: https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/Tyner, J. A. (2009). The Philippines: Mobilities, Identities, Globalization. New York, NY: Routledge.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2020). International Migrant Stock 2020. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stockUnited Nations. (2020). International Migration 2020 | Population Division. Retrieved from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/news/international-migration-2020 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
109862015資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109862015 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 俞振華 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yu, Eric Chen-Hua en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 葛瑞絲 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Longakit, Grace Tonnette Golez en_US dc.creator (作者) 葛瑞絲 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Longakit, Grace Tonnette Golez en_US dc.date (日期) 2022 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-八月-2022 18:54:20 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-八月-2022 18:54:20 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-八月-2022 18:54:20 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0109862015 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/141369 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109862015 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究將海外移民和選舉研究結合在一起，重點關注於海外移民透過海外不在籍投票參與母國的政治。 本篇主要使用社會經濟學之觀點、再社會化之因素、以及前述兩者對移民投票行為之影響等三項概念進行研究。 本研究以定居臺灣之菲律賓籍移民的觀點為中心，探討他們透過海外不在籍投票（OAV）對菲律賓海外投票政策的認識、參與投票和投票意識的重要性。 結果顯示，教育作為一個社會經濟程度上的指標，符合研究假設中教育如何積極影響海外移民對母國的政治參與、以及對選舉的觀點。 另一方面，移民在海外停留的時間長度作為再社會化之指標，研究發現顯示僅有較微弱的關聯性，若在假設更長的海外停留時間，會使移民遠離母國政治和選舉參與的情况之下，產生出既正面又截然不同的兩種結果。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Bringing migration and electoral studies together, this research focuses on emigrants` homeland political participation through external voting. It primarily uses the concepts of socioeconomic and resocialization factors and their influence on migrants’ voting behaviors. The study centers on Taiwan-based Filipino migrants’ perspectives and explores their awareness, participation, and perceived importance of the Philippines’ external voting policy through Overseas Absentee Voting (OAV). Results show that education as a socioeconomic indicator coincided more with assumptions on how it can positively influence emigrants’ homeland political and electoral participation or perspectives. On the other hand, length of stay abroad as a resocialization indicator shows a weaker link, yielding both positive and contrasting results on assumptions that a longer stay abroad distances emigrants from homeland politics and electoral participation. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iCHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1Research Scope and Limitations 2Significance of the Study 5Thesis Organization 5CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 6Migration and Its Influence on Homeland Politics 6External Voting 8Factors Affecting External Voting Participation 10The Philippines: Migration, Politics, and Overseas Absentee Voting 13CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 19Research Variables 19Research Design 20Research Questions 21Research Hypotheses 22CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 26Interview Implementation 26Research Respondents’ Demographics 26Affiliations and Organizations 29Return Migration, Homeland Contact, and Homeland Contributions 30News and Politics: Exposure, Engagement, Understanding, and Perceptions 33Participation in Elections and Overseas Absentee Voting 39CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 49Policy Implications 51Recommendations for Further Research 51BIBLIOGRAPHY 53APPENDICES iAppendix A: Research Information Sheet and Consent Form iAppendix B: Interview Questions for Migrant Respondents iiiAppendix C: Summary of Interview Answers ivDemographics ivOrganizations and Affiliations, Return Migration, Homeland Contact, and Homeland Contributions vNews and Politics: Exposure, Engagement, Understanding, and Perceptions viParticipation in Elections and Overseas Absentee Voting viii zh_TW dc.format.extent 2565972 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109862015 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教育 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 選舉參與 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外部投票 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 母國政治 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 移民 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 海外不在籍投票 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 菲律賓 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 再社會化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) education en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) electoral participation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) external voting en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) homeland politics en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) migration en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Overseas Absentee Voting en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Philippines en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) resocialization en_US dc.title (題名) 移民的母國政治參與： 以菲律賓海外缺席投票為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Emigrants’ Participation in Homeland Politics: A Case of the Philippines’ Overseas Absentee Voting en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alarcon, J. A. (2012). Diaspora and Democracy: Overseas Absentee Voting, Elections, and the Challenges for a Working Democracy in the Philippines. Ritsumeikan Studies in Language and Culture, 23(4), 183-200. doi:10.34382/00002704.Armendáriz, C., & Crow, D. (2010). Do Migrants Remit Democracy? International Migration, Political Beliefs, and Behavior in Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 43(1), 119–148. doi:10.1177/0010414009331733.Baggio, F., & Asis, M. (2008). Global Workers, Local Philanthropists. In T. Naerssen, E. Spaan, & A. Zoomers (Eds.), Global Migration and Development (pp. 130-149). New York: Routledge.Bertelli, D., Erdal, M., Szulecki, K., Cosciug, A., Kussy, A., Mikiewicz, G., & Tulbure, C. (2021). Migrant Political Engagement and Voting from Abroad. Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).Bordey, H. (2022, May 18). GMA News. Retrieved from Eleksyon 2022 voter turnout at 83%, highest in PH history: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/832115/eleksyon-2022-voter-turnout-at-83-highest-in-ph-history/story/Center for Migrant Advocacy. (2011, November). Enhancing the Right of Suffrage by Overseas Filipinos: A Policy Paper on Overseas Absentee Voting (OAV). Retrieved from https://centerformigrantadvocacy.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/policy-paper-on-overseas-absentee-voting-oav.pdfChami, R., Barajas, A., Cosimano, T., Fullenkamp, C., Gapen, M., & Montiel, P. (2008, March 11). Retrieved from Macroeconomic Consequences of Remittances (Occasional Paper No. 259): https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Issues/2016/12/31/Macroeconomic-Consequences-of-Remittances-20547Chaudhary, A. (2018). Voting here and there: political integration and transnational political engagement among immigrants in Europe. Global Networks, 18(3), 437-460. doi:10.1111/glob.12171.Cho, W. (1999, November). Naturalization, Socialization, Participation: Immigrants and (Non-)Voting. The Journal of Politics, 61(4), 1140-1155. doi:10.2307/2647557.Commission on Elections. (2013, June 03). No More Affidavit of Intent to Return in Amended OAV Law. Retrieved from https://comelec.gov.ph/?r=OverseasVoting/PressReleases/NoMoreAffidavitofIntenttoReturninAmendedOAVLawCommission on Elections. (2019, February 5). Number of Registered Overseas Voters. Retrieved from https://comelec.gov.ph/index.html?r= OverseasVoting/Statistics/2019NLEOVRegVotersDepartment of Foreign Affairs. (2019, May 28). DFA-OVS: 2019 Highest Voter Turnout for Midterm Elections. Retrieved from https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/dfa-releasesupdate/22724-dfa-ovs-2019-highest-voter-turnout-for-midterm-electionsDepartment of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Historical Data on Overseas Voter Registration and Voter Turnout. Retrieved from Department of Foreign Affairs: https://dfa.gov.ph/historical-data-on-overseas-voter-registration-and-voter-turnoutDocquier, F., Lodigiani, E., Rapoport, H., & Schiff, M. (2016). Emigration and democracy. Journal of Development Economics, 120, 209–223. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.12.001.Eckstein, S. (2013). Immigrants from Developing Countries: An Overview of Their Homeland Impacts. In A. Najam, & S. Eckstein (Eds.), How Immigrants Impact Their Homelands (pp. 1-29). Durham: Duke University Press.Employment Service Act. (2018, November 28). Retrieved from Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan): https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0090001Everington, K. (2019, June 3). Migrant worker count in Taiwan climbs to 706,000, Indonesians largest group. Retrieved from Taiwan News: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3716487Everington, K. (2022, February 17). Taiwan enables foreign blue-collar workers to apply for permanent residency. Retrieved from Taiwan News: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4446266Faist, T., Fauser, M., & Reisenauer, E. (2013). Transnational Migration. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Feddersen, T. (2004). Rational Choice Theory and the Paradox of Not Voting. Journal of Economic Perspective, 18(1), 99–112. doi:10.1257/089533004773563458.Fidrmuc, J., & Doyle, O. (2004). Voice of the Diaspora: An Analysis of Migrant Voting Behavior. SSRN Electronic Journal, doi:10.2139/ssrn.576184.Gherghina, S., & Tseng, H. (2016). Voting home or abroad? Comparing migrants` electoral participation in countries of origin and of residence. Nationalities Papers, 44(3), 456-472. doi:10.1080/00905992.2015.1132690.Goodman, G., & Hiskey, J. (2008). Exit without Leaving: Political Disengagement in High Migration Municipalities in Mexico. Comparative Politics, 40(2), 169–188. doi:10.5129/001041508x12911362382751.International IDEA. (2007). Voting from Abroad: Handbook on External Voting (International IDEA Handbooks series). International IDEA.Jaca, G., & Torneo, A. (2021). Explaining (non) participation in overseas voting: the case of overseas Filipino voters in Japan in the 2016 elections. Diaspora Studies, 14(1), 45–74. doi:10.1080/09739572.2019.1705695.Kessler, C., & Rother, S. (2008, July 29). Democratization Through Migration [Paper presentation]. Retrieved from https://centerformigrantadvocacy.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/dr-alfredo-j-ganapin-forum-ii-year-4-22democratizationthrough-migration22.docLafleur, J. (2013). Transnational Politics and the State: The External Voting Rights of Diasporas. New York, NY: Routledge.Leal, D., Lee, B., & McCann, J. (2012). Transnational absentee voting in the 2006 Mexican presidential election: The roots of participation. Electoral Studies, 540–549. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2012.05.001.Levitt, P., & Schiller, N. (2004). Conceptualizing Simultaneity: A Transnational Social Field Perspective on Society. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1002–1039. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00227.x.Manila Economic and Cultural Office. (2022, May 11). City/Municipal Canvass Report. Retrieved from Facebook: Manila Economic & Cultural Office: https://www.facebook.com/MECO.official/posts/5660481067298216Moon, J. (2009, November 26). Overseas Filipino Workers Activism and its influence on Philippine Politics: A Case study of the Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003. Retrieved from https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/16374Ombay, G. (2022, May 11). Eleksyon 2022 overseas voting turnout reached 34.88% – Comelec. Retrieved from GMA News: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/news/831355/eleksyon-2022-overseas-voting-turnout-reaches-record-high-of-34-88-comelec/story/Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. (2019, November 25). May 2019 Elections: Data Analysis of Votes, Voters, Winners. Retrieved from https://pcij.org/data/231/may-2019-electionsbr-data-analysis-of-votes-voters-winnersPhilippine Statistics Authority. (2020). Total Number of OFWs Estimated at 2.2 Million. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/labor-and-employment/survey-overseas-filipinosPhilippine Statistics Authority. (2021, October). National QuickStat - October 2021. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/quickstat/national-quickstat/2021/%2APhilippine Statistics Authority. (2022, March 7). 2020 Overseas Filipino Workers (Final Results). Retrieved from Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines: https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/labor-and-employment/survey-overseas-filipinosPhilippines News Agency. (2019, March 21). Number of Overseas Voters Up: DFA. Retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1065175Republic Act No. 9189. (2003, February 13). Retrieved from Commission on Elections: https://comelec.gov.ph/?r=References/RelatedLaws/ElectionLaws/OAV/RA9189Rivas, R. (2020, February 17). OFW remittances hit record high of $33.5 billion in 2019. Retrieved from Rappler.com: https://www.rappler.com/business/overseas-filipino-workers-remittances-2019Sahay, A. (2009). Indian diaspora in the United States: Brain drain or gain? Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.The Economist. (2020). Democracy Index 2020. Retrieved from The Economist: https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/Tyner, J. A. (2009). The Philippines: Mobilities, Identities, Globalization. New York, NY: Routledge.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2020). International Migrant Stock 2020. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stockUnited Nations. (2020). International Migration 2020 | Population Division. 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