學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 印度尼西亞民主危機的因素和後果
The Factors and Consequences of the Democratic Crisis in Indonesia作者 王維均
Frebort, Richard貢獻者 蔡中民
Chung-Min Tsai
王維均
Richard Frebort關鍵詞 民主化
衰落
危機
前因後果
倒退
極端主義
激進
褻瀆
精英主義
媒體
趨勢
Democratization
Decline
Crisis
Causes and Consequences
Regression
Extremism
Radicalization
Blasphemy
Elitism
Media
Trends日期 2023 上傳時間 9-三月-2023 18:54:17 (UTC+8) 摘要 民主已經研究多年，但分析民主在形式上是民主的國家的民主發展仍然具 有相關性，但民主的實際實現程度在其發展過程中發生變化，最終導致其 衰落。 該研究旨在分析印度尼西亞民主危機的原因和後果，印度尼西亞是 世界上最大的群島國家，也是種族和宗教最多樣化的國家之㇐，曾㇐度成 為世界第三大人口最多的民主國家。 印度尼西亞的規模及其地緣政治重要 性使得了解其民主危機的演變對於了解民主發展的全球趨勢至關重要。 該 研究側重於確定印度尼西亞民主危機背後的主要因素，分析其演變軌跡， 同時研究其後果和對印度尼西亞政治制度和人口的影響，同時提供適用於 該國境外的經驗教訓。 本研究使用從 2012 年至 2022 年期間的二手資料 收集數據的定性方法。 研究策略使用三種不同的數據分析方法:歷史分; 相同的方法; 以及因果法。 這項研究的主要發現是，某些不自由和專制 的做法在印度尼西亞繼續發生，這阻礙了該國的民主化進程。 調查結果還 顯示了該國民主衰落的因素和後果如何成為㇐個惡性循環。 這項研究可以 理解為有助於理解西方或自由主義對民主的看法與世界其他㇐些地區對民 主的看法之間的差異。
Democracy has been studied for years, yet it is still relevant to analyze the development of democracy in countries that are formally democratic, but where the degree of actual fulfillment of democracy changes in course of their development, which ultimately leads to its decline. The research aims to analyze the causes and consequences of the democratic crisis in Indonesia, the world’s largest archipelago country and one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse countries, which once emerged as the world’s third most populous democracy. Indonesia’s size and its geopolitical importance make the understanding of the evolution of its democratic crisis essential for understanding global trends in democratic development. The research focuses on the identification of main factors behind the democratic crisis in Indonesia, analyzes the trajectory of its evolution, while looking into its consequences and impact on the Indonesian political system and population, but also offering lessons learned applicable beyond this country’s borders. This research uses the qualitative method of data collection from secondary sources, taken from a time-period between the years 2012-2022. The research strategy uses three different methods of data analysis: historical analysis; identical method; and the cause-and-effect method. The major finding of this study is that certain illiberal and authoritarian practices continue to happen in Indonesia, which has hindered the process of democratization in the country. The findings have also shown how the factors and consequences of democratic decline in the country have become a vicious cycle. The study can be understood to be a contribution toward comprehending the understanding of the differences between the Western, or liberal perception of democracy and its perception in some other parts of the world.參考文獻 A’yun, R. Q. (2016). Politics complicate blasphemy investigations in Indonesia and around the world. The Conversation. Retrieved 07.01.2023,https://theconversation.com/politics-complicate-blasphemy-investigations-in-indonesia-and-around-the-world-68817Abhipraya, F. A., Pahlevi, Moch. E. T., & Amrurobbi, A. A. (2020). The democratic decline in Indonesia under Covid-19 pandemic. Jurnal Wacana Politik, 5(2), 99–110.Abramowitz, M. J. (2018). Democracy in crisis. Freedom House.https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/democracy-crisisAdnan, M., & Amaliyah, A. (2021). Radicalism vs extremism: The dilemma of Islam and politics In Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, 20(1), 24–48.Aspinall, E. (2013). Popular agency and interests in Indonesia’s democratic transition and consolidation. Indonesia, 96(1), 101–121.Aspinall, E., Fossati, D., Muhtadi, B., & Warburton, E. (2019). Elites, masses, and democratic decline in Indonesia. Democratization, 27(4), 505–526.Aspinall, E., & Mietzner, M. (2014). Indonesian politics in 2014: Democracy’s close call. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 50(3), 347–369.Barter, S. J., & Wangge, H. R. (2021). Indonesian autonomies: Explaining divergent self-government outcomes in Aceh and Papua. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 51(2).BBC. (2019). Indonesia profile - Timeline. BBC News. Retrieved 05.01.2023,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15114517Beech, H., & Suhartono, M. (2019). Faith politics on the rise as Indonesian Islam takes a hard-line path. The New York Times. Retrieved 05.01.2023,https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/15/world/asia/indonesia-election-islam.htmlBoix, C., & Svolik, M. W. (2013). The foundations of limited authoritarian government: Institutions, commitment, and power-sharing in dictatorships. The Journal of Politics, 75(2), 300–316.Breidlid, T. (2013). The legitimization of violence against the Ahmadiyya community in Indonesia. Jurnal Kawistara, 3(2).Cammett, M., & Malesky, E. (2012). Power sharing in postconflict societies. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(6), 982–1016.Chheat, S. (2013). Democratic governance and local politics in Cambodia. In Local Politics and Governance. Regional Programme Political Dialogue Asia/Singapore, 97-109.Deriu, M. (2012). Democracies with a future: Degrowth and the democratic tradition. Futures, 44(6), 553–561.End Blasphemy Laws. (2012). Indonesia - End blasphemy laws. End Blasphemy Laws. Retrieved 07.01.2023,https://end-blasphemy-laws.org/countries/asia-central-southern-and-south-eastern/indonesia/Ercan, S. A., & Gagnon, J.-P. (2014). The crisis of democracy: Which crisis? Which democracy? Democratic Theory, 1(2), 1–10.Fealy, G. (2020). Jokowi in the Covid-19 Era: Repressive pluralism, dynasticism and the overbearing state. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 56(3), 301–323.Foa, R. S., & Mounk, Y. (2017). The signs of deconsolidation. Journal of Democracy, 28(1), 5–15.Francis, S. (2012). Fiscal policy evolution and distributional implications: The Indonesian experience. The IDEAs Working Paper Series, 1, 1–42.Freedom House. (2019). Freedom on the net 2019: Indonesia. Freedom House. Retrieved 06.01.2023, https://freedomhouse.org/country/indonesia/freedom-net/2019Freedom House. (2022). Freedom in the world 2022: Indonesia. Freedom House. Retrieved 10.02.2023, https://freedomhouse.org/country/indonesia/freedom-world/2022Galston, W. A. (2018). The Populist Challenge to Liberal Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 29(2), 5–19.Hadiz, V. R., & Robison, R. (2013). The political economy of oligarchy and the reorganization of power in Indonesia. Indonesia, 96(1), 35–57.Haggard, S., & Kaufman, R. R. (2012). Inequality and regime change: Democratic transitions and the stability of democratic rule. American Political Science Review, 106(3), 495–516.Haggard, S., & Kaufman, R. R. (2016). Democratization during the third wave. Annual Review of Political Science, 19(1), 125–144.Hanara, D. (2020). Seeking a viable alternative to Indonesia’s blasphemy laws. The Diplomat. Retrieved 07.01.2023,https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/seeking-a-viable-alternative-to-indonesias-blasphemy-laws/Harsono, A. (2014, May 14). Undoing Yudhoyono’s sectarian legacy. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 06.01.2023,https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/14/undoing-yudhoyonos-sectarian-legacyHarsono, A. (2017). Indonesia’s religious minorities under threat. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 08.01.2023,https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/02/indonesias-religious-minorities-under-threatHarsono, A. (2020). Religious minorities in Indonesia face discrimination. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 06.01.2023,https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/24/religious-minorities-indonesia-face-discriminationHasan, N. (2017). Religious diversity and blasphemy law: Understanding growing religious conflict and intolerance in post-Suharto Indonesia. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 55(1), 105–126.Honna, J. (2018). Civil-Military Relations in an Emerging State: A Perspective from Indonesia’s Democratic Consolidation. Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 255–270.Human Rights Watch. (2021). Indonesia: Suspend, Revise New Internet Regulation. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 06.01.2023,https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/21/indonesia-suspend-revise-new-internet-regulationHwang, J. C. (2017). The unintended consequences of amending Indonesia’s anti-terrorism law. Lawfare. Retrieved 05.01.2023,https://www.lawfareblog.com/unintended-consequences-amending-indonesias-anti-terrorism-lawIannone, A. (2022). Democracy Crisis in South-East Asia: Media Control, Censorship, and Disinformation during the 2019 Presidential and General Elections in Indonesia, Thailand and 2019 Local Election in the Philippines. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 26(1), 81–97.Indraprahasta, G. S., & Derudder, B. (2019). World City-ness in a historical perspective: Probing the long-term evolution of the Jakarta metropolitan area. Habitat International, 89, 1–33.Jati, W. R. (2021). The situation of declining Indonesian democracy in 2021. THC Insights, 27.Kanas, A., Scheepers, P., & Sterkens, C. (2015). Interreligious contact, perceived group threat, and perceived discrimination. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(2), 102–126.Kunkler, M., & Lerner, H. (2016). A private matter? Religious education and democracy in Indonesia and Israel. British Journal of Religious Education, 38(3), 279–307.Lambert, T. (2021). A Timeline of Indonesia. Local Histories. Retrieved 05.01.2023, https://localhistories.org/a-timline-of-indonesia/Lay, C. (2012). Democratic transition in local Indonesia: An overview of ten years democracy. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 15(3), 207–219.Lim, M. (2013). The internet and everyday life in Indonesia: A new moral panic? Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 169(1), 133–147.Madinier, R., & Desmond, J. (2015). Islam and politics in Indonesia: the Masyumi Party between democracy and integralism. NUS Press.Marshall, P. (2018). The ambiguities of religious freedom in Indonesia. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 16(1), 85–96.Martinez-Bravo, M., Mukherjee, P., & Stegmann, A. (2017). The non-democratic roots of elite capture: Evidence from Soeharto mayors in Indonesia. Econometrica, 85(6), 1991–2010.Mayer, K. U. (2018). Whose lives? How history, societies, and institutions define and shape life courses. Research in Human Development, 1(3), 161–187.McWilliams, E. (2018). Democracy in Indonesia: A progress report. Retrieved 05 01, 2023, American Foreign Service Association.https://afsa.org/democracy-indonesia-progress-reportMietzner, M. (2020). Populist anti-scientism, religious polarisation, and institutionalised corruption: How Indonesia’s democratic decline shaped its Covid-19 response. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 39(2), 227–249.Mudde, C. (2017). The problem with populism. The Guardian. Retrieved 01.01.2023, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/17/problem-populism-syriza-podemos-dark-side-europeMuhaimin, H., & Fil, S. (2013). Indonesia now. between Pancasila and crisis of democracy in Indonesia. International Journal for Public Management and Politic Development, 1(1), 22–37.Muhtadi, B. (2019). Vote buying in Indonesia: The mechanics of electoral bribery. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.Mukti, H. H., & Rodiyah. (2020). Dynasty politics in Indonesia: Tradition or democracy? Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 1(13), 531–538.Murti, D. C. W. (2013). Keyboard Action End up Political Party: Understanding the Intertwining Relations of Social Media Activism, Citizenship, and the Dynamics of Democracy in Indonesia. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 3(2).Murtin, F., & Wacziarg, R. (2011). The democratic transition. National Bureau of Economic Research, 17432.Ostwald, K., Tajima, Y., & Samphantharak, K. (2016). Indonesia’s Decentralization Experiment: Motivations, Successes, and Unintended Consequences. Southeast Asian Economies, 33(2), 139–156.Perez, C. (2016). Capitalism, technology and a green global golden age: the role of history in helping to shape the future. Rethinking Capitalism: Economics and Policy for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth, 1, 191–217.Plattner, M. F. (2015). Is democracy in decline? Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 5–10.Poole, A. (2015). The foreign policy nexus: National interests, political values and identity. In C. B. Roberts, A. D. Habir, & L. C. Sebastian (Eds.), Indonesia’s ascent: Power, leadership, and the regional order (pp. 155–176). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.Pratono, A. H., & Sutanti, A. (2016). The ecosystem of social enterprise: Social culture, legal framework, and policy review in Indonesia. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(3), 106–112.Pribadi, Y. (2022). Polite Citizenship: Everyday informal claims-making in rural west Java, Indonesia. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 178(1), 90–118.Purdey, J., Aspinall, E., & As’ad, M. U. (2016). Understanding family politics: Successes and failures of political dynasties in regional Indonesia. South East Asia Research, 24(3), 420–435.Rachmatullah, A., Nehm, R. H., Roshayanti, F., & Ha, M. (2018). Evolution education in Indonesia: Pre-service biology teachers’ knowledge, reasoning models, and acceptance of evolution. Evolution Education around the Globe, 335–355.Rahmadiyansyah, Y., & Shafira, Z. (2019). Economic development as an attempt for eradicating Papua’s separatism movement in post-Soeharto era. The Role of Identity in Politics, 177–194.Resende, T. C. (2013). And what if it was all about luck?: A comparative analysis of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis between Indonesia and Malaysia.Rode, M., & Gwartney, J. D. (2012). Does democratization facilitate economic liberalization? European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 607–619.Rosser, A., & Wilson, I. (2012). Democratic decentralisation and pro-poor policy reform in Indonesia: The politics of health insurance for the poor in Jembrana and Tabanan. Asian Journal of Social Science, 40(5-6), 608–634.Ruland, J. (2016). Democratizing foreign-policy making in Indonesia and the democratization of ASEAN: A role theory analysis. TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 5(1), 49–73.Schafer, S. (2019). Democratic decline in Indonesia: The role of religious authorities. Pacific Affairs, 92(2), 235–255.Setiawan, R., Esti, M., & Sidorov, V. V. (2020). Islam and politics in Indonesia. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 22(4), 731–740.Slater, D. (2018). Party cartelization, Indonesian-style: Presidential power-sharing and the contingency of democratic opposition. Journal of East Asian Studies, 18(1), 23–46.Slater, D., & Simmons, E. (2012). Coping by Colluding. Comparative Political Studies, 46(11), 1366–1393.Statista Research Department. (2022). Topic: Demographics of Indonesia. Statista. Retrieved 01.01.2023,https://www.statista.com/topics/8377/demographics-of-indonesia/#topicOverviewSvolik, M. W. (2019). Polarization versus democracy. Journal of Democracy, 30(3), 20–32.Syarif, Z., & Hannan, A. (2020). Islamic populism politics and its threat to Indonesian democracy. Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 20(2), 251–277.The Organization for World Peace. (2020, July 6). Papua Conflict. The Organization for World Peace. Retrieved 08.01.2023,https://theowp.org/crisis_index/papua-conflict/Timmer, P. C., Hastuti, H., & Sumarto, S. (2016). Evolution and Implementation of the Rastra Program in Indonesia. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 81018, 1–68.Tomsa, D. (2014). Party system fragmentation in Indonesia: The subnational dimension. Journal of East Asian Studies, 14(2), 249–278Tomte, A. (2012). Constitutional review of the Indonesian blasphemy law. Nordic Journal of Human Rights, 30(2), 174–204.Towett, G., & Kungu, J. N. (2020). The implication of political patron-client linkages on democratic governance in developing democracies. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS), 7(4), 211–218.Varieties of Democracy. (2021). Countries by score on V-DEM’s liberal democracy index (LDI), 2010 compared to 2020. Varieties of Democracy. Retrieved 10.02.2023, https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/files/dr/dr_2021.pdfWahyuningrum, Y. (2014). The ASEAN intergovernmental commission on human rights: Origins, evolution and the way forward. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1–36.Warburton, E., & Aspinall, E. (2018). Explaining Indonesia’s democratic regression: Structure, agency and popular opinion. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 41(2), 255–285.Wayar, A., & Blades, J. (2022). Indonesia’s New Plans for Papua Can’t Hide Its Decades of Failures. The Diplomat. Retrieved 08.01.2023,https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/indonesias-new-plans-for-papua-cant-hide-its-decades-of-failures/Winters, J. A. (2013). Oligarchy and democracy in Indonesia. Indonesia, 96(1), 11–33.Wright, J., & Escriba-Folch, A. (2012). Authoritarian institutions and regime survival: Transitions to democracy and subsequent autocracy. British Journal of Political Science, 42(2), 283–309.Yesil, M. M. (2014). The invisible threat for the future of journalism: Self-censorship and conflicting interests in an increasingly competitive media environment. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(3), 71–78. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
107926009資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107926009 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 蔡中民 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chung-Min Tsai en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 王維均 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Richard Frebort en_US dc.creator (作者) 王維均 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Frebort, Richard en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 9-三月-2023 18:54:17 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 9-三月-2023 18:54:17 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-三月-2023 18:54:17 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0107926009 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/143903 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 107926009 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 民主已經研究多年，但分析民主在形式上是民主的國家的民主發展仍然具 有相關性，但民主的實際實現程度在其發展過程中發生變化，最終導致其 衰落。 該研究旨在分析印度尼西亞民主危機的原因和後果，印度尼西亞是 世界上最大的群島國家，也是種族和宗教最多樣化的國家之㇐，曾㇐度成 為世界第三大人口最多的民主國家。 印度尼西亞的規模及其地緣政治重要 性使得了解其民主危機的演變對於了解民主發展的全球趨勢至關重要。 該 研究側重於確定印度尼西亞民主危機背後的主要因素，分析其演變軌跡， 同時研究其後果和對印度尼西亞政治制度和人口的影響，同時提供適用於 該國境外的經驗教訓。 本研究使用從 2012 年至 2022 年期間的二手資料 收集數據的定性方法。 研究策略使用三種不同的數據分析方法:歷史分; 相同的方法; 以及因果法。 這項研究的主要發現是，某些不自由和專制 的做法在印度尼西亞繼續發生，這阻礙了該國的民主化進程。 調查結果還 顯示了該國民主衰落的因素和後果如何成為㇐個惡性循環。 這項研究可以 理解為有助於理解西方或自由主義對民主的看法與世界其他㇐些地區對民 主的看法之間的差異。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Democracy has been studied for years, yet it is still relevant to analyze the development of democracy in countries that are formally democratic, but where the degree of actual fulfillment of democracy changes in course of their development, which ultimately leads to its decline. The research aims to analyze the causes and consequences of the democratic crisis in Indonesia, the world’s largest archipelago country and one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse countries, which once emerged as the world’s third most populous democracy. Indonesia’s size and its geopolitical importance make the understanding of the evolution of its democratic crisis essential for understanding global trends in democratic development. The research focuses on the identification of main factors behind the democratic crisis in Indonesia, analyzes the trajectory of its evolution, while looking into its consequences and impact on the Indonesian political system and population, but also offering lessons learned applicable beyond this country’s borders. This research uses the qualitative method of data collection from secondary sources, taken from a time-period between the years 2012-2022. The research strategy uses three different methods of data analysis: historical analysis; identical method; and the cause-and-effect method. The major finding of this study is that certain illiberal and authoritarian practices continue to happen in Indonesia, which has hindered the process of democratization in the country. The findings have also shown how the factors and consequences of democratic decline in the country have become a vicious cycle. The study can be understood to be a contribution toward comprehending the understanding of the differences between the Western, or liberal perception of democracy and its perception in some other parts of the world. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Research Methodology 5Chapter 2 Literature Review 82.1 Research Aims and Objectives 102.2 Research Questions 112.3 Structure of the Thesis 122.4 Research Gap 13Chapter 3 Understanding the Evolution of the Democracy in Indonesia 143.1 Building the Democracy in Indonesia 143.2 Decline of the Democracy in Indonesia 163.3 Problems of the Democratic Breakdown in Indonesia 18Chapter 4 Trajectory of the Democratic Evolution in Indonesia 204.1 Findings 224.2 Discussion 29Chapter 5 Islamic Radicalization and Other Factors Affecting the Democracy inIndonesia 335.1 Findings 355.2 Discussion 45Chapter 6 Consequences of Undemocratic Practices in the Democratic Landscape ofIndonesia 506.1 Findings 526.2 Discussion 63Chapter 7 Conclusion 67References 73 zh_TW dc.format.extent 724328 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107926009 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民主化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 衰落 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 危機 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 前因後果 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 倒退 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 極端主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 激進 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 褻瀆 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 精英主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 趨勢 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Democratization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Decline en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Crisis en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Causes and Consequences en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Regression en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Extremism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Radicalization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Blasphemy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Elitism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Media en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Trends en_US dc.title (題名) 印度尼西亞民主危機的因素和後果 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Factors and Consequences of the Democratic Crisis in Indonesia en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) A’yun, R. Q. (2016). Politics complicate blasphemy investigations in Indonesia and around the world. The Conversation. Retrieved 07.01.2023,https://theconversation.com/politics-complicate-blasphemy-investigations-in-indonesia-and-around-the-world-68817Abhipraya, F. A., Pahlevi, Moch. E. T., & Amrurobbi, A. A. (2020). The democratic decline in Indonesia under Covid-19 pandemic. Jurnal Wacana Politik, 5(2), 99–110.Abramowitz, M. J. (2018). Democracy in crisis. Freedom House.https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/democracy-crisisAdnan, M., & Amaliyah, A. (2021). Radicalism vs extremism: The dilemma of Islam and politics In Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, 20(1), 24–48.Aspinall, E. (2013). Popular agency and interests in Indonesia’s democratic transition and consolidation. Indonesia, 96(1), 101–121.Aspinall, E., Fossati, D., Muhtadi, B., & Warburton, E. (2019). Elites, masses, and democratic decline in Indonesia. Democratization, 27(4), 505–526.Aspinall, E., & Mietzner, M. (2014). Indonesian politics in 2014: Democracy’s close call. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 50(3), 347–369.Barter, S. J., & Wangge, H. R. (2021). Indonesian autonomies: Explaining divergent self-government outcomes in Aceh and Papua. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 51(2).BBC. (2019). Indonesia profile - Timeline. BBC News. Retrieved 05.01.2023,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15114517Beech, H., & Suhartono, M. (2019). Faith politics on the rise as Indonesian Islam takes a hard-line path. The New York Times. Retrieved 05.01.2023,https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/15/world/asia/indonesia-election-islam.htmlBoix, C., & Svolik, M. W. (2013). The foundations of limited authoritarian government: Institutions, commitment, and power-sharing in dictatorships. The Journal of Politics, 75(2), 300–316.Breidlid, T. (2013). The legitimization of violence against the Ahmadiyya community in Indonesia. Jurnal Kawistara, 3(2).Cammett, M., & Malesky, E. (2012). Power sharing in postconflict societies. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(6), 982–1016.Chheat, S. (2013). Democratic governance and local politics in Cambodia. In Local Politics and Governance. Regional Programme Political Dialogue Asia/Singapore, 97-109.Deriu, M. (2012). Democracies with a future: Degrowth and the democratic tradition. Futures, 44(6), 553–561.End Blasphemy Laws. (2012). Indonesia - End blasphemy laws. End Blasphemy Laws. Retrieved 07.01.2023,https://end-blasphemy-laws.org/countries/asia-central-southern-and-south-eastern/indonesia/Ercan, S. A., & Gagnon, J.-P. (2014). The crisis of democracy: Which crisis? Which democracy? Democratic Theory, 1(2), 1–10.Fealy, G. (2020). Jokowi in the Covid-19 Era: Repressive pluralism, dynasticism and the overbearing state. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 56(3), 301–323.Foa, R. S., & Mounk, Y. (2017). The signs of deconsolidation. Journal of Democracy, 28(1), 5–15.Francis, S. (2012). Fiscal policy evolution and distributional implications: The Indonesian experience. The IDEAs Working Paper Series, 1, 1–42.Freedom House. (2019). Freedom on the net 2019: Indonesia. Freedom House. Retrieved 06.01.2023, https://freedomhouse.org/country/indonesia/freedom-net/2019Freedom House. (2022). Freedom in the world 2022: Indonesia. Freedom House. Retrieved 10.02.2023, https://freedomhouse.org/country/indonesia/freedom-world/2022Galston, W. A. (2018). The Populist Challenge to Liberal Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 29(2), 5–19.Hadiz, V. R., & Robison, R. (2013). The political economy of oligarchy and the reorganization of power in Indonesia. Indonesia, 96(1), 35–57.Haggard, S., & Kaufman, R. R. (2012). Inequality and regime change: Democratic transitions and the stability of democratic rule. American Political Science Review, 106(3), 495–516.Haggard, S., & Kaufman, R. R. (2016). Democratization during the third wave. Annual Review of Political Science, 19(1), 125–144.Hanara, D. (2020). Seeking a viable alternative to Indonesia’s blasphemy laws. The Diplomat. Retrieved 07.01.2023,https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/seeking-a-viable-alternative-to-indonesias-blasphemy-laws/Harsono, A. (2014, May 14). Undoing Yudhoyono’s sectarian legacy. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 06.01.2023,https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/14/undoing-yudhoyonos-sectarian-legacyHarsono, A. (2017). Indonesia’s religious minorities under threat. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 08.01.2023,https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/02/indonesias-religious-minorities-under-threatHarsono, A. (2020). Religious minorities in Indonesia face discrimination. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 06.01.2023,https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/24/religious-minorities-indonesia-face-discriminationHasan, N. (2017). Religious diversity and blasphemy law: Understanding growing religious conflict and intolerance in post-Suharto Indonesia. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 55(1), 105–126.Honna, J. (2018). Civil-Military Relations in an Emerging State: A Perspective from Indonesia’s Democratic Consolidation. Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 255–270.Human Rights Watch. (2021). Indonesia: Suspend, Revise New Internet Regulation. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 06.01.2023,https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/21/indonesia-suspend-revise-new-internet-regulationHwang, J. C. (2017). The unintended consequences of amending Indonesia’s anti-terrorism law. Lawfare. Retrieved 05.01.2023,https://www.lawfareblog.com/unintended-consequences-amending-indonesias-anti-terrorism-lawIannone, A. (2022). Democracy Crisis in South-East Asia: Media Control, Censorship, and Disinformation during the 2019 Presidential and General Elections in Indonesia, Thailand and 2019 Local Election in the Philippines. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 26(1), 81–97.Indraprahasta, G. S., & Derudder, B. (2019). World City-ness in a historical perspective: Probing the long-term evolution of the Jakarta metropolitan area. Habitat International, 89, 1–33.Jati, W. R. (2021). The situation of declining Indonesian democracy in 2021. THC Insights, 27.Kanas, A., Scheepers, P., & Sterkens, C. (2015). Interreligious contact, perceived group threat, and perceived discrimination. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(2), 102–126.Kunkler, M., & Lerner, H. (2016). A private matter? Religious education and democracy in Indonesia and Israel. British Journal of Religious Education, 38(3), 279–307.Lambert, T. (2021). A Timeline of Indonesia. Local Histories. Retrieved 05.01.2023, https://localhistories.org/a-timline-of-indonesia/Lay, C. (2012). Democratic transition in local Indonesia: An overview of ten years democracy. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 15(3), 207–219.Lim, M. (2013). The internet and everyday life in Indonesia: A new moral panic? Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 169(1), 133–147.Madinier, R., & Desmond, J. (2015). Islam and politics in Indonesia: the Masyumi Party between democracy and integralism. NUS Press.Marshall, P. (2018). The ambiguities of religious freedom in Indonesia. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 16(1), 85–96.Martinez-Bravo, M., Mukherjee, P., & Stegmann, A. (2017). The non-democratic roots of elite capture: Evidence from Soeharto mayors in Indonesia. Econometrica, 85(6), 1991–2010.Mayer, K. U. (2018). Whose lives? How history, societies, and institutions define and shape life courses. Research in Human Development, 1(3), 161–187.McWilliams, E. (2018). Democracy in Indonesia: A progress report. Retrieved 05 01, 2023, American Foreign Service Association.https://afsa.org/democracy-indonesia-progress-reportMietzner, M. (2020). Populist anti-scientism, religious polarisation, and institutionalised corruption: How Indonesia’s democratic decline shaped its Covid-19 response. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 39(2), 227–249.Mudde, C. (2017). The problem with populism. The Guardian. Retrieved 01.01.2023, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/17/problem-populism-syriza-podemos-dark-side-europeMuhaimin, H., & Fil, S. (2013). Indonesia now. between Pancasila and crisis of democracy in Indonesia. International Journal for Public Management and Politic Development, 1(1), 22–37.Muhtadi, B. (2019). Vote buying in Indonesia: The mechanics of electoral bribery. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.Mukti, H. H., & Rodiyah. (2020). Dynasty politics in Indonesia: Tradition or democracy? Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 1(13), 531–538.Murti, D. C. W. (2013). Keyboard Action End up Political Party: Understanding the Intertwining Relations of Social Media Activism, Citizenship, and the Dynamics of Democracy in Indonesia. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 3(2).Murtin, F., & Wacziarg, R. (2011). The democratic transition. National Bureau of Economic Research, 17432.Ostwald, K., Tajima, Y., & Samphantharak, K. (2016). Indonesia’s Decentralization Experiment: Motivations, Successes, and Unintended Consequences. Southeast Asian Economies, 33(2), 139–156.Perez, C. (2016). Capitalism, technology and a green global golden age: the role of history in helping to shape the future. Rethinking Capitalism: Economics and Policy for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth, 1, 191–217.Plattner, M. F. (2015). Is democracy in decline? Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 5–10.Poole, A. (2015). The foreign policy nexus: National interests, political values and identity. In C. B. Roberts, A. D. Habir, & L. C. Sebastian (Eds.), Indonesia’s ascent: Power, leadership, and the regional order (pp. 155–176). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.Pratono, A. H., & Sutanti, A. (2016). The ecosystem of social enterprise: Social culture, legal framework, and policy review in Indonesia. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(3), 106–112.Pribadi, Y. (2022). Polite Citizenship: Everyday informal claims-making in rural west Java, Indonesia. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 178(1), 90–118.Purdey, J., Aspinall, E., & As’ad, M. U. (2016). Understanding family politics: Successes and failures of political dynasties in regional Indonesia. South East Asia Research, 24(3), 420–435.Rachmatullah, A., Nehm, R. H., Roshayanti, F., & Ha, M. (2018). Evolution education in Indonesia: Pre-service biology teachers’ knowledge, reasoning models, and acceptance of evolution. Evolution Education around the Globe, 335–355.Rahmadiyansyah, Y., & Shafira, Z. (2019). Economic development as an attempt for eradicating Papua’s separatism movement in post-Soeharto era. The Role of Identity in Politics, 177–194.Resende, T. C. (2013). And what if it was all about luck?: A comparative analysis of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis between Indonesia and Malaysia.Rode, M., & Gwartney, J. D. (2012). Does democratization facilitate economic liberalization? European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 607–619.Rosser, A., & Wilson, I. (2012). Democratic decentralisation and pro-poor policy reform in Indonesia: The politics of health insurance for the poor in Jembrana and Tabanan. Asian Journal of Social Science, 40(5-6), 608–634.Ruland, J. (2016). Democratizing foreign-policy making in Indonesia and the democratization of ASEAN: A role theory analysis. TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 5(1), 49–73.Schafer, S. (2019). Democratic decline in Indonesia: The role of religious authorities. Pacific Affairs, 92(2), 235–255.Setiawan, R., Esti, M., & Sidorov, V. V. (2020). Islam and politics in Indonesia. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 22(4), 731–740.Slater, D. (2018). Party cartelization, Indonesian-style: Presidential power-sharing and the contingency of democratic opposition. Journal of East Asian Studies, 18(1), 23–46.Slater, D., & Simmons, E. (2012). Coping by Colluding. Comparative Political Studies, 46(11), 1366–1393.Statista Research Department. (2022). Topic: Demographics of Indonesia. Statista. Retrieved 01.01.2023,https://www.statista.com/topics/8377/demographics-of-indonesia/#topicOverviewSvolik, M. W. (2019). Polarization versus democracy. Journal of Democracy, 30(3), 20–32.Syarif, Z., & Hannan, A. (2020). Islamic populism politics and its threat to Indonesian democracy. Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 20(2), 251–277.The Organization for World Peace. (2020, July 6). Papua Conflict. The Organization for World Peace. Retrieved 08.01.2023,https://theowp.org/crisis_index/papua-conflict/Timmer, P. C., Hastuti, H., & Sumarto, S. (2016). Evolution and Implementation of the Rastra Program in Indonesia. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 81018, 1–68.Tomsa, D. (2014). Party system fragmentation in Indonesia: The subnational dimension. Journal of East Asian Studies, 14(2), 249–278Tomte, A. (2012). Constitutional review of the Indonesian blasphemy law. Nordic Journal of Human Rights, 30(2), 174–204.Towett, G., & Kungu, J. N. (2020). The implication of political patron-client linkages on democratic governance in developing democracies. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS), 7(4), 211–218.Varieties of Democracy. (2021). Countries by score on V-DEM’s liberal democracy index (LDI), 2010 compared to 2020. Varieties of Democracy. Retrieved 10.02.2023, https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/files/dr/dr_2021.pdfWahyuningrum, Y. (2014). The ASEAN intergovernmental commission on human rights: Origins, evolution and the way forward. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1–36.Warburton, E., & Aspinall, E. (2018). Explaining Indonesia’s democratic regression: Structure, agency and popular opinion. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 41(2), 255–285.Wayar, A., & Blades, J. (2022). Indonesia’s New Plans for Papua Can’t Hide Its Decades of Failures. The Diplomat. Retrieved 08.01.2023,https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/indonesias-new-plans-for-papua-cant-hide-its-decades-of-failures/Winters, J. A. (2013). Oligarchy and democracy in Indonesia. Indonesia, 96(1), 11–33.Wright, J., & Escriba-Folch, A. (2012). Authoritarian institutions and regime survival: Transitions to democracy and subsequent autocracy. British Journal of Political Science, 42(2), 283–309.Yesil, M. M. (2014). The invisible threat for the future of journalism: Self-censorship and conflicting interests in an increasingly competitive media environment. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(3), 71–78. zh_TW
