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題名 臺北市各類型不動產課稅估價成效之比較
Comparison of Tax Assessment Performance for Different Types of Properties in Taipei City
作者 張宜庭
Chang, I-Ting
貢獻者 林子欽
Lin, Tzu-Chin
張宜庭
Chang, I-Ting
關鍵詞 估價比值
離散係數
水平公平
Assessment ratio
Coefficient of dispersion (COD)
Horizontal equity
日期 2023
上傳時間 6-七月-2023 16:52:30 (UTC+8)
摘要 在過去與財產稅公平性有關之實證研究中,多以單一類型不動產為研究對象,並以住宅不動產為主。本研究透過比較不同類型不動產之估價比值,檢驗公部門課稅估價成效是否一致。研究使用2014年6月至2021年7月臺北市不動產交易案例,以市場交易價格為分母,土地公告現值與房屋現值為分子,計算估價比值以檢驗稅基評估公平性。研究設計區分不動產類型為土地及房地,並進一步細分價值相近之住宅、商業、工業及農業類型。
實證結果顯示,商業不動產估價比值離散程度大於住宅不動產,隱含現行評估制度較難掌握商業不動產價值,並且兩類型間存在水平不公平情形,但兩類型間估價比值差距對實際稅額影響有限。而土地相比於房地整體估價比值較高且離散程度較大,表示土地估價難度較大且公部門對於土地價值掌握並不穩定。研究亦發現對於相近價值之建物及土地,似乎有相對低估建物價值之情形。最後,本研究建議,可以稅收負擔分配之角度,運用各類型不動產之估價比值差異評估結果,探討名目稅率與實質稅率差距對公平性之影響。
In previous studies, empirical research on the fairness of property taxation has primarily focused on a single type of property, primarily residential properties. This study examines the consistency of the performance of public sector tax assessment by comparing the assessment ratios of different types of properties. Using real estate transaction data from June 2014 to July 2021 in Taipei City, the study calculates assessment ratios by dividing the assessed land value and building value by the market transaction price. The study categorizes properties into land and land with buildings and further subdivides them into residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural types based on their similar values.
The empirical results indicate that the assessment ratios for commercial properties exhibit higher dispersion compared to residential properties, suggesting that the current assessment system faces challenges in capturing the value of commercial properties and implying horizontal inequity between the two property types. However, the disparity in assessment ratios between the two types has a limited impact on actual tax amounts. Furthermore, land properties exhibit higher overall assessment ratios and greater dispersion compared to land with buildings, indicating greater difficulty in assessing land values and less stability in the government`s grasp of the market value. The study also finds evidence of relatively lower assessment of building values for properties with similar values. Finally, this study suggests utilizing the differences in assessment ratios of various types of properties from the perspective of tax sharing to investigate the impact of the disparity between nominal tax rates and effective tax rates on fairness.
參考文獻 一、中文參考文獻
王宏文,2010,「台北市地價稅公平性之研究」,『行政暨政策學報』,51:47-76,DOI:10.29865/PAP.201012.0002。
王宏文,曾彥閔,2013,「臺北市與高雄市住宅財產稅之比較: 兼論兩市財稅努力之差異」,『政治科學論叢』56:119-156。
何慎筑,2016,「從公告現值及基準地作業探討評價過程中房地價格拆分問題」,『臺北市政府地政局暨所屬機關105年度自行研究報告』。
沈政安,2022,「論不動產持有稅稅基爭議」,『月旦財稅實務釋評』,33:28-38。
林子欽、李汪穎、陳國華,2011,「公寓建物之折舊估算與房屋稅負」,『都市與計劃』,38(1):31-46,DOI:10.6128/CP.38.1.31
林子欽、林子雅,2008,「公部門不動產估價成效評估-公平性之觀點」,『住宅學報』,17(2):63-80。
林惠玲、陳正倉,2014。應用統計學(四版修訂版)。雙葉書廊有限公司。
林森田、丁秀吟,2017。土地經濟學(二版)。巨流政大書城。
梁仁旭,2012,「不動產價值逆折舊之探討」,『住宅學報』,21(2):71-89。
梁仁旭、陳奉瑤,2018。不動產估價(第四版)。財團法人中國地政研究所。
梁仁旭、廖彬傑、陳奉瑤、葉惠中,2015,「應用克利金法輔助地價區段劃設之研究」,『臺灣土地研究』,18(2): 1-20。
陳奉瑤,2000,「公告土地現值評估課題與對策之探討」。『林英彥教授退休紀念論文集』初版,台北:宏大不動產。
陳奉瑤,2002,「土地貢獻說?建築物貢獻說?聯合貢獻說?」,『鑑定論壇』,5:28-30。
陳振惟,2017,「公告現值公平性之研究_以松山及信義區為例」,『臺北市政府地政局暨所屬機關106年度自行研究報告』。
陳清秀,2010,「量能課稅與實質課稅原則(上)」,『月旦法學雜誌』,183:72-92。
陳清秀,2016,「房地產稅法上財產估價之原則及其權利救濟」,『月旦法學雜誌』,292:92-112。
陳德翰、王宏文,2011,「臺北市房屋稅公平性之研究─ 兼論豪宅稅之合理性」,『行政暨政策學報』,53:115-162。
陳德翰、王宏文,2013,「臺北市財產稅公平性之研究」,『臺灣土地研究』,16(2):89-139。
傅健豪、曾中信,2021,「以財稅資料分析台灣不動產稅制公平性」,『經濟論文』,49(3):411-444。
游輝振,2007,「從房地價格分離探討公告土地現值查估之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。
黃士洲,2016,「房屋稅的正當性基礎與稅基衡量基準」,『稅務旬刊』2339:7-14。
黃佳鈴、張金鶚,2005,「從房地價格分離探討地價指數之建立」,『台灣土地研究』,8(2):73-106。
楊智傑,2021,「房屋稅有效稅率與評定現值調整之爭議──租稅公平原則與絞殺禁止」,『財產法暨經濟法』,63:33-97,DOI:10.3966/181646412021030063002。
鄒克萬、張秀玲、張曜麟,2002,「整合空間統計技術之土地大量估價方法之研究」,『都市與計劃』,29(3):395-420。 
二、外文參考文獻
Allen, M., and Dare, W. (2002). Identifying determinants of horizontal property tax inequity: Evidence from Florida. Journal of Real Estate Research, 24(2): 153-164.
Bird, R. M., and Slack, E. (2004). Land and property taxation in 25 countries: a comparative review. International handbook of land and property taxation, 54(1): 18.
Clapp, J. M. (1990). A new test for equitable real estate tax assessment. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 3(3): 233-249.
Colwell, P. F., and Munneke, H. J. (1997). The structure of urban land prices. Journal of Urban Economics, 41(3): 321-336.
Cornia, G. C. (1995). Perspectives on the Business Proterty tax. Taxtion of Business Property: Is Uniformity Still a Valid Norm?. Greenwood Publishing Group. Retrieved from http://publisher.abc-clio.com/9780313020490
Cornia, G. C., and Slade, B. A. (2005). Property taxation of multifamily housing: an empirical analysis of vertical and horizontal equity. Journal of Real Estate Research, 27(1): 17-46.
Cornia, G. C., and Slade, B. A. (2006). Horizontal inequity in the property taxation of apartment, industrial, office, and retail properties. National Tax Journal, 59(1): 33-55.
Dawson, R. (2011). How Significant is a Boxplot Outlier? Journal of Statistics Education, 19(2). doi: 10.1080/10691898.2011.11889610
De Cesare, C. M., and Ruddock, L. (1998). A new approach to the analysis of assessment equity. Assessment Journal, 5(2): 57-69.
Elkins, D. (2006). Horizontal equity as a principle of tax theory. Yale Law and Policy Review, Inc., 24(1): 43-90.
Goolsby, W. (1997). Assessment error in the valuation of owner-occupied housing. Journal of Real Estate Research, 13(1): 33-45.
IAAO. (2013). Standard on Ratio Studies. Missouri: IAAO: International Association of Assessing Officers.
IAAO. (2020). Standard on Property Tax Policy: International Association of Assessing Officers.
Janssen, C., and Söderberg, B. (1999). Estimating market prices and assessed values for income properties. Urban Studies, 36(2): 359-376.
Kowalski, J. G., and Colwell, P. F. (1986). Market versus assessed values of industrial land. Real Estate Economics, 14(2): 361-373.
Lin, T.-C. (2010). Property tax inequity resulting from inaccurate assessment—The Taiwan experience. Land Use Policy, 27(2): 511-517. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.07.005
Lin, T.-C., and Evans, A. W. (2000). The relationship between the price of land and size of plot when plots are small. Land Economics, 386-394.
Lin, T.-C., and Jhen, M.-H. (2009). Inequity of land valuation in the highly developed city of Taipei, Taiwan. Land Use Policy, 26(3): 662-668.
Man, J. Y.(1995). The incidence of differential commercial property taxes: Empirical evidence. National Tax Journal, 48(4): 479-496.
Paglin, M., and Fogarty, M. (1972). Equity and the property tax: A new conceptual focus. National Tax Journal, 25(4): 557-565.
Spahr, R. W., and Sunderman, M. A. (1998). Property tax inequities on ranch and farm properties. Land Economics, 74 (3): 374-389.
Sterk, S., and Engler, M. (2006). Property Tax Reassessment: Who Needs It? The Notre Dame law review, 81.
Sunderman, M., Birch, J., Cannaday, R., and Hamilton, T. (1990). Testing for vertical inequity in property tax systems. Journal of Real Estate Research, 5(3): 319-334.
Wild, C. J., & Seber, G. A. (2000). Chance encounters. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Winson-Geideman, K., Jourdan, D., and Gao, S. (2011). The impact of age on the value of historic homes in a nationally recognized historic district. Journal of Real Estate Research, 33(1): 25-48.
Yinger, J., Bloom, H. S., and Boersch-Supan, A. (1988). Property taxes and house values. Elsevier.
Youngman. (1995). Special Problems in the Valuation of Business Property. Taxtion of Business Property: Is Uniformity Still a Valid Norm?. Greenwood Publishing Group. Retrieved from http://publisher.abc-clio.com/9780313020490

三、網頁參考資料
中華民國財政部(2022年6月1日)。財政部關於臺北市政府就全國單一自住房屋折減房屋稅稅基作法之說明。財政部賦稅署。2022年10月10日,取自:https://reurl.cc/58qD8G
臺北市政府地政局(2019年6月6日)。地價作業程序與計算公式簡介。臺北市政府地政局。2023年5月4日,取自:https://land.gov.taipei/cp.aspx?n=78EF83E97DDD5AAC
臺北市稅捐稽徵處(2020年11月6日)。北市單一自住房屋路段率調漲 房屋稅保證比原來少【公告】。臺北市:稅捐稽徵處。2022年6月28日,取自:https://reurl.cc/QW35W0
臺北市稅捐稽徵處,2022,中華民國110年度臺北市稅捐統計年報。2022年8月30日,取自:https://tpctax.gov.taipei/cp.aspx?n=CE650D7F34B6A842
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政學系
110257025
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110257025
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林子欽zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Tzu-Chinen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 張宜庭zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Chang, I-Tingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張宜庭zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, I-Tingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 6-七月-2023 16:52:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 6-七月-2023 16:52:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-七月-2023 16:52:30 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0110257025en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/145887-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 地政學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110257025zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在過去與財產稅公平性有關之實證研究中,多以單一類型不動產為研究對象,並以住宅不動產為主。本研究透過比較不同類型不動產之估價比值,檢驗公部門課稅估價成效是否一致。研究使用2014年6月至2021年7月臺北市不動產交易案例,以市場交易價格為分母,土地公告現值與房屋現值為分子,計算估價比值以檢驗稅基評估公平性。研究設計區分不動產類型為土地及房地,並進一步細分價值相近之住宅、商業、工業及農業類型。
實證結果顯示,商業不動產估價比值離散程度大於住宅不動產,隱含現行評估制度較難掌握商業不動產價值,並且兩類型間存在水平不公平情形,但兩類型間估價比值差距對實際稅額影響有限。而土地相比於房地整體估價比值較高且離散程度較大,表示土地估價難度較大且公部門對於土地價值掌握並不穩定。研究亦發現對於相近價值之建物及土地,似乎有相對低估建物價值之情形。最後,本研究建議,可以稅收負擔分配之角度,運用各類型不動產之估價比值差異評估結果,探討名目稅率與實質稅率差距對公平性之影響。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In previous studies, empirical research on the fairness of property taxation has primarily focused on a single type of property, primarily residential properties. This study examines the consistency of the performance of public sector tax assessment by comparing the assessment ratios of different types of properties. Using real estate transaction data from June 2014 to July 2021 in Taipei City, the study calculates assessment ratios by dividing the assessed land value and building value by the market transaction price. The study categorizes properties into land and land with buildings and further subdivides them into residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural types based on their similar values.
The empirical results indicate that the assessment ratios for commercial properties exhibit higher dispersion compared to residential properties, suggesting that the current assessment system faces challenges in capturing the value of commercial properties and implying horizontal inequity between the two property types. However, the disparity in assessment ratios between the two types has a limited impact on actual tax amounts. Furthermore, land properties exhibit higher overall assessment ratios and greater dispersion compared to land with buildings, indicating greater difficulty in assessing land values and less stability in the government`s grasp of the market value. The study also finds evidence of relatively lower assessment of building values for properties with similar values. Finally, this study suggests utilizing the differences in assessment ratios of various types of properties from the perspective of tax sharing to investigate the impact of the disparity between nominal tax rates and effective tax rates on fairness.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與問題 1
第二節 研究架構與流程 4
第二章 財產稅水平公平性檢驗之回顧 7
第一節 議題形成與評估制度 7
第二節 檢驗方法與相關實證研究 20
第三章 估價成效比較之研究設計與操作 41
第一節 假說建立與公平性檢驗設計 41
第二節 資料說明及處理 55
第四章 各類型不動產估價成效實證分析 72
第一節 不動產交易特徵敘述統計 72
第二節 公平性指標及一致性檢驗 84
第三節 模型實證結果分析 90
第四節 研究主要發現 103
第五章 結論與建議 104
第一節 結論 104
第二節 政策建議 109
第三節 後續研究建議 112
參考文獻 114
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 5662069 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110257025en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 估價比值zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 離散係數zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 水平公平zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Assessment ratioen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Coefficient of dispersion (COD)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Horizontal equityen_US
dc.title (題名) 臺北市各類型不動產課稅估價成效之比較zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Comparison of Tax Assessment Performance for Different Types of Properties in Taipei Cityen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文參考文獻
王宏文,2010,「台北市地價稅公平性之研究」,『行政暨政策學報』,51:47-76,DOI:10.29865/PAP.201012.0002。
王宏文,曾彥閔,2013,「臺北市與高雄市住宅財產稅之比較: 兼論兩市財稅努力之差異」,『政治科學論叢』56:119-156。
何慎筑,2016,「從公告現值及基準地作業探討評價過程中房地價格拆分問題」,『臺北市政府地政局暨所屬機關105年度自行研究報告』。
沈政安,2022,「論不動產持有稅稅基爭議」,『月旦財稅實務釋評』,33:28-38。
林子欽、李汪穎、陳國華,2011,「公寓建物之折舊估算與房屋稅負」,『都市與計劃』,38(1):31-46,DOI:10.6128/CP.38.1.31
林子欽、林子雅,2008,「公部門不動產估價成效評估-公平性之觀點」,『住宅學報』,17(2):63-80。
林惠玲、陳正倉,2014。應用統計學(四版修訂版)。雙葉書廊有限公司。
林森田、丁秀吟,2017。土地經濟學(二版)。巨流政大書城。
梁仁旭,2012,「不動產價值逆折舊之探討」,『住宅學報』,21(2):71-89。
梁仁旭、陳奉瑤,2018。不動產估價(第四版)。財團法人中國地政研究所。
梁仁旭、廖彬傑、陳奉瑤、葉惠中,2015,「應用克利金法輔助地價區段劃設之研究」,『臺灣土地研究』,18(2): 1-20。
陳奉瑤,2000,「公告土地現值評估課題與對策之探討」。『林英彥教授退休紀念論文集』初版,台北:宏大不動產。
陳奉瑤,2002,「土地貢獻說?建築物貢獻說?聯合貢獻說?」,『鑑定論壇』,5:28-30。
陳振惟,2017,「公告現值公平性之研究_以松山及信義區為例」,『臺北市政府地政局暨所屬機關106年度自行研究報告』。
陳清秀,2010,「量能課稅與實質課稅原則(上)」,『月旦法學雜誌』,183:72-92。
陳清秀,2016,「房地產稅法上財產估價之原則及其權利救濟」,『月旦法學雜誌』,292:92-112。
陳德翰、王宏文,2011,「臺北市房屋稅公平性之研究─ 兼論豪宅稅之合理性」,『行政暨政策學報』,53:115-162。
陳德翰、王宏文,2013,「臺北市財產稅公平性之研究」,『臺灣土地研究』,16(2):89-139。
傅健豪、曾中信,2021,「以財稅資料分析台灣不動產稅制公平性」,『經濟論文』,49(3):411-444。
游輝振,2007,「從房地價格分離探討公告土地現值查估之研究」,國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文:臺北。
黃士洲,2016,「房屋稅的正當性基礎與稅基衡量基準」,『稅務旬刊』2339:7-14。
黃佳鈴、張金鶚,2005,「從房地價格分離探討地價指數之建立」,『台灣土地研究』,8(2):73-106。
楊智傑,2021,「房屋稅有效稅率與評定現值調整之爭議──租稅公平原則與絞殺禁止」,『財產法暨經濟法』,63:33-97,DOI:10.3966/181646412021030063002。
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三、網頁參考資料
中華民國財政部(2022年6月1日)。財政部關於臺北市政府就全國單一自住房屋折減房屋稅稅基作法之說明。財政部賦稅署。2022年10月10日,取自:https://reurl.cc/58qD8G
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臺北市稅捐稽徵處(2020年11月6日)。北市單一自住房屋路段率調漲 房屋稅保證比原來少【公告】。臺北市:稅捐稽徵處。2022年6月28日,取自:https://reurl.cc/QW35W0
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