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題名 混齡教育模式下幼兒學習與發展之研究——以台南市私立新樓幼兒園為例
A Study on Children`s Learning and Development in Mixed-age Education: Taking Tainan Private Sin-Lau Kindergarten as an Example作者 楊恩慧
Yang, En-Hui貢獻者 倪鳴香
Ni, Ming-Shiang
楊恩慧
Yang, En-Hui關鍵詞 混齡教育
幼兒學習與發展
年齡
差異
差異共構
田野研究
Mixed-age education
Early childhood learning and development
Age
Difference
Differential co-configuration
Field research日期 2023 上傳時間 2-八月-2023 13:51:39 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究聚焦混齡教育模式下幼兒的學習與發展問題,採取田野研究取徑,以台南市私立新樓幼兒園作為研究田野,藉由對幼兒在混齡教育模式下學習與發展樣貌的系統觀察,和對混齡班教師之訪談,探究幼兒在混齡教育模式下的學習與發展方式,理解「年齡」之於他們學習與發展的意義。通過厚描幼兒在新樓幼兒園的一日生活,以及他們在混齡生活、混齡教學以及混齡遊戲三種不同混齡教育場景下的學習與發展樣態,發現幼兒在混齡教育模式下的學習與發展方式涵括:年齡較大幼兒對於年齡較小幼兒「自上而下」的經驗傳承、年齡較小幼兒對於年齡較大幼兒「自下而上」的觀察模仿、不同年齡層幼兒之間「跨年齡組」的相互激發與合作探索、以及年齡較大幼兒對於年齡較小幼兒的反向學習。在此基礎上,本研究揭示出不同年齡幼兒之間「差異共構」的學習與發展特質,主張認知、社會性等方面的內在經驗或能力強度之差異是不同年齡幼兒之間對話的基礎,也是他們之間之所以能夠透過經驗傳承、觀察模仿、相互激發、合作探索等方式進行學習與發展的觸發機制與內在動力。透過「差異共構」的論述,幼兒的學習與發展不再如階段理論所認為的隨「年齡」自然增長而漸次展開的普適性梯階上升過程,而是一個在自身既有經驗的基礎上,透過與周遭環境,以及不同經驗、不同能力狀況之同齡或異齡同儕的差異性交流與互動,而不斷地豐富、調整與重構自身經驗,從而使自身經驗得以增長和優化的個殊化建構的過程。而幼兒「差異共構」的學習與發展,實非混齡教育模式之必然,還需仰賴一定的教育理念與教育行動來推動。本研究認為,推動幼兒「差異共構」學習與發展的教育理念與行動主要為:(一)消解爭競,將教室當作一個「家」來經營;(二)拆解單元,創設多元環境開放幼兒自由選擇;(三)解構標準,以個殊化的眼光看待與評量幼兒;(四)降解權威,轉換角色支持幼兒的主體性學習。事實上,這些教育理念與行動亦是混齡教育的核心要旨,由此出發,可以對當前幼兒園混齡教育實務中普遍存在的「不知如何混」、「為混而混」及或「形混而神分」等問題,提出如下優化建議:首先,混齡的關鍵不在「年齡」的混合,而在看得見個體間的「差異」;其次,混齡不應成為教師的刻意安排,而應成為幼兒的自然生活;再次,混齡的優化不能僅靠片面的方法調整,而需要對整個教育生態進行系統更新。
This study used the field research method and took Tainnan Private Sin-Lau Kindergarten as its field site, examined the learning and development modes of young children in mixed-age education through systematic children observation and interviews with mixed-age teachers. It also understood the significance of "age" in the learning and development of young children.Through the description of children`s daily life in Sin-Lou Kindergarten and their learning and development patterns in three different mixed-age education scenarios, including mixed-age life activities, mixed-age teaching activities and mixed-age play activities, it is discovered that children`s learning and development modes in the mixed-age education include: "top-down" experiential transmission from older children to younger children, "bottom-up" observation and imitation from younger children to older children, "cross-age" mutual stimulation and cooperative exploration among children of different ages, and "reverse learning" of older children from younger children. Based On this, this study further uncovered the "differential co-construction" learning and development traits of young children of various ages. Differential levels of internal experience or aptitude, such as cognition and sociality, served as the foundation for conversation among young children of different ages. These differences also act as triggering mechanisms and internal motivators for young children’s learning and development. According to "differential co-construction" children`s learning and development are no longer a process of universality gradually increasing with "age" as suggested by stage theories, but rather a process of communication and interaction with the surrounding environment and peers of the same age or different age based on their own existing experience and abilities, and a unique process of constantly enhancing, modifying, and recreating one`s own experience in order to maximize and improve it.However, the "differential co-construction" is not the inevitable result of mixed-age education model, but the promotion of specific educational concepts and actions, such as: (1) resolving conflicts and managing the classroom as a "home" (2) disassembling the unit to create a diverse environment open to children`s free choice; (3) deconstructing the standard, treating and evaluating children from a special perspective; (4) degrading authority and changing roles to support children`s subjective learning. 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國立政治大學
教育學系
108152518資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108152518 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 倪鳴香 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Ni, Ming-Shiang en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 楊恩慧 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Yang, En-Hui en_US dc.creator (作者) 楊恩慧 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Yang, En-Hui en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-八月-2023 13:51:39 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-八月-2023 13:51:39 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-八月-2023 13:51:39 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0108152518 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146519 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 教育學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108152518 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究聚焦混齡教育模式下幼兒的學習與發展問題,採取田野研究取徑,以台南市私立新樓幼兒園作為研究田野,藉由對幼兒在混齡教育模式下學習與發展樣貌的系統觀察,和對混齡班教師之訪談,探究幼兒在混齡教育模式下的學習與發展方式,理解「年齡」之於他們學習與發展的意義。通過厚描幼兒在新樓幼兒園的一日生活,以及他們在混齡生活、混齡教學以及混齡遊戲三種不同混齡教育場景下的學習與發展樣態,發現幼兒在混齡教育模式下的學習與發展方式涵括:年齡較大幼兒對於年齡較小幼兒「自上而下」的經驗傳承、年齡較小幼兒對於年齡較大幼兒「自下而上」的觀察模仿、不同年齡層幼兒之間「跨年齡組」的相互激發與合作探索、以及年齡較大幼兒對於年齡較小幼兒的反向學習。在此基礎上,本研究揭示出不同年齡幼兒之間「差異共構」的學習與發展特質,主張認知、社會性等方面的內在經驗或能力強度之差異是不同年齡幼兒之間對話的基礎,也是他們之間之所以能夠透過經驗傳承、觀察模仿、相互激發、合作探索等方式進行學習與發展的觸發機制與內在動力。透過「差異共構」的論述,幼兒的學習與發展不再如階段理論所認為的隨「年齡」自然增長而漸次展開的普適性梯階上升過程,而是一個在自身既有經驗的基礎上,透過與周遭環境,以及不同經驗、不同能力狀況之同齡或異齡同儕的差異性交流與互動,而不斷地豐富、調整與重構自身經驗,從而使自身經驗得以增長和優化的個殊化建構的過程。而幼兒「差異共構」的學習與發展,實非混齡教育模式之必然,還需仰賴一定的教育理念與教育行動來推動。本研究認為,推動幼兒「差異共構」學習與發展的教育理念與行動主要為:(一)消解爭競,將教室當作一個「家」來經營;(二)拆解單元,創設多元環境開放幼兒自由選擇;(三)解構標準,以個殊化的眼光看待與評量幼兒;(四)降解權威,轉換角色支持幼兒的主體性學習。事實上,這些教育理念與行動亦是混齡教育的核心要旨,由此出發,可以對當前幼兒園混齡教育實務中普遍存在的「不知如何混」、「為混而混」及或「形混而神分」等問題,提出如下優化建議:首先,混齡的關鍵不在「年齡」的混合,而在看得見個體間的「差異」;其次,混齡不應成為教師的刻意安排,而應成為幼兒的自然生活;再次,混齡的優化不能僅靠片面的方法調整,而需要對整個教育生態進行系統更新。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study used the field research method and took Tainnan Private Sin-Lau Kindergarten as its field site, examined the learning and development modes of young children in mixed-age education through systematic children observation and interviews with mixed-age teachers. It also understood the significance of "age" in the learning and development of young children.Through the description of children`s daily life in Sin-Lou Kindergarten and their learning and development patterns in three different mixed-age education scenarios, including mixed-age life activities, mixed-age teaching activities and mixed-age play activities, it is discovered that children`s learning and development modes in the mixed-age education include: "top-down" experiential transmission from older children to younger children, "bottom-up" observation and imitation from younger children to older children, "cross-age" mutual stimulation and cooperative exploration among children of different ages, and "reverse learning" of older children from younger children. Based On this, this study further uncovered the "differential co-construction" learning and development traits of young children of various ages. Differential levels of internal experience or aptitude, such as cognition and sociality, served as the foundation for conversation among young children of different ages. These differences also act as triggering mechanisms and internal motivators for young children’s learning and development. According to "differential co-construction" children`s learning and development are no longer a process of universality gradually increasing with "age" as suggested by stage theories, but rather a process of communication and interaction with the surrounding environment and peers of the same age or different age based on their own existing experience and abilities, and a unique process of constantly enhancing, modifying, and recreating one`s own experience in order to maximize and improve it.However, the "differential co-construction" is not the inevitable result of mixed-age education model, but the promotion of specific educational concepts and actions, such as: (1) resolving conflicts and managing the classroom as a "home" (2) disassembling the unit to create a diverse environment open to children`s free choice; (3) deconstructing the standard, treating and evaluating children from a special perspective; (4) degrading authority and changing roles to support children`s subjective learning. In actuality, the foundational elements of mixed-age schooling are these educational ideas and practices. In light of these, we can propose the following optimization recommendations for the issues of "don`t know how to mixed-age," "mixed-age for mixed-age," and "form mixed-age but content divide" that frequently occur in the setting of kindergarten mixed-age education. First of all, the key to mixed-age education situations is not the mix of "ages," but rather the "differences" Secondly, mixed-age should become a natural part of children`s lives rather than an intentional choice made by teachers; Thirdly, updating the entire education ecological system is necessary in order to optimize mixed-age education rather than merely using one-sided adjustment techniques. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 「年齡」作為發展量尺的形成與影響 1第二節 混齡教育成為幼兒教育發展的重要趨勢 10第三節 研究目的與問題 16第二章 混齡教育及相關研究 17第一節 混齡教育的發展脈絡 17第二節 混齡教育相關研究 27第三章 研究方法與設計 42第一節 以田野研究作為研究取徑 42第二節 研究田野:台南市私立新樓幼兒園 47第三節 田野研究的過程 55第四節 研究倫理 70第四章 混齡教育模式下幼兒的學習與發展樣貌 72第一節 幼兒在新樓幼兒園的一天 72第二節 混齡生活場景中幼兒的「大帶小」學習 78第三節 混齡教學場景中幼兒的交互學習 85第四節 混齡遊戲場景中幼兒的互動學習 92第五章 立基「差異」的幼兒「共構」學習與發展 125第一節 幼兒「差異共構」學習與發展的內涵與意義 125第二節 導向「差異共構」的教育理念與行動 134第三節 再思混齡教育的意義與實踐優化 148第六章 回顧與展望 157第一節 研究歷程之回顧 157第二節 未來研究之展望 162參考文獻 166附錄 178附錄一 園長訪談提綱(2022年1月18日) 178附錄二 教師訪談提綱 179附錄三 園長訪談提綱(2022年3月 25日) 180附錄四 研究參與者知情同意書 181表次表1- 1 兒童發展之年齡階段理論對比表 9表2- 1 混齡教育成效之實證研究彙總表 41表3- 1 「葉子班」教師基本情況表 59表3- 2 「種子班」教師基本情況表 63表3- 3 園長及教師訪談文本彙總表 68表4- 1 新樓幼兒園一日作息時間表 77表5- 1 新樓幼兒園「愛護環境,欣賞生命」生命教育課程表 137表5- 2 「葉子班」益智區玩具和操作材料彙總表 141 zh_TW dc.format.extent 7454428 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108152518 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 混齡教育 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 幼兒學習與發展 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 年齡 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 差異 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 差異共構 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 田野研究 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mixed-age education en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Early childhood learning and development en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Age en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Difference en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Differential co-configuration en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Field research en_US dc.title (題名) 混齡教育模式下幼兒學習與發展之研究——以台南市私立新樓幼兒園為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Study on Children`s Learning and Development in Mixed-age Education: Taking Tainan Private Sin-Lau Kindergarten as an Example en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文文獻中華書局編譯(1989)。大英百科全書:第七卷。中華書局。伍紅林(2008)。論基於教育學立場的教育田野研究—兼與人類學的比較。教育理論與實踐,10,8-11。汪民安等編(2001)。後現代性的哲學話語:從福柯到賽義德。浙江人民出版社。汪育靜(2014)。中部地區教保服務人員對混齡教學的教學態度育教學困境之相關研究 [未出版之碩士論文]。國立台中教育大學。吳清山(2016)。教育名詞-混齡教學。教育脈動,(8),161。吳清山、林天佑(2007)。實驗教育。教育研究月刊,155,168。佟新(2010)。人口社會學(第四版)。北京大學出版社。李好(2018)。德勒茲差異哲學視域中的兒童[未出版之碩士論文]。南京師範大學。李功毅(2021)。教育現代化的一個重要基礎是教育科學化。教育家,47,9。李政濤(2007)。論「教育田野」研究的特質—兼論田野工作中人類學立場和教育學立場的差異。教育研究與實驗,6,6-11。李孋姃(2008)。基督教幼兒教育學系沿革。載於王貞文(編),深耕.本土.放眼普世:台南神學院一百三十年紀念特刊(頁49-50)。南神出版社。林思嫻、倪鳴香(2021)。成長兒童學園發展史(1983-1988)。載於倪鳴香(編),童年的沃野:台灣幼兒教育機構發展史(頁191-235)。台北:國立政治大學幼兒教育研究所。林欣毅、鄭章華、廖素嫻(2016)。混齡教學於國中小階段之實施方式與支持策略策略—多重個案探究。教育實踐與研究,29(2),1-31。林姝吟、 陳淑美(2017)。我國幼兒園實施融合教育之實務探討。臺灣教育評論月刊,6(2),63-67。邱志鵬、謝友文(1985)。混合年齡教學的理論理論與實際。家政教育,9(6),58-65。周采、楊漢麟(1999)。外國學前教育史。北京師範大學出版社。周欣等(2005)。對早期兒童的學習與發展的再認識。學前教育研究,3,14-20。段慧瑩、陳紀萍(1998)。幼兒混齡課程探討。私立慈濟護專學報,7,165-218。費宗惠、張榮華編(2009)。費孝通論文化自覺。內蒙古人民出版社。翁乃群(1997)。山野研究與走出山野-對中國社會文化人類學的反思。廣西民族大學學報:哲學社會科學版,3,21-27。高敬文(1977)。美國「開放教育」與我國「新教學法」之比較研究。東益出版社。高杉自子(2014)。幼兒教育的原點(王小英譯;1版)。華東師範大學出版社。(原著出版於2006)徐永康、鄭同僚(2019)。鄉村小校混齡教學與課程設計。課程研究,14(1),55-77。倪鳴香(2019)。幼師專業的認同與發展:教育學專輯研究取向。學富文化。陳向明(2000)。質的研究方法與社會科學研究。教育科學出版社。陳延興、朱秀麗(2018)。 一所學校型態創新混齡實驗教育學校的成長與蛻變。師資培育與教師專業發展期刊,11(3),109-135。陳聖謨(2015)。偏鄉迷你小學推展混齡教學的理論與出路。發表於2015年海峽兩岸中小學教師教育與課程改革學術研討會,嘉義市,台灣。陳聖謨(2016)。混齡教學:偏鄉小校新風貌。華騰文化。陳聖謨(2017)。偏鄉迷你小學教師實施混齡教學之研究(計畫編號MOST 105-2410-H-415-026-)[補助]。科技部。陳聖謨(2022)。辨與變: 我國偏鄉小學混齡教學體制的迷思與展望。台灣教育研究期刊,3(2),171-193。陳淑琦(1994)。幼兒教育課程設計。心理出版公司。教育部(2011)。幼兒教育及照顧法。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawHistory.aspx?pcode=H0070031教育部(2014a)。高級中等以下教育階段非學校型態實驗教育實施條例。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0070059教育部(2014b)。學校型態實驗教育實施條例。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0070060教育部(2016)。幼兒園教保活動課程大綱。https://www.ece.moe.edu.tw/ch/preschool/.galleries/preschool-files/NEW1.pdf教育部(2014c)。公立國民小學及國民中學委託私人辦理條例。https://www.president.gov.tw/PORTALS/0/BULLETINS/PAPER/PDF/7168-7 .PDF教育部(2017a)。公立國民小學及國民中學合併或停辦準則。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0070070教育部(2017b)。偏遠地區學校發展條例。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0070073陶國富(1993)。國內外青年發展理論的探析與思考。青年研究,11,40-43。許瑛玿(2009)。德國幼兒教育之混齡教學政策對我國幼教的省思。教育部職業學校家政群課程中心學校電子報,26。張秀卿主編(2001)。小種子的故事。小種子幼兒學園。張秀卿等(2021)。撒種到深根:新樓生命教育的發展史(1954-2020)。載於倪鳴香(編),童年的沃野:台灣幼兒教育機構發展史(頁127-160)。國立政治大學幼兒教育研究所。郭佩宜、王宏仁(2019)。田野的技藝:自我,研究與知識建構。讀書共和國/左岸文化。單中惠(1997)。外國幼兒教育史。上海:上海教育出版社。華愛華(2005)。幼兒園混齡教育與學前教育改革。學前教育研究,2,5-8。游佳璇(2014)。三歲幼兒於混齡班中的互動特色初探。國民教育,54(4),65-72。湯志民(2001)。幼兒學習環境的建構和設計原則。初等教育學刊,9,135-170。湯志民(2013)。幼兒園環境創設指導與實例。華東師範大學出版社。葛曉英(2013)。混齡教育的探索與實踐。福建人民出版社。楊麗珠、劉文(2006)。畢生發展心理學。高等教育出版社。詹志禹(2016)。發現孩子的亮點。長江少年兒童出版社。廖芳如(2008)。幼稚園的長尾商機之初探─以蒙特梭利教學模式之園所為例。網路社會學通訊,74。廖鳳瑞,張靜文(2019)。幼兒園教保活動課程 幼兒學習評量手冊。教育部國民及學前教育署。劉乙儀(2021)。幼兒園混齡教學之探析。台灣教育雙月刊,732,35-41。劉千美(2001)。差異與實踐:當代藝術哲學研究。立緒。劉貞誼(2004)。搖動搖籃的手—混齡班幼兒學校生活適應之行動研究 [未出版之碩士論文]。國立台北師範學院。劉德寰(2007)。年齡論:社會空間中的社會時間。中華工商聯合出版社。潘英海(1999)。人類學的田野工作-從馬凌諾斯基談起。載於中正大學教育學研究所(編),教育學研究法論文集(頁77-97)。麗文文化。鄭瑞隆(2000)。符號互動論及其在教育研究上之應用。載於中正大學教育研究所(編),質的研究方法 (頁 135-153)。麗文文化。盧啟明(2018)。戰後初期幼兒教育和主日學教材的推手:白勵志姑娘(Miss Daisy Pearce)。新使者,164,50-54。賴英杰、黃月純(2021)。嘉義縣國小實施混齡教學支持系統之探究。台灣教育雙月刊,732,1-18。羅秀青(2010)。德國學齡前幼托改革政策之探討。幼兒教保研究,5, 83-98。羅德發(2019)。一位國小老師在混齡教育體制下的轉化歷程 [未出版之碩士論文]。國立政治大學。Barbara Rogoff(2003)。人類發展的文化本質(李昭明、陳欣希譯;1版)。心理出版社。(原著出版於2003)Clifford Geertz(2004)。地方性知識:闡釋人類學論文集(王海龍、張家宣譯;1版)。中央編譯出版社。(原著出版於1983)Friedrich Frobel(1991)。人的教育(孫祖複譯;1版)。人民教育出版社。(原著出版於1973)Gilles Deleuze(2019)。差異與重複(安靖、張子岳譯;1版)。華東師範大學出版社。(原著出版於1968)Gilles Deleuze(2010)。資本主義與精神分裂:千高原(第2卷)(姜宇輝譯;1版)。上海書店出版社。(原著出版於1980)Goodlad, J. 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