學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 用 Logo 展現創新:品牌名稱大小寫字母的使用對消費者認知品牌創新程度的影響
The Effect of the Uppercase and Lowercase in Brand Names on Perceived Brand Innovation作者 杜佳耘
Tu, Chia-Yun貢獻者 林穎青
杜佳耘
Tu, Chia-Yun關鍵詞 大小寫字母
處理流暢性理論
品牌創新
產品評價
發音難易度
品牌名稱設計
Uppercase and Lowercase letters
Processing fluency theory
Brand innovation
Product evaluation
Pronunciation
Brand name design日期 2023 上傳時間 2-八月-2023 14:10:39 (UTC+8) 摘要 在現今激烈的市場中,各品牌時常使用大小寫英文字母為其品牌名稱取名,並用於各種產業。在寫作習慣上人們使用大寫字母拼寫標題和強調某事,小寫字母較頻繁使用在內文。此外,正字法指出專有名稱的第一個字母默認字首大寫,因此消費者普遍會認為字首大寫和全大寫的寫法才是較正規、熟悉的用法。本研究以兩個實驗欲驗證,相較於大寫字母,使用小寫字母的品牌名稱會產生較高的品牌創新感知和產品評價,其處理不流暢性為此效果之中介,且發音難易程度、產業別為干擾因子。實驗一結果證實,相較於大寫,以小寫字母呈現的品牌名其品牌創新感知與產品 評價較高。發音難易程度於品牌創新的影響尚雖無顯著的調節效果,但在產品評價上卻產生了顯著調節效果,於發音容易的狀況下,品牌顯示為小寫和品牌顯示為大寫無顯著差異,然而在發音困難的狀況下,當品牌顯示為小寫時,產品評價顯著高於品牌 顯示為大寫。產業別在品牌創新與產品評價皆無發現顯著調節效果。實驗二結果再次證實了相較於大寫,消費者會對小寫呈現之品牌名產生的品牌創新感知與產品評價較高,同時,處理不流暢性為其中介因子。本研究於理論上具體探討品牌名稱設計的處理流暢性會使消費者對品牌創新和產品評價產生什麼效果,且實務上提供了品牌名稱設計相關的建議,並可為企業品牌定位策略提供參考。
In today`s competitive market, brands often use uppercase and lowercase letters to name their brands, which are used across various industries. In writing, people use capital letters for titles and to emphasize certain things, while lowercase letters are more frequently used in the body of the text. Furthermore, orthography dictates that the first letter of a proper noun is capitalized by default. As a result, consumers generally consider the use of initial capitalization and all capital letters as more formal and familiar. This study conducted two experiments to verify that brand names written in lowercase letters generate higher perceptions of brand innovation and product evaluation compared to uppercase letters. Processing fluency serves as the mediator for this effect, while the ease of pronunciation and industry type act as moderating factors. The results of Experiment 1 confirmed that brand names presented in lowercase letters were associated with higher perceptions of brand innovation and product evaluation compared to uppercase letters. Although the ease of pronunciation did not have a significant moderating effect on brand innovation, it did show a significant moderating effect on product evaluation. When the pronunciation was easy, there was no significant difference between brand names displayed in lowercase and uppercase letters. However, when the pronunciation was difficult, product evaluation was significantly higher for brand names displayed in lowercase letters compared to uppercase letters. However, no significant moderating effects were found for industry type on brand innovation and product evaluation. The results of Experiment 2 further confirmed that consumers perceive brand names presented in lowercase letters as more innovative and evaluate them more favorably compared to uppercase letters, with processing fluency serving as a mediating factor. This research contributes theoretically by investigating the role of processing fluency in brand names and provides practical recommendations for brand name design, serving as a reference for corporate brand positioning strategies.參考文獻 Aaker, D. A., & Keller, K. L. (1990). Consumer evaluations of brand extensions. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 27-41.Aaker, D. A. (2004). Leveraging the corporate brand. California Management review, 46(3), 6-18.Aaker, J., Vohs, K. D., & Mogilner, C. (2010). Nonprofits are seen as warm and for-profits as competent: Firm stereotypes matter. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 224-237.Ailawadi, K. L., & Keller, K. L. (2004). Understanding retail branding: conceptual insights and research priorities. Journal of Retailing, 80(4), 331-342.Alhaddad, A. (2015). Perceived quality, brand image and brand trust as determinants of brand loyalty. Journal of Research in Business and Management, 3(4), 01-08.Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2006). Predicting short-term stock fluctuations by using processing fluency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(24), 9369-9372.Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., & Eyre, R. N. (2007). Overcoming intuition: metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(4), 569.Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). Effects of fluency on psychological distance and mental construal (or why New York is a large city, but New York is a civilized jungle). Psychological Science, 19(2), 161-167.Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). Easy on the mind, easy on the wallet: The roles of familiarity and processing fluency in valuation judgments. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(5), 985-990.Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(3), 219-235.Andrews, J. C., & Shimp, T. A. (1990). Effects of involvement, argument strength, and source characteristics on central and peripheral processing of advertising. Psychology & Marketing, 7(3), 195-214.Arganosa, V. G., Napoles, L. P., & Aquino, A. J. (1988). Comparative reproductive performance of purebred Pietrain swine and their crossbreds with Duroc, yorkshire and hampshire [Philippines]. Philippine Agriculturist (Philippines).Babayigit, O. (2019). Examining the effect of creative writing activities on reading, writing and language lesson attitudes of elementary school fourth grade students. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(1), 213-220.Balachander, S., & Ghose, S. (2003). Reciprocal spillover effects: A strategic benefit of brand extensions. Journal of Marketing, 67(1), 4-13.Bao, Y., Shao, A. T., & Rivers, D. (2008). Creating new brand names: Effects of relevance, connotation, and pronunciation. Journal of Advertising Research, 48(1), 148-162.Barone, M. J., & Jewell, R. D. (2013). The innovator`s license: A latitude to deviate from category norms. Journal of Marketing, 77(1), 120-134.Bartram, D. (1982). The perception of semantic quality in type: Differences between designers and non-designers. Information Design Journal, 3(1), 38-50.Berry, L. L. (2000). Cultivating service brand equity. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), 128-137.Blake, T., Nosko, C., & Tadelis, S. (2015). Consumer heterogeneity and paid search effectiveness: A large‐scale field experiment. Econometrica, 83(1), 155-174.Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Tormala, Z. L. (2006). The malleable meaning of subjective ease. Psychological Science, 17(3), 200-206.Brumberger, E. R. (2003). The rhetoric of typography: The awareness and impact of typeface appropriateness. Technical Communication, 50(2), 224-231.Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 265.Bottomley, P. A., & Doyle, J. R. (2006). The interactive effects of colors and products on perceptions of brand logo appropriateness. Marketing Theory, 6(1), 63-83.Brown, A. S., & Marsh, E. J. (2009). Creating illusions of past encounter through brief exposure. Psychological Science, 20(5), 534-538.Chan, C. S. R., Park, H. D., & Patel, P. (2018). The effect of company name fluency on venture investment decisions and IPO underpricing. Venture Capital, 20(1), 1-26.Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 65(2), 81-93.Childers, T. L., & Jass, J. (2002). All dressed up with something to say: Effects of typeface semantic associations on brand perceptions and consumer memory. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(2), 93-106.Christodoulides, G., & De Chernatony, L. (2010). Consumer-based brand equity conceptualisation and measurement: a literature review. International Journal of Market Research, 52(1), 43-66.Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38(4), 785-810.Cho, H., Jeong, S. H., Park, M. H., Kim, Y. H., Wolf, C., Lee, C. L. & Lee, T. W. (2015). Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Science, 350(6265), 1222-1225.Chen, Y. S. A., & Bei, L. T. (2020). The effects of logo frame design on brand extensions. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 29(1), 97-113.Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 55, 591-621.Corley, M., MacGregor, L. J., & Donaldson, D. I. (2007). It`s the way that you say it: Disfluency in speech affects the comprehension process. Cognition, 105.Crawford, M., & Di Benedetto, A. (2003). The new products process. New Products Management.Cupchik, G. C., & Berlyne, D. E. (1979). The perception of collative properties in visual stimuli. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 93-104.Danneels, E., & Kleinschmidtb, E. J. (2001). Product innovativeness from the firm`s perspective: Its dimensions and their relation with project selection and performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management: An International Publication of the Product Development & Management Association, 18(6), 357-373.Dawar, N., & Parker, P. (1994). Marketing universals: Consumers’ use of brand name, price, physical appearance, and retailer reputation as signals of product quality. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 81-95.De Ruyter, K., & Wetzels, M. (2000). The role of corporate image and extension similarity in service brand extensions. Journal of Economic Psychology, 21(6), 639-659.Diemand-Yauman, C., Oppenheimer, D. M., & Vaughan, E. B. (2011). Fortune favors the (): Effects of disfluency on educational outcomes. Cognition, 118(1), 111-115.Dohle, S., & Siegrist, M. (2014). Fluency of pharmaceutical drug names predicts perceived hazardousness, assumed side effects and willingness to buy. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(10), 1241-1249.Doyle, J. R., & Bottomley, P. A. (2004). Font appropriateness and brand choice. Journal of Business Research, 57(8), 873-880.Drucker, P. F. (1985). The discipline of innovation. Harvard Business Review, 63(3), 67-72.Eisingerich, A. B., & Rubera, G. (2010). Drivers of brand commitment: A cross-national investigation. Journal of International Marketing, 18(2), 64-79.Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2005). Self-construal, reference groups, and brand meaning. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(3), 378-389.Falkenreck, C., & Wagner, R. (2011). The impact of perceived innovativeness on maintaining a buyer–seller relationship in health care markets: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(3-4), 225-242.Fetscherin, M., & Heinrich, D. (2015). Consumer brand relationships research: A bibliometric citation meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 380-390.Flora, J. A., & Maibach, E. W. (1990). Cognitive responses to AIDS information: The effects of issue involvement and message appeal. Communication Research, 17(6), 759-774.Fornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer: The Swedish experience. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 6-21.Foroudi, P., Melewar, T. C., & Gupta, S. (2014). Linking corporate logo, corporate image, and reputation: An examination of consumer perceptions in the financial setting. Journal of Business Research, 67(11), 2269-2281.Garcia, R., & Calantone, R. (2002). A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness terminology: a literature review. Journal of Product Innovation Management: An International Publication of the Product Development & Management Association, 19(2), 110-132.Gatignon, H., & Robertson, T. S. (1993). The impact of risk and competition on choice of innovations. Marketing Letters, 4(3), 191-204.Gmuer, A., Siegrist, M., & Dohle, S. (2015). Does wine label processing fluency influence wine hedonics?. Food Quality and Preference, 44, 12-16.Golder, P. N., & Tellis, G. J. (1993). Pioneer advantage: Marketing logic or marketing legend?. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(2), 158-170.Graf, L. K., Mayer, S., & Landwehr, J. R. (2018). Measuring processing fluency: One versus five items. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 28(3), 393-411.Green, T. C., & Jame, R. (2013). Company name fluency, investor recognition, and firm value. Journal of Financial Economics, 109(3), 813-834.Grohmann, B., Giese, J. L., & Parkman, I. D. (2013). Using type font characteristics to communicate brand personality of new brands. Journal of Brand Management, 20(5), 389-403.Gürhan-Canli, Z., & Batra, R. (2004). When corporate image affects product evaluations: The moderating role of perceived risk. Journal of Marketing Research, 41(2), 197-205.Hagtvedt, H., & Patrick, V. M. (2008). Art infusion: The influence of visual art on the perception and evaluation of consumer products. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(3), 379-389.Hagtvedt, H. (2011). The impact of incomplete typeface logos on perceptions of the firm. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 86-93.Halamish, V. (2018). Can very small font size enhance memory?. Memory & Cognition, 46(6), 979-993.Hamann, S. B. (1990). Level-of-processing effects in conceptually driven implicit tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(6), 970.Henard, D. H., & Dacin, P. A. (2010). Reputation for product innovation: Its impact on consumers. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(3), 321-335.Henderson, P. W., & Cote, J. A. (1998). Guidelines for selecting or modifying logos. Journal of Marketing, 62(2), 14-30.Henderson, P. W., Giese, J. L., & Cote, J. A. (2004). Impression management using typeface design. Journal of Marketing, 68(4), 60-72.Huang, Y. Y., & Chan, A. K. (1997). Chinese brand naming: From general principles to specific rules. International Journal of Advertising, 16(4), 320-335.Hurley, R. F., & Hult, G. T. M. (1998). Innovation, market orientation, and organizational learning: an integration and empirical examination. Journal of Marketing, 62(3), 42-54.Im, S., & Workman Jr, J. P. (2004). Market orientation, creativity, and new product performance in high-technology firms. Journal of Marketing, 68(2), 114-132.Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110(3), 306.Janiszewski, C., & Meyvis, T. (2001). Effects of brand logo complexity, repetition, and spacing on processing fluency and judgment. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 18-32.Jones, M. N., & Mewhort, D. J. (2004). Case-sensitive letter and bigram frequency counts from large-scale English corpora. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 388–396Karlsson, B. S., Aronsson, N., & Svensson, K. A. (2003). Using semantic environment description as a tool to evaluate car interiors. Ergonomics, 46(13-14), 1408-1422.Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1-22.Keller, K. L., Heckler, S. E., & Houston, M. J. (1998). The effects of brand name suggestiveness on advertising recall. Journal of Marketing, 62(1), 48-57.Kelley, C. M., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Remembering mistaken for knowing: Ease of retrieval as a basis for confidence in answers to general knowledge questions. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(1), 1-24.Kidwell, B., Farmer, A., & Hardesty, D. M. (2013). Getting liberals and conservatives to go green: Political ideology and congruent appeals. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(2), 350-367.Kim, S., Jung, A. R., & Kim, Y. (2021). The effects of typefaces on ad effectiveness considering psychological perception and perceived communicator’s power. Journal of Marketing Communications, 27(7), 716-741.Klink, R. R. (2000). Creating brand names with meaning: The use of sound symbolism. Marketing Letters, 11, 5-20.Koffka, K. (1922). Perception: An introduction to the Gestalt-Theorie. Psychological Bulletin, 19(10), 531.Kohli, C., & LaBahn, D. W. (1997). Creating effective brand names: A study of the naming process. Journal of Advertising Research, 37(1), 67-75.Kostyk, A., Niculescu, M., & Leonhardt, J. M. (2017). Less is more: Online consumer ratings` format affects purchase intentions and processing. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 16(5), 434-441.Kunz, W., Schmitt, B., & Meyer, A. (2011). How does perceived firm innovativeness affect the consumer?. Journal of Business Research, 64(8), 816-822.Labrecque, L. I., & Milne, G. R. (2012). Exciting red and competent blue: the importance of color in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 711-727.Labroo, A. A., & Pocheptsova, A. (2016). Metacognition and consumer judgment: Fluency is pleasant but disfluency ignites interest. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 154-159.Laham, S. M., Koval, P., & Alter, A. L. (2012). The name-pronunciation effect: Why people like Mr. Smith more than Mr. Colquhoun. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 752-756.Leclerc, F., Schmitt, B. H., & Dubé-Rioux, L. (1989). Brand name á la française? Oui, but for the right product!. ACR North American Advances, Vol. 16, ed. T.K. Srull, 253–257. Ann Harbor, MI: Association forConsumer ResearchLii, Y. S., Wu, K. W., & Ding, M. C. (2013). Doing good does good? Sustainable marketing of CSR and consumer evaluations. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 20(1), 15-28.Lin, Y. C., & Wang, K. Y. (2016). Language choice in advertising for multinational corporations and local firms: A reinquiry focusing on monolinguals. Journal of Advertising, 45(1), 43-52.Liu, S. Q., Bogicevic, V., & Mattila, A. S. (2018). Circular vs. angular servicescape:“Shaping” customer response to a fast service encounter pace. Journal of Business Research, 89, 47-56.Luna, D., Lerman, D., & Peracchio, L. A. (2005). Structural constraints in code-switched advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(3), 416-423.Luna, D., & Peracchio, L. A. (2005). Advertising to bilingual consumers: The impact of code-switching on persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 760-765.MacInnis, D. J., Shapiro, S., & Mani, G. (1999). Enhancing brand awareness through brand symbols. ACR North American Advances(Vol. 26, pp. 601). Provo, UT:Association for Consumer Research.Mahmood, S. J. (2019). Compared to the case of mental fluency among athletes collective and individual games Study. Sports Culture- 275.McAteer, E. (1992). Typeface emphasis and information focus in written language. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6(4), 345-359.McCarthy, M. S., & Mothersbaugh, D. L. (2002). Effects of typographic factors in advertising‐based persuasion: A general model and initial empirical tests. Psychology & Marketing, 19(7‐8), 663-691.McDermott, C. M., & O`Connor, G. C. (2002). Managing radical innovation: an overview of emergent strategy issues. Journal of Product Innovation Management: an International Publication of the Product Development & Management Association, 19(6), 424-438.Mizik, N., & Jacobson, R. (2008). The financial value impact of perceptual brand attributes. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(1), 15-32.Morrow, J. D., Awad, J. A., Boss, H. J., Blair, I. A., & Roberts 2nd, L. J. (1992). Non-cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (F2-isoprostanes) are formed in situ on phospholipids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(22), 10721-10725.Motyka, S., Suri, R., Grewal, D., & Kohli, C. (2016). Disfluent vs. fluent price offers: Paradoxical role of processing disfluency. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(5), 627-638.Nagy, D., Szirmai, G., & Domokos, P. (2011). Critical exponent of a quantum-noise-driven phase transition: The open-system Dicke model. Physical Review A, 84(4), 043637.Nesbitt, H. W., Bancroft, G. M., Pratt, A. R., & Scaini, M. J. (1998). Sulfur and iron surface states on fractured pyrite surfaces. American Mineralogist, 83(9-10), 1067-1076.Netemeyer, R. G., Krishnan, B., Pullig, C., Wang, G., Yagci, M., Dean, D. & Wirth, F. (2004). Developing and validating measures of facets of customer-based brand equity. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 209-224.Newman, E. J., Sanson, M., Miller, E. K., Quigley-McBride, A., Foster, J. L., Bernstein, D. M., & Garry, M. (2014). People with easier to pronounce names promote truthiness of claims. PloS one, 9(2), e88671.Ngo, L. V., & O`Cass, A. (2012).In search of innovation and customer‐related performance superiority: The role of market orientation, marketing capability, and innovation capability interactions. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(5), 861-877.Novemsky, N., Dhar, R., Schwarz, N., & Simonson, I. (2007). Preference fluency in choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(3), 347-356.Nunnally, J. C. (1978). An overview of psychological measurement. Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders: A Handbook, 97-146.Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). The secret life of fluency. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(6), 237-241.Pappu, R., & Quester, P. G. (2016). How does brand innovativeness affect brand loyalty?. European Journal of Marketing, 50(1–2), 2–28.Paterson, D. G., & Tinker, M. A. (1932). Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading. VIII. Space between lines or leading. Journal of Applied Psychology, 16(4), 388.Perea, M., & Panadero, V. (2014). Does viotin activate violin more than viocin?. Experimental Psychology, 61(1), 23 – 29.Peressotti, F., Cubelli, R., & Job, R. (2003). On recognizing proper names: The orthographic cue hypothesis. Cognitive Psychology, 47(1), 87-116.Peterburs, J., Bellebaum, C., Koch, B., Schwarz, M., & Daum, I. (2010). Working memory and verbal fluency deficits following cerebellar lesions: relation to interindividual differences in patient variables. The Cerebellum, 9, 375-383.Pittard, N., Ewing, M., & Jevons, C. (2007). Aesthetic theory and logo design: examining consumer response to proportion across cultures. International Marketing Review, 24(4), 457-473.Pocheptsova, A., Labroo, A. A., & Dhar, R. (2010). Making products feel special: When metacognitive difficulty enhances evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(6), 1059-1069.Powell, N. B., & Cassill, N. L. (2006). New textile product development: Processes, practices, and products. Journal of the Textile Institute, 97(2), 155-166.Reber, R., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Effects of perceptual fluency on judgments of truth. Consciousness and Cognition, 8(3), 338-342.Reber, R., Schwarz, N., & Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver`s processing experience?. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(4), 364-382.Reichstein, M., Rey, A., Freibauer, A., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Banza, J., & Yakir, D. (2003). Modeling temporal and large‐scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability, temperature and vegetation productivity indices. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17(4).Reimann, M., Castaño, R., Zaichkowsky, J., & Bechara, A. (2012). How we relate to brands: Psychological and neurophysiological insights into consumer–brand relationships. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22(1), 128-142.Robertson, K. (1989). Strategically desirable brand name characteristics. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6(4), 61-71.Roehrich, G. (2004). Consumer innovativeness: Concepts and measurements. Journal of Business Research, 57(6), 671-677.Roese, N. J., & Sherman, J. W. (2007). Expectancy. The Guilford Press.Schechter, A. H. (1993). Measuring the value of corporate and brand logos. Design Management Journal (Former Series), 4(1), 33-39.Schroll, R., Schnurr, B., & Grewal, D. (2018). Humanizing products with handwritten typefaces. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(3), 648-672.Schwarz, N. (2004). Metacognitive experiences in consumer judgment and decision making. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(4), 332-348.Shah, A. K., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2007). Easy does it: The role of fluency in cue weighting. Judgment and Decision Making, 2(6), 371-379.Shams, R., Brown, M., & Alpert, F. (2017). The role of brand credibility in the relationship between brand innovativeness and purchase intention. Journal of Customer Behaviour, 16(2), 145-159.Sharma, N., & Varki, S. (2018). Active white space (AWS) in logo designs: effects on logo evaluations and brand communication. Journal of Advertising, 47(3), 270-281.Somerick, N. M. (2000). Practical strategies for avoiding problems in graphic communication. Public Relations Quarterly, 45(3), 32.Song, H., & Schwarz, N. (2008). If it`s hard to read, it`s hard to do: Processing fluency affects effort prediction and motivation. Psychological science, 19(10), 986-988.Song, H., & Schwarz, N. (2009). If it`s difficult to pronounce, it must be risky: Fluency, familiarity, and risk perception. Psychological Science, 20(2), 135-138.Song, Y., & Luximon, Y. (2019). Design for sustainability: The effect of lettering case on environmental concern from a green advertising perspective. Sustainability, 11(5), 1333.Spector, A. J. (1961). Basic dimensions of the corporate image. Journal of Marketing, 25(6), 47-51.Su, N., Li, T., Zheng, J., Hu, X., Fan, T., & Luo, L. (2018). How font size affects judgments of learning: Simultaneous mediating effect of item-specific beliefs about fluency and moderating effect of beliefs about font size and memory. PloS one, 13(7), e0200888.Sung, B., Hartley, N., & Vanman, E. J. (2015). Disfluency as a desirable cue of novelty. ACR Asia-Pacific Advances. 11. pp. 260-261Sung, B., Vanman, E. J., & Hartley, N. (2022). Revisiting (dis) fluency: Metacognitive difficulty as a novelty cue that evokes feeling‐of‐interest. Psychology & Marketing , 39(8), 1451-1466.Tantillo, J., Lorenzo‐Aiss, J. D., & Mathisen, R. E. (1995). Quantifying perceived differences in type styles: An exploratory study. Psychology & Marketing, 12(5), 447-457.Tannenbaum, P. H., Jacobson, H. K., & Norris, E. L. (1964). An experimental investigation of typeface connotations. Journalism Quarterly, 41(1), 65-73.Teng, L., Xie, C., Liu, T., Wang, F., & Foti, L. (2021). The effects of uppercase vs. lowercase letters on consumers’ perceptions and brand attitudes. Journal of Business Research, 136, 164-175.Thompson, D. V., & Ince, E. C. (2013). When disfluency signals competence: The effect of processing difficulty on perceptions of service agents. Journal of Marketing Research, 50(2), 228-240.Tinker, M. A., & Paterson, D. G. (1928). Influence of type form on speed of reading. Journal of Applied Psychology, 12(4), 359.Topolinski, S. (2017). Articulation patterns in names: A hidden route to consumer preference. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(4), 382-391.Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440.Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247(4940), 301-306.Turner Jr, S. A., & Silvia, P. J. (2006). Must interesting things be pleasant? A test of competing appraisal structures. Emotion, 6(4), 670.Unkelbach, C., & Greifeneder, R. (2013). A general model of fluency effects in judgment and decision making. The experience of thinking (pp. 11-32). Psychology Press.Van den Bosch, A. L., De Jong, M. D., & Elving, W. J. (2005). How corporate visual identity supports reputation. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 10(2), 108-116.Van der Lans, R., Cote, J. A., Cole, C. A., Leong, S. M., Smidts, A., Henderson, P. W., & Schmitt, B. H. (2009). Cross-national logo evaluation analysis: An individual-level approach. Marketing Science, 28(5), 968-985.Walsh, M. F., Winterich, K. P., & Mittal, V. (2011). How re‐designing angular logos to be rounded shapes brand attitude: consumer brand commitment and self‐construal. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28(6), 438-447.Wells, J. D., Campbell, D. E., Valacich, J. S., & Featherman, M. (2010). The effect of perceived novelty on the adoption of information technology innovations: a risk/reward perspective. Decision Sciences, 41(4), 813-843.Wen, N., & Lurie, N. H. (2018). The case for compatibility: Product attitudes and purchase intentions for upper versus lowercase brand names. Journal of Retailing, 94(4), 393-407.Westerman, D. L. (2008). Relative fluency and illusions of recognition memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(6), 1196-1200.Whittlesea, B. W. (1993). Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(6), 1235.Whittlesea, B. W., & Williams, L. D. (1998). Why do strangers feel familiar, but friends don`t? A discrepancy-attribution account of feelings of familiarity. Acta Psychologica, 98(2-3), 141-165.Wong, A., & Haque, M. (2022). Understanding the brand and website effects of online loyalty: a mediation perspective. Journal of Marketing Management, 38(3-4), 333-368.Wood, S., & Hoeffler, S. (2013). Looking innovative: exploring the role of impression management in high‐tech product adoption and use. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(6), 1254-1270.Wu, C., Liu, W., Li, K., Cheng, G., Xiong, J., Teng, T., & Yang, C. (2021). Face‐to‐Face Orientation of Quasiplanar Donor and Acceptor Enables Highly Efficient Intramolecular Exciplex Fluorescence. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 60(8), 3994-3998.Xing, X., Anderson, R. I., & Hu, Y. (2016). What׳ sa name worth? The impact of a likeable stock ticker symbol on firm value. Journal of Financial Markets, 31, 63-80.Xu, X., Chen, R., & Liu, M. W. (2017). The effects of uppercase and lowercase wordmarks on brand perceptions. Marketing Letters, 28(3), 449-460.Yang, H., Stamatogiannakis, A., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2015). Pursuing attainment versus maintenance goals: The interplay of self-construal and goal type on consumer motivation. Journal of Consumer Research, 42(1), 93-108.Yu, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, L., & Wang, Q. (2022). Uppercase premium effect: The role of brand letter case in brand premiumness. Journal of Retailing, 98(2), 335-355.Zaichkowsky, J. L. (2010). Strategies for distinctive brands. Journal of Brand Management, 17(8), 548-560.Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(2, Pt.2), 1–27.Zajonc, R. B., & Rajecki, D. W. (1969). Exposure and affect: A field experiment. Psychonomic Science, 17(4), 216-217.Zhang, M., Li, L., Ye, Y., Qin, K., & Zhong, J. (2020). The effect of brand anthropomorphism, brand distinctiveness, and warmth on brand attitude: A mediated moderation model. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(5), 523-536.Zhou, D., Liu, D., Pan, G., Chen, X., Li, D., Xu, W., & Song, H. (2017). Cerium and ytterbium codoped halide perovskite quantum dots: a novel and efficient downconverter for improving the performance of silicon solar cells. Advanced Materials, 29(42), 1704149. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程
110464049資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110464049 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林穎青 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) 杜佳耘 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Tu, Chia-Yun en_US dc.creator (作者) 杜佳耘 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Tu, Chia-Yun en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-八月-2023 14:10:39 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-八月-2023 14:10:39 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-八月-2023 14:10:39 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0110464049 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146597 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110464049 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在現今激烈的市場中,各品牌時常使用大小寫英文字母為其品牌名稱取名,並用於各種產業。在寫作習慣上人們使用大寫字母拼寫標題和強調某事,小寫字母較頻繁使用在內文。此外,正字法指出專有名稱的第一個字母默認字首大寫,因此消費者普遍會認為字首大寫和全大寫的寫法才是較正規、熟悉的用法。本研究以兩個實驗欲驗證,相較於大寫字母,使用小寫字母的品牌名稱會產生較高的品牌創新感知和產品評價,其處理不流暢性為此效果之中介,且發音難易程度、產業別為干擾因子。實驗一結果證實,相較於大寫,以小寫字母呈現的品牌名其品牌創新感知與產品 評價較高。發音難易程度於品牌創新的影響尚雖無顯著的調節效果,但在產品評價上卻產生了顯著調節效果,於發音容易的狀況下,品牌顯示為小寫和品牌顯示為大寫無顯著差異,然而在發音困難的狀況下,當品牌顯示為小寫時,產品評價顯著高於品牌 顯示為大寫。產業別在品牌創新與產品評價皆無發現顯著調節效果。實驗二結果再次證實了相較於大寫,消費者會對小寫呈現之品牌名產生的品牌創新感知與產品評價較高,同時,處理不流暢性為其中介因子。本研究於理論上具體探討品牌名稱設計的處理流暢性會使消費者對品牌創新和產品評價產生什麼效果,且實務上提供了品牌名稱設計相關的建議,並可為企業品牌定位策略提供參考。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) In today`s competitive market, brands often use uppercase and lowercase letters to name their brands, which are used across various industries. In writing, people use capital letters for titles and to emphasize certain things, while lowercase letters are more frequently used in the body of the text. Furthermore, orthography dictates that the first letter of a proper noun is capitalized by default. As a result, consumers generally consider the use of initial capitalization and all capital letters as more formal and familiar. This study conducted two experiments to verify that brand names written in lowercase letters generate higher perceptions of brand innovation and product evaluation compared to uppercase letters. Processing fluency serves as the mediator for this effect, while the ease of pronunciation and industry type act as moderating factors. The results of Experiment 1 confirmed that brand names presented in lowercase letters were associated with higher perceptions of brand innovation and product evaluation compared to uppercase letters. Although the ease of pronunciation did not have a significant moderating effect on brand innovation, it did show a significant moderating effect on product evaluation. When the pronunciation was easy, there was no significant difference between brand names displayed in lowercase and uppercase letters. However, when the pronunciation was difficult, product evaluation was significantly higher for brand names displayed in lowercase letters compared to uppercase letters. However, no significant moderating effects were found for industry type on brand innovation and product evaluation. The results of Experiment 2 further confirmed that consumers perceive brand names presented in lowercase letters as more innovative and evaluate them more favorably compared to uppercase letters, with processing fluency serving as a mediating factor. This research contributes theoretically by investigating the role of processing fluency in brand names and provides practical recommendations for brand name design, serving as a reference for corporate brand positioning strategies. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 iAbstract ii第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究背景與動機 1第二節 研究目的與問題 4第三節 研究流程 5第二章 文獻探討 6第一節 品牌標誌 6第二節 字母大小寫 9第三節 品牌創新 16第四節 處理流暢性 21第五節 品牌名稱的發音 26第三章 假說推論 29第一節 研究假說 29第二節 研究架構 33第四章 前導研究與實驗結果 34第一節 前導研究 34第二節 實驗一概述與設計 36第三節 實驗一結果 43第四節 實驗二概述與設計 47第五節 實驗二結果 49第五章 結論與建議 54第一節 研究結果討論 54第二節 研究貢獻 56第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議 58參考文獻 60附錄一 前測問卷 77附錄二 實驗一問卷 81附錄三 實驗二問卷 85 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2463987 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110464049 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 大小寫字母 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 處理流暢性理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 品牌創新 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 產品評價 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 發音難易度 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 品牌名稱設計 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Uppercase and Lowercase letters en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Processing fluency theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Brand innovation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Product evaluation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pronunciation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Brand name design en_US dc.title (題名) 用 Logo 展現創新:品牌名稱大小寫字母的使用對消費者認知品牌創新程度的影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Effect of the Uppercase and Lowercase in Brand Names on Perceived Brand Innovation en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aaker, D. A., & Keller, K. L. (1990). Consumer evaluations of brand extensions. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 27-41.Aaker, D. A. (2004). Leveraging the corporate brand. California Management review, 46(3), 6-18.Aaker, J., Vohs, K. D., & Mogilner, C. (2010). Nonprofits are seen as warm and for-profits as competent: Firm stereotypes matter. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 224-237.Ailawadi, K. L., & Keller, K. L. (2004). Understanding retail branding: conceptual insights and research priorities. Journal of Retailing, 80(4), 331-342.Alhaddad, A. (2015). Perceived quality, brand image and brand trust as determinants of brand loyalty. Journal of Research in Business and Management, 3(4), 01-08.Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2006). Predicting short-term stock fluctuations by using processing fluency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(24), 9369-9372.Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., & Eyre, R. N. (2007). Overcoming intuition: metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(4), 569.Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). Effects of fluency on psychological distance and mental construal (or why New York is a large city, but New York is a civilized jungle). Psychological Science, 19(2), 161-167.Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). Easy on the mind, easy on the wallet: The roles of familiarity and processing fluency in valuation judgments. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(5), 985-990.Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(3), 219-235.Andrews, J. C., & Shimp, T. A. (1990). Effects of involvement, argument strength, and source characteristics on central and peripheral processing of advertising. Psychology & Marketing, 7(3), 195-214.Arganosa, V. G., Napoles, L. P., & Aquino, A. J. (1988). Comparative reproductive performance of purebred Pietrain swine and their crossbreds with Duroc, yorkshire and hampshire [Philippines]. Philippine Agriculturist (Philippines).Babayigit, O. (2019). Examining the effect of creative writing activities on reading, writing and language lesson attitudes of elementary school fourth grade students. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(1), 213-220.Balachander, S., & Ghose, S. (2003). Reciprocal spillover effects: A strategic benefit of brand extensions. Journal of Marketing, 67(1), 4-13.Bao, Y., Shao, A. T., & Rivers, D. (2008). Creating new brand names: Effects of relevance, connotation, and pronunciation. Journal of Advertising Research, 48(1), 148-162.Barone, M. J., & Jewell, R. D. (2013). The innovator`s license: A latitude to deviate from category norms. Journal of Marketing, 77(1), 120-134.Bartram, D. (1982). The perception of semantic quality in type: Differences between designers and non-designers. Information Design Journal, 3(1), 38-50.Berry, L. L. (2000). Cultivating service brand equity. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), 128-137.Blake, T., Nosko, C., & Tadelis, S. (2015). Consumer heterogeneity and paid search effectiveness: A large‐scale field experiment. Econometrica, 83(1), 155-174.Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Tormala, Z. L. (2006). The malleable meaning of subjective ease. Psychological Science, 17(3), 200-206.Brumberger, E. R. (2003). The rhetoric of typography: The awareness and impact of typeface appropriateness. Technical Communication, 50(2), 224-231.Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 265.Bottomley, P. A., & Doyle, J. R. (2006). The interactive effects of colors and products on perceptions of brand logo appropriateness. Marketing Theory, 6(1), 63-83.Brown, A. S., & Marsh, E. J. (2009). Creating illusions of past encounter through brief exposure. Psychological Science, 20(5), 534-538.Chan, C. S. R., Park, H. D., & Patel, P. (2018). The effect of company name fluency on venture investment decisions and IPO underpricing. Venture Capital, 20(1), 1-26.Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 65(2), 81-93.Childers, T. L., & Jass, J. (2002). All dressed up with something to say: Effects of typeface semantic associations on brand perceptions and consumer memory. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(2), 93-106.Christodoulides, G., & De Chernatony, L. (2010). Consumer-based brand equity conceptualisation and measurement: a literature review. International Journal of Market Research, 52(1), 43-66.Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38(4), 785-810.Cho, H., Jeong, S. H., Park, M. H., Kim, Y. H., Wolf, C., Lee, C. L. & Lee, T. W. (2015). Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Science, 350(6265), 1222-1225.Chen, Y. S. A., & Bei, L. T. (2020). The effects of logo frame design on brand extensions. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 29(1), 97-113.Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 55, 591-621.Corley, M., MacGregor, L. J., & Donaldson, D. I. (2007). It`s the way that you say it: Disfluency in speech affects the comprehension process. Cognition, 105.Crawford, M., & Di Benedetto, A. (2003). The new products process. New Products Management.Cupchik, G. C., & Berlyne, D. E. (1979). The perception of collative properties in visual stimuli. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 93-104.Danneels, E., & Kleinschmidtb, E. J. (2001). Product innovativeness from the firm`s perspective: Its dimensions and their relation with project selection and performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management: An International Publication of the Product Development & Management Association, 18(6), 357-373.Dawar, N., & Parker, P. (1994). Marketing universals: Consumers’ use of brand name, price, physical appearance, and retailer reputation as signals of product quality. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 81-95.De Ruyter, K., & Wetzels, M. (2000). The role of corporate image and extension similarity in service brand extensions. Journal of Economic Psychology, 21(6), 639-659.Diemand-Yauman, C., Oppenheimer, D. M., & Vaughan, E. B. (2011). Fortune favors the (): Effects of disfluency on educational outcomes. Cognition, 118(1), 111-115.Dohle, S., & Siegrist, M. (2014). Fluency of pharmaceutical drug names predicts perceived hazardousness, assumed side effects and willingness to buy. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(10), 1241-1249.Doyle, J. R., & Bottomley, P. A. (2004). Font appropriateness and brand choice. Journal of Business Research, 57(8), 873-880.Drucker, P. F. (1985). The discipline of innovation. Harvard Business Review, 63(3), 67-72.Eisingerich, A. B., & Rubera, G. (2010). Drivers of brand commitment: A cross-national investigation. Journal of International Marketing, 18(2), 64-79.Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2005). Self-construal, reference groups, and brand meaning. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(3), 378-389.Falkenreck, C., & Wagner, R. (2011). The impact of perceived innovativeness on maintaining a buyer–seller relationship in health care markets: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(3-4), 225-242.Fetscherin, M., & Heinrich, D. (2015). Consumer brand relationships research: A bibliometric citation meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 380-390.Flora, J. A., & Maibach, E. W. (1990). Cognitive responses to AIDS information: The effects of issue involvement and message appeal. Communication Research, 17(6), 759-774.Fornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer: The Swedish experience. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 6-21.Foroudi, P., Melewar, T. C., & Gupta, S. (2014). Linking corporate logo, corporate image, and reputation: An examination of consumer perceptions in the financial setting. Journal of Business Research, 67(11), 2269-2281.Garcia, R., & Calantone, R. (2002). A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness terminology: a literature review. Journal of Product Innovation Management: An International Publication of the Product Development & Management Association, 19(2), 110-132.Gatignon, H., & Robertson, T. S. (1993). The impact of risk and competition on choice of innovations. Marketing Letters, 4(3), 191-204.Gmuer, A., Siegrist, M., & Dohle, S. (2015). Does wine label processing fluency influence wine hedonics?. Food Quality and Preference, 44, 12-16.Golder, P. N., & Tellis, G. J. (1993). Pioneer advantage: Marketing logic or marketing legend?. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(2), 158-170.Graf, L. K., Mayer, S., & Landwehr, J. R. (2018). Measuring processing fluency: One versus five items. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 28(3), 393-411.Green, T. C., & Jame, R. (2013). Company name fluency, investor recognition, and firm value. Journal of Financial Economics, 109(3), 813-834.Grohmann, B., Giese, J. L., & Parkman, I. D. (2013). Using type font characteristics to communicate brand personality of new brands. Journal of Brand Management, 20(5), 389-403.Gürhan-Canli, Z., & Batra, R. (2004). When corporate image affects product evaluations: The moderating role of perceived risk. Journal of Marketing Research, 41(2), 197-205.Hagtvedt, H., & Patrick, V. M. (2008). Art infusion: The influence of visual art on the perception and evaluation of consumer products. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(3), 379-389.Hagtvedt, H. (2011). The impact of incomplete typeface logos on perceptions of the firm. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 86-93.Halamish, V. (2018). Can very small font size enhance memory?. Memory & Cognition, 46(6), 979-993.Hamann, S. B. (1990). Level-of-processing effects in conceptually driven implicit tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(6), 970.Henard, D. H., & Dacin, P. A. (2010). Reputation for product innovation: Its impact on consumers. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(3), 321-335.Henderson, P. W., & Cote, J. A. (1998). Guidelines for selecting or modifying logos. Journal of Marketing, 62(2), 14-30.Henderson, P. W., Giese, J. L., & Cote, J. A. (2004). Impression management using typeface design. Journal of Marketing, 68(4), 60-72.Huang, Y. Y., & Chan, A. K. (1997). Chinese brand naming: From general principles to specific rules. International Journal of Advertising, 16(4), 320-335.Hurley, R. F., & Hult, G. T. M. (1998). Innovation, market orientation, and organizational learning: an integration and empirical examination. Journal of Marketing, 62(3), 42-54.Im, S., & Workman Jr, J. P. (2004). Market orientation, creativity, and new product performance in high-technology firms. Journal of Marketing, 68(2), 114-132.Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110(3), 306.Janiszewski, C., & Meyvis, T. (2001). Effects of brand logo complexity, repetition, and spacing on processing fluency and judgment. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 18-32.Jones, M. N., & Mewhort, D. J. (2004). Case-sensitive letter and bigram frequency counts from large-scale English corpora. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 388–396Karlsson, B. S., Aronsson, N., & Svensson, K. A. (2003). Using semantic environment description as a tool to evaluate car interiors. Ergonomics, 46(13-14), 1408-1422.Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1-22.Keller, K. L., Heckler, S. E., & Houston, M. J. (1998). The effects of brand name suggestiveness on advertising recall. Journal of Marketing, 62(1), 48-57.Kelley, C. M., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Remembering mistaken for knowing: Ease of retrieval as a basis for confidence in answers to general knowledge questions. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(1), 1-24.Kidwell, B., Farmer, A., & Hardesty, D. M. (2013). Getting liberals and conservatives to go green: Political ideology and congruent appeals. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(2), 350-367.Kim, S., Jung, A. R., & Kim, Y. (2021). The effects of typefaces on ad effectiveness considering psychological perception and perceived communicator’s power. Journal of Marketing Communications, 27(7), 716-741.Klink, R. R. (2000). Creating brand names with meaning: The use of sound symbolism. Marketing Letters, 11, 5-20.Koffka, K. (1922). Perception: An introduction to the Gestalt-Theorie. Psychological Bulletin, 19(10), 531.Kohli, C., & LaBahn, D. W. (1997). Creating effective brand names: A study of the naming process. Journal of Advertising Research, 37(1), 67-75.Kostyk, A., Niculescu, M., & Leonhardt, J. M. (2017). Less is more: Online consumer ratings` format affects purchase intentions and processing. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 16(5), 434-441.Kunz, W., Schmitt, B., & Meyer, A. (2011). How does perceived firm innovativeness affect the consumer?. Journal of Business Research, 64(8), 816-822.Labrecque, L. I., & Milne, G. R. (2012). Exciting red and competent blue: the importance of color in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 711-727.Labroo, A. A., & Pocheptsova, A. (2016). Metacognition and consumer judgment: Fluency is pleasant but disfluency ignites interest. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 154-159.Laham, S. M., Koval, P., & Alter, A. L. (2012). The name-pronunciation effect: Why people like Mr. Smith more than Mr. Colquhoun. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 752-756.Leclerc, F., Schmitt, B. H., & Dubé-Rioux, L. (1989). Brand name á la française? Oui, but for the right product!. ACR North American Advances, Vol. 16, ed. T.K. Srull, 253–257. Ann Harbor, MI: Association forConsumer ResearchLii, Y. S., Wu, K. W., & Ding, M. C. (2013). Doing good does good? Sustainable marketing of CSR and consumer evaluations. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 20(1), 15-28.Lin, Y. C., & Wang, K. Y. (2016). Language choice in advertising for multinational corporations and local firms: A reinquiry focusing on monolinguals. Journal of Advertising, 45(1), 43-52.Liu, S. Q., Bogicevic, V., & Mattila, A. S. (2018). Circular vs. angular servicescape:“Shaping” customer response to a fast service encounter pace. Journal of Business Research, 89, 47-56.Luna, D., Lerman, D., & Peracchio, L. A. (2005). Structural constraints in code-switched advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(3), 416-423.Luna, D., & Peracchio, L. A. (2005). Advertising to bilingual consumers: The impact of code-switching on persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 760-765.MacInnis, D. J., Shapiro, S., & Mani, G. (1999). Enhancing brand awareness through brand symbols. ACR North American Advances(Vol. 26, pp. 601). Provo, UT:Association for Consumer Research.Mahmood, S. J. (2019). Compared to the case of mental fluency among athletes collective and individual games Study. Sports Culture- 275.McAteer, E. (1992). Typeface emphasis and information focus in written language. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6(4), 345-359.McCarthy, M. S., & Mothersbaugh, D. L. (2002). Effects of typographic factors in advertising‐based persuasion: A general model and initial empirical tests. Psychology & Marketing, 19(7‐8), 663-691.McDermott, C. M., & O`Connor, G. C. (2002). Managing radical innovation: an overview of emergent strategy issues. Journal of Product Innovation Management: an International Publication of the Product Development & Management Association, 19(6), 424-438.Mizik, N., & Jacobson, R. (2008). The financial value impact of perceptual brand attributes. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(1), 15-32.Morrow, J. D., Awad, J. A., Boss, H. J., Blair, I. A., & Roberts 2nd, L. J. (1992). Non-cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (F2-isoprostanes) are formed in situ on phospholipids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(22), 10721-10725.Motyka, S., Suri, R., Grewal, D., & Kohli, C. (2016). Disfluent vs. fluent price offers: Paradoxical role of processing disfluency. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(5), 627-638.Nagy, D., Szirmai, G., & Domokos, P. (2011). Critical exponent of a quantum-noise-driven phase transition: The open-system Dicke model. Physical Review A, 84(4), 043637.Nesbitt, H. W., Bancroft, G. M., Pratt, A. R., & Scaini, M. J. (1998). Sulfur and iron surface states on fractured pyrite surfaces. American Mineralogist, 83(9-10), 1067-1076.Netemeyer, R. G., Krishnan, B., Pullig, C., Wang, G., Yagci, M., Dean, D. & Wirth, F. (2004). Developing and validating measures of facets of customer-based brand equity. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 209-224.Newman, E. J., Sanson, M., Miller, E. K., Quigley-McBride, A., Foster, J. L., Bernstein, D. M., & Garry, M. (2014). People with easier to pronounce names promote truthiness of claims. PloS one, 9(2), e88671.Ngo, L. V., & O`Cass, A. (2012).In search of innovation and customer‐related performance superiority: The role of market orientation, marketing capability, and innovation capability interactions. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(5), 861-877.Novemsky, N., Dhar, R., Schwarz, N., & Simonson, I. (2007). Preference fluency in choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(3), 347-356.Nunnally, J. C. (1978). An overview of psychological measurement. Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders: A Handbook, 97-146.Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). The secret life of fluency. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(6), 237-241.Pappu, R., & Quester, P. G. (2016). How does brand innovativeness affect brand loyalty?. European Journal of Marketing, 50(1–2), 2–28.Paterson, D. G., & Tinker, M. A. (1932). Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading. VIII. Space between lines or leading. Journal of Applied Psychology, 16(4), 388.Perea, M., & Panadero, V. (2014). Does viotin activate violin more than viocin?. Experimental Psychology, 61(1), 23 – 29.Peressotti, F., Cubelli, R., & Job, R. (2003). On recognizing proper names: The orthographic cue hypothesis. Cognitive Psychology, 47(1), 87-116.Peterburs, J., Bellebaum, C., Koch, B., Schwarz, M., & Daum, I. (2010). Working memory and verbal fluency deficits following cerebellar lesions: relation to interindividual differences in patient variables. The Cerebellum, 9, 375-383.Pittard, N., Ewing, M., & Jevons, C. (2007). Aesthetic theory and logo design: examining consumer response to proportion across cultures. International Marketing Review, 24(4), 457-473.Pocheptsova, A., Labroo, A. A., & Dhar, R. (2010). Making products feel special: When metacognitive difficulty enhances evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(6), 1059-1069.Powell, N. B., & Cassill, N. L. (2006). New textile product development: Processes, practices, and products. Journal of the Textile Institute, 97(2), 155-166.Reber, R., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Effects of perceptual fluency on judgments of truth. Consciousness and Cognition, 8(3), 338-342.Reber, R., Schwarz, N., & Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver`s processing experience?. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(4), 364-382.Reichstein, M., Rey, A., Freibauer, A., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Banza, J., & Yakir, D. (2003). Modeling temporal and large‐scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability, temperature and vegetation productivity indices. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17(4).Reimann, M., Castaño, R., Zaichkowsky, J., & Bechara, A. (2012). How we relate to brands: Psychological and neurophysiological insights into consumer–brand relationships. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22(1), 128-142.Robertson, K. (1989). Strategically desirable brand name characteristics. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6(4), 61-71.Roehrich, G. (2004). Consumer innovativeness: Concepts and measurements. Journal of Business Research, 57(6), 671-677.Roese, N. J., & Sherman, J. W. (2007). Expectancy. The Guilford Press.Schechter, A. H. (1993). Measuring the value of corporate and brand logos. Design Management Journal (Former Series), 4(1), 33-39.Schroll, R., Schnurr, B., & Grewal, D. (2018). Humanizing products with handwritten typefaces. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(3), 648-672.Schwarz, N. (2004). Metacognitive experiences in consumer judgment and decision making. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(4), 332-348.Shah, A. K., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2007). Easy does it: The role of fluency in cue weighting. Judgment and Decision Making, 2(6), 371-379.Shams, R., Brown, M., & Alpert, F. (2017). The role of brand credibility in the relationship between brand innovativeness and purchase intention. Journal of Customer Behaviour, 16(2), 145-159.Sharma, N., & Varki, S. (2018). Active white space (AWS) in logo designs: effects on logo evaluations and brand communication. Journal of Advertising, 47(3), 270-281.Somerick, N. M. (2000). Practical strategies for avoiding problems in graphic communication. Public Relations Quarterly, 45(3), 32.Song, H., & Schwarz, N. (2008). If it`s hard to read, it`s hard to do: Processing fluency affects effort prediction and motivation. Psychological science, 19(10), 986-988.Song, H., & Schwarz, N. (2009). If it`s difficult to pronounce, it must be risky: Fluency, familiarity, and risk perception. Psychological Science, 20(2), 135-138.Song, Y., & Luximon, Y. (2019). Design for sustainability: The effect of lettering case on environmental concern from a green advertising perspective. Sustainability, 11(5), 1333.Spector, A. J. (1961). Basic dimensions of the corporate image. Journal of Marketing, 25(6), 47-51.Su, N., Li, T., Zheng, J., Hu, X., Fan, T., & Luo, L. (2018). How font size affects judgments of learning: Simultaneous mediating effect of item-specific beliefs about fluency and moderating effect of beliefs about font size and memory. PloS one, 13(7), e0200888.Sung, B., Hartley, N., & Vanman, E. J. (2015). Disfluency as a desirable cue of novelty. ACR Asia-Pacific Advances. 11. pp. 260-261Sung, B., Vanman, E. J., & Hartley, N. (2022). Revisiting (dis) fluency: Metacognitive difficulty as a novelty cue that evokes feeling‐of‐interest. Psychology & Marketing , 39(8), 1451-1466.Tantillo, J., Lorenzo‐Aiss, J. D., & Mathisen, R. E. (1995). Quantifying perceived differences in type styles: An exploratory study. Psychology & Marketing, 12(5), 447-457.Tannenbaum, P. H., Jacobson, H. K., & Norris, E. L. (1964). An experimental investigation of typeface connotations. Journalism Quarterly, 41(1), 65-73.Teng, L., Xie, C., Liu, T., Wang, F., & Foti, L. (2021). The effects of uppercase vs. lowercase letters on consumers’ perceptions and brand attitudes. Journal of Business Research, 136, 164-175.Thompson, D. V., & Ince, E. C. (2013). When disfluency signals competence: The effect of processing difficulty on perceptions of service agents. Journal of Marketing Research, 50(2), 228-240.Tinker, M. A., & Paterson, D. G. (1928). Influence of type form on speed of reading. Journal of Applied Psychology, 12(4), 359.Topolinski, S. (2017). Articulation patterns in names: A hidden route to consumer preference. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(4), 382-391.Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440.Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247(4940), 301-306.Turner Jr, S. A., & Silvia, P. J. (2006). Must interesting things be pleasant? A test of competing appraisal structures. Emotion, 6(4), 670.Unkelbach, C., & Greifeneder, R. (2013). A general model of fluency effects in judgment and decision making. The experience of thinking (pp. 11-32). Psychology Press.Van den Bosch, A. L., De Jong, M. D., & Elving, W. J. (2005). How corporate visual identity supports reputation. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 10(2), 108-116.Van der Lans, R., Cote, J. A., Cole, C. A., Leong, S. M., Smidts, A., Henderson, P. W., & Schmitt, B. H. (2009). Cross-national logo evaluation analysis: An individual-level approach. Marketing Science, 28(5), 968-985.Walsh, M. F., Winterich, K. P., & Mittal, V. (2011). How re‐designing angular logos to be rounded shapes brand attitude: consumer brand commitment and self‐construal. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28(6), 438-447.Wells, J. D., Campbell, D. E., Valacich, J. S., & Featherman, M. (2010). The effect of perceived novelty on the adoption of information technology innovations: a risk/reward perspective. Decision Sciences, 41(4), 813-843.Wen, N., & Lurie, N. H. (2018). The case for compatibility: Product attitudes and purchase intentions for upper versus lowercase brand names. Journal of Retailing, 94(4), 393-407.Westerman, D. L. (2008). Relative fluency and illusions of recognition memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(6), 1196-1200.Whittlesea, B. W. (1993). Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(6), 1235.Whittlesea, B. W., & Williams, L. D. (1998). Why do strangers feel familiar, but friends don`t? A discrepancy-attribution account of feelings of familiarity. Acta Psychologica, 98(2-3), 141-165.Wong, A., & Haque, M. (2022). Understanding the brand and website effects of online loyalty: a mediation perspective. Journal of Marketing Management, 38(3-4), 333-368.Wood, S., & Hoeffler, S. (2013). Looking innovative: exploring the role of impression management in high‐tech product adoption and use. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(6), 1254-1270.Wu, C., Liu, W., Li, K., Cheng, G., Xiong, J., Teng, T., & Yang, C. (2021). Face‐to‐Face Orientation of Quasiplanar Donor and Acceptor Enables Highly Efficient Intramolecular Exciplex Fluorescence. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 60(8), 3994-3998.Xing, X., Anderson, R. I., & Hu, Y. (2016). What׳ sa name worth? The impact of a likeable stock ticker symbol on firm value. Journal of Financial Markets, 31, 63-80.Xu, X., Chen, R., & Liu, M. W. (2017). The effects of uppercase and lowercase wordmarks on brand perceptions. Marketing Letters, 28(3), 449-460.Yang, H., Stamatogiannakis, A., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2015). Pursuing attainment versus maintenance goals: The interplay of self-construal and goal type on consumer motivation. Journal of Consumer Research, 42(1), 93-108.Yu, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, L., & Wang, Q. (2022). Uppercase premium effect: The role of brand letter case in brand premiumness. Journal of Retailing, 98(2), 335-355.Zaichkowsky, J. L. (2010). Strategies for distinctive brands. Journal of Brand Management, 17(8), 548-560.Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(2, Pt.2), 1–27.Zajonc, R. B., & Rajecki, D. W. (1969). Exposure and affect: A field experiment. Psychonomic Science, 17(4), 216-217.Zhang, M., Li, L., Ye, Y., Qin, K., & Zhong, J. (2020). The effect of brand anthropomorphism, brand distinctiveness, and warmth on brand attitude: A mediated moderation model. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(5), 523-536.Zhou, D., Liu, D., Pan, G., Chen, X., Li, D., Xu, W., & Song, H. (2017). Cerium and ytterbium codoped halide perovskite quantum dots: a novel and efficient downconverter for improving the performance of silicon solar cells. Advanced Materials, 29(42), 1704149. zh_TW