學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 高山上宗教師的使命： 藏傳佛教與苯教宗教師在尼泊爾多波地區族群身份認同與文化復興的參與
High Clergymen’s Vocation: The Ethnic Identity and Cultural Revival Involvement of Tibetan Buddhist and Bönpo Monks in Dolpo, Nepal作者 姚曼菁
Yao, Man-Ching貢獻者 黃柏棋
Huang, Po-Chi
姚曼菁
Yao, Man-Ching關鍵詞 底層階級
尼泊爾
佛教苯教
族群語言
文化復振
Subaltern
Dolpo
Bön&Buddhism
Ethnic language
Cultural revival日期 2024 上傳時間 1-二月-2024 13:05:27 (UTC+8) 摘要 尼泊爾是擁有多元豐富民族的國家。自18世紀廓爾克王 Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723-1775) 建立沙阿王朝(Shah)，統一現在地理位置的尼泊爾起，印度教、種姓制度深植於各個族群。直到1990年代後實施民主政治為非印度教的族群提供身份認同、享有平等公民權的途徑。高種姓印度教群體和在地民族族群(Janajati)之間存在著爭奪特定結構中的權力和資源分配不均，導致少數民族族群認同日益高對尼泊爾的族群融合構成威脅。這些在地民族族群(Janajati)於尼泊爾主流印度教社群處於政治和經濟的底層階級(subaltern)，基礎教育的缺乏造成位於喜馬拉雅山各族群社經地位的邊緣化。本研究以尼泊爾北部的多波族為例，當地藏傳佛教和苯教的宗教師與當地人士，並尋求海外金援共同創辦世俗學校，提供現代化品質教育，同時建構民族認同和文化的復興。宗教師們身處社群內部既是傳統知識份子也是社群領導者。面對政府忽視的治理，宗教師們轉化爲有機知識份子，以其自身的宗教權利轉譯成社會參與的力量，幫助當地村民認識自己的族群身分，復興語言、宗教和文化。這是一個關於變革的案例研究。同時也表明，多爾波人落實現代教育僅能依靠宗教體系，地方當局動員與支持是缺席。
The democratic political structure provided avenues for people to talk on any issue openly, which has helped bring ethnic tensions out on the street. Based on regionalism and ethnicity, this is more pronounced between mountain people, hill people, or plains people. Also, there is a tussle between high-caste Hindu groups and Janajati groups for sharing power and resources in a given structure. The upsurge in ethnicity and ethnic identity among various linguistic and regional minorities is increasing, which could pose a threat to national integration in Nepal. The ethnic groups in Nepal are subaltern politically and economically. Yes, Dolpo, located in the northern reaches of Nepal, became an ethnic group with regional significance after the 1990s. In the name of reviving ethnic language and culture, the clergymen worked with the elites to establish non-monastic schools to provide quality education to implement the building of ethnic identity and cultural revival. The Buddhist and Bönpo monks not only serve the religious needs but also help the villagers to be aware of their identity. This is a case study of change. My goal is to communicate how these schools’ establishment has affected Dolpopas, especially about their recognition of themselves: ethnic identity, religion, and culture. Meanwhile, the social engagements of the clergymen disclose that Dolpopas only rely on the religious system, and the mobilization from the local authority is impossible..參考文獻 Aalen, Lovise and Magnus Hatlebakk. “Ethnic and fiscal federalism in Nepal,” in CMI, Bergen, Norway. 2008. Alter, Peter. “Nationalism: An Overview.” In Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, (ed.) by Charles Cozic, 18-25. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. 1994. Anderson, Perry., Considerations on Western Marxism, London: NLB.1976, Aris, Michael. “Man and Nature in the Buddhist Himalayas.” In: Rustomji, N. K. and Charles Ramble (eds.). Himalayan Environment and Culture. Shimla, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, 1990, pp. 85-101. Aharpour, S., & Brown, R., “Functions of group identification: An exploratory analysis.” In Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 15(3-4), 157–186.2002 Adams, Paul & Nigel de Bussy.,”NGOs, identities, and religion: a case of split personalities? “ Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, Vol. 9, 87-101. 2008. ------------------ “The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci”, New Left Review, I/100: 5–78. 1976–77. Baradat, Leon., Political Ideologies: Their Origins and Impact. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. Barth, Fredrik., “Ethnic Groups and Boundaries” in Theories of Ethnicity: A Classical Reader. (eds) by Werner Sollors. NYU Press. 1969. Bauer K.M., High Frontiers: Dolpo and the changing world of Himalayan pastoralists, New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. -------------------“High Frontiers: Dolpo Revisited” In The Tibet Journal Vol. 39, No. 1, Special Issue—Trade, Travel and the Tibetan Border Worlds: Essays in honour of Wim van Spengen (1949-2013) (Spring-Summer 2014), pp. 157-181. 2014. Bates, Robert H., “Ethnic Competition and Modernization in Contemporary Africa” In Comparative Political Studies Volume 6 Issue 4 p.457-484, January 1974. Beazley, Robert E.and James P. Lassoie., Himalayan Mobilities: An Exploration of the Impacts of Expanding Rural Road networks on Social and Ecological Systems in the Nepalese Himalaya. Springer. 2017. Bellamy, Richard and Darrow Schecter, Gramsci and the Italian State, Manchester: Manchester University Press and: New York: St. Martin’s Press. 1993 Bellezza, John Vincent., “A Preliminary Archaeological Survey of gNam mtsho and Dang ra g.yu mtsho” in Dharamsala: The Tibet Journal, vol. 21 (2), 58–84. 1996. “Notes on Three Series of Unusual Symbols Discovered on the Byang thang” in Rome: East and West, vol. 47 (1–4), pp. 395–405. 1997 Antiquities of Northern Tibet: Archaeological Discoveries on the High Plateau, Delhi: Adroit. 2001. Becker, Anja Katharina. “Introduction: Ethnicity as a Political Resource Viewed by Scholars from Different Academic Disciplines.” In Ethnicity as a Political Resource: Conceptualizations across Disciplines, Regions, and Periods, edited by University of Cologne Forum »Ethnicity as a Political Resource«, 11–24. Transcript Verlag, 2015. Beckwith, Christopher I., “On Zhangzhung and Bön. “In Blezer, Henk, ed, Emerging Bön: The Formation of Bön Traditions in Tibet at the Turn of the First Millennium AD. Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies GmBH: 164–84. 2011 Bender, Barbara., Landscape : Politics and Perpectives. Providence/Oxford : Berg. 1993. Berreman, G. D., Hindus of the Himalayas. University of California Press. 1963. Bickel, Balthasar & Martin Gaenzsle., (eds) Himalayan Space: Cultural Horizons and Practices. Zürich: Ethnographic Museum of Zürich University. 1999. Bista, Dor Bahadur., Fatalism and development: Nepal's struggle for modernization. Sangam Books. 1991. -------------------.People of Nepal. Ratna Pustak Bhandar,Nepal. 2004. Bhatta, P. (ed.). Education in Nepal: Problems, reforms and social change. Martin Chautari.2009. Bhattachan, Krishna B&Pyakuryal, Kailash N.,” The issue of national integration in Nepal: An ethno-regional approach” in Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology. Vol 5 (1996) p.17-38. Bhattarai, Bahuram., “Political Economy of the people’s War”. In The People’s War in Nepal: Left Perspective. (eds) by Arjun Karki & David Seddom, Delhi: Adroit Publishers.2003. Bogin, Benjamin and Andrew Quintman (eds.). Himalayan Passages: Tibetan and Newar Studies in Honor of Hubert Decleer. (17) Studies in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism Wisdom Publications. 2014. Bourdieu, Pierre., Outline of a Theory of Practice. Trans R. Nice. Stanford: University Press. 1977. ------------------ &Passeron, Jean-Claude., Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London: Sage Publications. 1977. ------------------ The Logic of Practice. Trans R. Nice. Stanford: University Press. 1990. Brown, Rupert., “The origins of the minimal group paradigm.” In History of Psychology, Vol 23(4), Nov 2020, 371-382. Buffetrille, Katia., “Low Tricks and High Stakes Surrounding a Holy Place in Eastern Nepal: The Halesi-Māratika Caves”. In Buffetrille, Katia (ed.). Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. 2012. Buffetrille, Katia & Hildegard Diemberger., Territory and Identity in Tibet and Himalayas. Tibetan Studies : Proceedings of the 9th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies Leiden Brill. 2002. Burgess, M. Elaine. “The Resurgence of Ethnicity: Myth or Reality?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1:265-85. 1978. Berger, J., “Religious Nongovernmental Organizations: An Exploratory Analysis.” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 14(1), 15–39. 2003. Beyer, Peter., Religion and Globalization. SAGE Publication. 1994. ----------------& Lori Beamen.,(eds) Religion, Globalization and Culture. Brill. 2007. Bezemer, Linda., Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development in Dolpa, Nepal. Kathmandu : SNV-Nepal. 2009. Boothman, Derek., (ed./tran) Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. Brubaker, R.& Loveman, M. Stamatov, P., “Ethnicity as Cognition” in (ed.) By Rajat Ganguly Ethnic Conflict V 1 Ethnic Identity. Sage. 2009. Burman, Roy B. K., Beyond Mandals and After: Back classes in perspective. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. 1992. Bush, Evelyn L., “Measuring Religion in Global Civil Society” Social Forces, Volume 85, Issue 4, June 2007, Pages 1645–1665, 2007. Cannell, F., “Anthropology of Secularism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 85- Buffetrille, Katia (2012). "Low Tricks and High Stakes Surrounding a Holy Place in Eastern Nepal: The Halesi-Māratika Caves". In Buffetrille, Katia (ed.). Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. 100. 2010. Caumanns, Volker & Marta Sernesi & Nikolai Solmsdorf., Unearthing Himalayan Treasures: Festschrift for Franz-Karl Ehrhard. Indica Et Tibetica Verlag. 2019. Cech, Krystyna. The Social and Religious Identity of the Tibetan Bönpos with Special Reference to a North-west Himalayan Settlement. D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, University of Oxford, 1987. Religion in Development: Rewriting the Secular Script Clarke, Matthew., Development and Religion: Theology and Practice. Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.2011. Chandra, Kanchan., “What is Ethnic Identity and does it matter?” In Annual Review of Political Science. Vol.9:397-424. 2006. Chandola, Khemanand., Across the Himalayas Through the Ages: A Study of Relations Between Central Himalayas and Western Tibet. New Delhi: Patriot.1987. Chakravarty-Kaul, Minoti., “Trashumance and customary pastoral rights in Himachal Pradesh: Claiming the high pastures for Gaddis.” Mountain Research and Development 18.1: 5-17.1998 Davidson, Ronald M., Tibetan renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the rebirth of Tibetan culture, Columbia University Press, 2005. DDC. Dolpa District Profile, 2015. Dolpa: District Development Committee (DDC), Dolpa. 2015. Deneulin, Séverine & Masooda Bano., Religion in Development: Rewriting the Secular Script. Zed Books. 2009. DeVos, George. “Ethnic Pluralism: Conflict and Accommodation.” In Ethnicity Identity: Cultural Continuities and Change. (ed.) by Geroge DeVos and Lola Romanucci-Ross, 5-41. Palo Alto: Mayfield.1975. Dhakal, Prateek., Beyond the Himalayas – a Quest of Upper Dolpo & Mustang by a Nepalese. Traveler. Second edition. Kathmandu: Sopan Press Pvt. Ltd. 2008. Dixit, K. M., & Ramachandran, S. (eds.). State of Nepal. Lalitpur: Himal Books. 2002. Dorje Dolma., Yak Girl: Growing Up in the Remote Dolpo Region. Sentient Publications 2008 Dirks, Nicholas B & Geoff Eley & Sherry B. Ortner., “Introduction” In Culture/Power/History: A Reader in Contemporary Social History. 3-46. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1994. Durkheim, Emile, Rules of the Sociological Method. Trans. W.D. Halls. New York: Free Press. 1982. Dhungel, Ramesh K., The Kingdom of Lo (Mustang) : A Historical Study. Kathmandu: Tashi Gephel Foundation. 2002. English, Richard., “Himalayan state formation and the impact of British rule in the nineteenth century.” Mountain Research and Development. 5.I: 61-78.1985. Fisher, James E., Trans-Himalayan Traders: Economy, Society and Culture in Northwest Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1987. ------------------- Globalization in Nepal: Theory and Practice. The Mahesh Chandra Regmi Lecture. Kathmandu: Social Science Baha/Himal Books.2011. Fonseca, Marco., Gramsci’s Critique of Civil Society: Towards a New Concept of Hegemony (Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought 108), New York: Routledge. 2016, Foucault, Michel., Religion and Culture. (ed.).by Jeremy R. Carrette. Routledge 1999. Franz-Karl Ehrhard, “Sa ‘dul dgon pa: a temple at the Crossroads of Jumla, Dolpo and Mustang,” Ancient Nepal: Journal of the Department of Archaeology 140:3-19. 1999. Gradín, Carlos., “Poverty and Ethnicity in Asian Countries” in ADBI Working Paper Tokyo. Asian Development Bank Institute. 2016. Garzilli, Enrica., “Nepal 2013-2014: Breaking the Political Impasse”. In Asia Maior 2014, pp. 87–98. 2014 Gautam, K. H. & Karki, M., Strengthening Global Partnerships to Advance Sustainable Development of Non Wood Forest Product: Institutional and Policy Development. World Forestry Congress Quebec Side Event: Author.2003. Geertz, Clifford., “Religion as a Cultural System.” In The Interpretation of Cultures., ed. by Michael Banton.87-125. New Basic Books. 1973. ------------------- “The Pinch of Destiny: Religion as Experience, Meaning, Identity, Power.” Raritan 18(3 Winter): 1–19.1999. ------------------- (ed.) "The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States." p. 105–57 in Old Societies and New States, IL: Free Press.1963. Gellner, David N., The Anthropology of Buddhism and Hinduism: Weberian themes. Oxford University Press.2001. -------------------“The Emergence of Conversion in a Hindu-Buddhist Polytropy: The Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, c. 1600-1995”. In Comparative Studies in Society and History 47(4): 755-80. 2005. ------------------- “The Uses of Max Weber “Legitimation and Amnesia in Buddhology, South Asian History, and Anthropological Practice Theory.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion, ed. Peter Clarke, pp. 48-62. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 2009. ------------------- “The Awkward Social Science? Anthropology on Schools, Elections, and Revolution in Nepal” JASO-online (NS) 1(2): 115-40. 2009. -------------------& J. Pfaff-Czarnecka & J. Whelpton.,(eds) Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal. Routledge. 2016. Glazer, N & Moynihan, D. P., Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. Harvard University Press. 1975. Grenfell, Michael.,Pierre Bourdieu: Education and Training. London: Continuum. 2007. -------------------Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 2012. Grenfell, Michael; Pahl, Kate., Bourdieu, Language Based Ethnographies and Reflexivity: Putting Theory into Practice. New York: Routledge. 2019. Gulia, K.S., (ed.) History and Culture of the Himalaya: Historical Propectives Vol. 1. Isha Books. 2007 Gurung, Harka., Vignettes of Nepal. Kathmandu: Sajha Prakashan.1979. --------------------Landscape Change in the Nepal Hills Evidence from Lamjung. CIMOD.2003 Hamilton, Francis Buchanan. An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal and of the Territories Annexed to This Dominion by the House of Gorkha. Edinburgh: Longman. Reprint 2013. Hāṇḍā, Om Chanda., Buddhist Western Himalaya: A Politico-Religious History. New Dehli: Indus Publishing. 2001. Hay-Edie,Terence., “Protecting the treasures of the earth: nominating Dolpo as a world heritage site.” In European Bulletin of Himalayan Research (EBHR) SOAS, London; CNRS, Paris; SAI, Heidelberg : 46-76. 2001. Heller, Amy., Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS,2003. Volume 8: Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalays. Brill, 2007 ------------------,Hidden Treasures of the Himalayas : Tibetan manuscripts, paintings and sculptures of Dolpo. Chicago: Serindia. 2009. Hangen, Susan., Creating a “New Neapl”: The Ethnic Dimension. The East-West Center Washington.2007. ------------------, The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Nepal: Democracy in the Margins. Routledge. 2010. Hangen, Susan&Lawoti, Mahendra., (ed.) Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nepal: Identities and Mobilization after 1990. Routledge. 2013. Hachhethu, K., “Nepali politics: People-parties interface.” In Resistance and the state: Nepalese experiences, (ed.) by D. Gellner, 133-176. New Delhi: Social Science Press. 2003. Hoftun, M., Raeper, & Whelpton, J., People, politics and ideology: Democracy and social change in Nepal. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point. 1999. Hofer, Theresia., Medicine and Memory in Tibet: Amchi Physicians in an Age of Reform. University of Washington Press, Seattle. 2018. Hovden, Astrid., “Who Were the Sponsors? Reflections on Recruitment and Ritual Economy in Three Himalayan Village Monasteries. “In Tibetans Who Escaped the Historian's Net: Studies in the Social History of Tibetan Societies. Charles Ramble, Peter Schwieger; and Alice Travers, eds. Kathmandu: Vajra books. 2013. Huber, Toni. “Greens Tibetans: A Brief Social History.” In Tibetan Culture in the Diaspora, F. J. Korom (ed.). Wien, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 103-119. 1997. ------------------- The Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain. Popular Pilgrimage. Oxford, Oxford University Press.1999. ------------------- Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.1999. -------------------&Stuart Blackburn., Origins and Migrations in the Extended Eastern Himalaya. Leiden, Brill Academic Publishers, 2012. Ives, Peter., Language and Hegemony in Gramsci, (Reading Gramsci), London/Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.2004 Jackson, James S., “Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in the Sociology of Mental Health.” In: Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. (eds) by Aneshensel, C.S., Phelan, J.C. Springer, Boston, MA.1999. Jackson, David P., “Notes on the History of Se-rib and Nearby Places in the Upper Kali Gandaki.” Kailash, 6:194-224.1978. Jacobsen, Knut A.,(ed.) Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions. Abingdon: Routledge. 2021. Jason, L. A., Stevens, E.,& Light, J.M., “The Relationship of Sense of Community and Trust to Hope.” Journal Of Community Psychology, 44(3), 334.2016. Jest Corneille., Dolpo: Communautés de langue tibétaine du Népal. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. 1975. -------------------Tibetan Communities of the High Valleys of Nepal: Life in an Exceptional Enviroment and Economy. James Fishre (ed.) : Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface, 359-363. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. -------------------Tales of the Turquoise : A Pilgrimage in Dolpo. Kathmandu : Mandala Book Point. 1993. Jina, Prem Singh., “Bhotias of Nepal: As Socio-Economic and Cultural Study” in Recent Researches on The Himalaya. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.1997. Kabeer, Naila., “Social Exclusion, Poverty and Discrimination Towards an Analytical Framework” In IDS Bulletion 331(4):83-97. 2000. Kapstein, Matthew., The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversion, Contestation, and Memory. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000. Karmay, Samten G., The Treasury of Sayings: a Tibetan History of Bön. Delhi Motilal Banarsidass. 1972. ------------------- & Yasuhiko Nagano., A Survey of Bönpo Monasteries and Temples in Tibet and the Himalaya. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, 2003 ------------------- “A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bön”. In: Karmay, Samten G. The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu, Mandala Book Point, 1998, pp. 104-156. ------------------- “A Historical Overview of the Bön Religion”. In: Karmay, Samten G. and Jeff Watt (eds.). Bön: The Magic Word, The Indigenous Religion of Tibet. New York, The Rubin Museum of Art, 2007, pp. 55-81. Kind Marietta., Mendrub – A Bönpo Ritual for the Benefit of all Living Beings and the Empowerment of Medicine Performed in Tsho, Dolpo. WWF Nepal, Kathmandu 2002. ------------------- “The Abduction of the Divine Bride: Territory and Identity among the Bönpo Community in Phoksumdo, Dolpo:. 2002. Katia Buffetrille & Hildegard Diemberger (eds.): Territory and Identity in Tibet and the Himalayas, 271–288, 346–347. Leiden: Brill. ---------------------The Bön Landscape of Dolpo: Pilgrimages, Monasteries, Biographies and the Emergence of Bön. Bern, Peter Lang, 2012. King, Winston L., “Engaged Buddhism: Past, Present, Future.” The Eastern Buddhist 27,no. 2, pp 14-29.1994. Kramer, Lloyd S., Nationalism in Europe and America: Politics, Cultures, and Identities since 1775. UNC Press.2011 Kvaerne, Per., “Who are the Bönpos?” Tibetan Review (New Delhi), vol. II, no. 9 (September 1976), pp. 30-33. 1976. -------------------The Bön Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition, Serindia Publications London .1995. Lama, Nyima Woser., “The Genealogy of Ya-ngal Family of Dolpo (Critical Editio of the Text, Translation into English, Analyses of Abbreviations and Introduction to the Dolpo Dialect” Ph,D Thesis. Charles University. 2017. Lawoti, M.,” Constitution and conflict: Mono-ethnic federalism in poly-ethnic Nepal” In Identities in South Asia: Conflicts and Assertions.(eds) by Sachdeva, V., Pradhan, Q. and Venugopalan, A. New York: Routledge.2019. Lecomte-Tilouine. Marie., Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War. Oxford University Press.2013. Hindu Kingship, Ethnic Revival, and Maoist Rebellion in Nepal. Oxford University Press.2009. Lee, Richard R., “Religious Practice as Social Exchange: An Explanation of the Empirical Findings.” In Sociological Analysis Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1992), pp. 1-35. Oxford University Press. 1992. Macdonald, Alexander W.,(ed.) Mandala and Landscape. New Delhi: D.K. Printoworld.1997. Malagodi, M., “The Rejection of Constitutional Incrementalism in Nepal's Federalisation;” Federal Law Review, 46(4), pp. 522-529.2018. Mandal, Monika., Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal. Knowledge World, India. 2013. Mathes, Klaus-Dieter., “The Sacred Crystal Mountain in Dolpo. Beliefs and Pure Visions of Himalayan Pilgrims and Yogis”. In Jounal of the Nepal Research Center 11: 61-90. 1999. --------------------- “Establishing the Succession of the Sakya Lamas of Näsar Gompa and Lang Gompa in Dolpo (Nepal)”.Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies.Vol. 47, pp. 85-108..Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 2003. Mckay, Alex.,(ed.) Pilgrimage in Tibet. Surrey: Curzon Press.1998. Maksymowicz, Natalia., “Modern Education and Culture Preservation: Tapriza Culture School in Dolpo (Nepal).” EDUKACJA HUMANISTYCZNA nr 1 (29-36), 2014 Szczecin. McHugh, Ernestine Louise., Love and honor in the Himalayas: Coming to know another culture. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2011. McMahan, David L., The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. Morton, Adam D., Unravelling Gramsci: Hegemony and Passive Revolution in the Global Economy (Reading Gramsci), London/Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.2007 Mouffe, Chantal (ed.)., Gramsci and Marxist Theory, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1979. Muddiman, Dave., Theories of Social Exclusion and The Public Library. Working Paper 1. 1999. Munda, Ram Dayal and Mullick, S. Bosu., (ed.) The Jharkhand Movement: Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle for Autonomy in India. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.2003. Oakes, Len., Prophetic Charisma: The Psychology of Revolutionary Religious Personalities. Syracure, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. 1997. Olcott, Martha Brill., “The Soview (Dis)Union” in Foreign Policy. No. 82 (Spring 1991), pp. 118-136. Published By: Slate Group, LLC . Ortner, Sherry., High Religion: A Cultural and Political History of Sherpa Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.1989. ---------------------Life and Death on Mount Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.1999. -------------------- (ed.) The Fate of "Culture: Geertz and Beyond. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.1999. --------------------Anthropology and Social Theory: Culture, Power, and the Acting Subject. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2006. Palacio, A., “Challenges in the Nepalese Constitutional Process: Federalism, Ethnicity And Representation.” Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 48( 2) , pp. 170-179.2015 Pandey, Gyanendra., “The Subaltern as a Subaltern Citizen,” Economic and Political Weekly 41, no. 46 November 2006. Pauler, Gerda., Dolpo - People and Landscape. Sheffield: Vertebrate Graphics.2015. Pettigrew, Judith., Maoists at the Hearth: everyday life in Nepal’s civil war. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2013. Pettigrew, Judith&Shah, Alpa., “Windows into a Revolution: Ethnographies of Maoism South Asia.” In Dialectical Anthropology. 33, Article number :255 (2009). Powers, John&&David Templeman., Historical Dictionary of Tibet. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 2012. Pratt, Mary Louise., Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge. 1992. Oommen, T.K., “New Nationalism and Collective Rights: the case of South Asia” in Ethnicity, Nationalism and Minority Rights,(ed.) by Stephen May. Cambridge University Press. 2004. Queen, Christopher S., & Sallie B. King, ed. Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia. Albany : State University of New York Press. 1996. ------------------------- , “Introduction: From Altruism to Activism.” In Action Dharma: New Studies in Engaged Buddhism. (eds) Queen, Prebish, and Keown 2003, pp. 1-37. Routledge.2003. --------------------------, “Socially Engaged Buddhism : Emerging Patterns of Theory and Practice.” In A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy, ed. Steven M. Emmanuel, pp.524-35. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.2013. Rai, Sanjeev., Conflict, education and People’s War in Nepal. Routledge London. 2018 Ramble, Charles., “Tibetan pride of place; or, why Nepal's Bhotiyas are not an ethnic group”, in D. Gellner and J. Pfaff (eds): Nationalism and Ethnicity in in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal,379-413. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. 1997. ---------------------The Navel of the Demoness. Tibetan Buddhism and Civil Religion in High-land Nepal. New York: Oxford University Press. 2008. Ramble, Charles and Marietta Kind. “Bönpo Monasteris and Temples of the Himalayan Region.” In: Karmay, Samten G. and Yasuhiko Nagano (eds.). A Survey of Bönpo Monasteries and Temples in Tibet and the Himalaya, Bön Studies 7. Osaka, National Museum of Ethnology, 2003, pp. 669-752.Ramble, ---------------------&Peter Schwieger and Alice Travers, (eds.). Tibetans Who Escaped the Historian’s Net: Studies in the Social History of Tibetan Societies. Kathmandu: Vajra Books.2013 ---------------------“Behind the frame: reflections on Nepal” In Kevin Bubriski, Nepal: 1975-2011., pp9-22. Peabody Museum Press. 2014. ---------------------&Drandul Nyima. Reason against tradition: an attempt at cultural reform in a Tibetan-speaking community in Panchayat-era Nepal. J. Bischoff; S. Mullard. Rules, Reform and Regulations: New Perspectives on Tibetan Social History, Brill, 2016. Ramble, Charles; Peter Schwieger and Alice Travers, (eds.). Tibetans Who Escaped the Historian’s Net: Studies in the Social History of Tibetan Societies. Kathmandu: Vajra Books.2013. Rabinow, Paul., (ed).The Foulcault Reader: An introduction to Foulcault’s Thought. London, Penguin. 1991. Rinpoche, Namgyal (Amchi)., Dolpo: The Hidden Land. Kathmandu : SNV/Nepal. 2005 Rose, Leo E., Nepal Strategy for Survival. University of California Press. 1971. Rose, Jerry D. Peoples: The Ethnic Dimension in Human Relations. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. Rothberg, Donald., “Resources on Socially Engaged Buddhism.” Turning Wheel (Spring), pp30-37.2004. ------------------------- ,The Engaged Spiritual Life : A Buddhist Approach to Transforming Ourselves and the World. Boston: Beacon Press. 2006. Sakya, Karna., Dolpo: The World behind Himalayas. Kathmandu Buddhamaya Publication. 1974. ------------------., Dolpo– the Hidden Paradise: A journey to the Endangered Sanctuary of the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. New Delhi: Nirala Publications. 2007. Schaeffer, Kurtis R., Himalayan Hermitess: The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun. Oxford University Press.2004. ------------------.& Mattheew Kapstein & Gray Tuttle (eds). Sources of Tibetan Tradition. Columbia University Press.2012. Scott, James., The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. Yale University Press, 2009 Sijapati, M. A., & Birkenholtz, J. V. (eds.). Religion and Modernity in the Himalaya. Routledge. 2016. Silver, Hilary., “Reconceptualizing Social Disadvantage: Three Paradigms of Social Exclusion”. in Rodger et al eds. Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Response. Geneva: International Institute for Labor Studies. 1995. Sharma, Pitamber, Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis and Dilli Raj Khanal. Nepal Human Development Report, 2014: Beyond Geography, Unlocking Human Potential. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission and United Nations Development Program. 2014. Shrestha, Anita&Bhattarai, Dipesh., “Health care workers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on tuberculosis infection control, Nepal.” In BMC Infect Dis 17, 724 (2017). Smart, John and Wehrheim, John., “Dolpo, Nepal.” In The Tibet Journal , Spring Vol. 2, No. 1. pp. 50-59. 1977. Snellgrove, David., Buddhist Himālaya: Travels and Studies in the Quest of the Origins and Nature of Tibetan Religion. Kathmandu, Himalayan Book Sellers, 1957. ----------------------Himalayan Pilgrimage: A study of Tibetan Religion by a Traveller through Western Nepal. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer.1961. ---------------------Four Lamas of Dolpo. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer.1968. Snellgrove, David & Hugh Richardson., A Cultural History of Tibet. Boston & London: Shambala. 1995. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty., “Can the Subaltern Speak?” in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, (eds.) by Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 271–313. 1988. -----------------------“A Note on the New International” in Parallax, Volume 7, Issue 3 p. 12-16.2001. Spengen, Wim van., Tibetan Border Worlds: A Geohistorical Analysis of Trade and Traders. London: Kegan Paul International.2000. Stearns, Cyrus., The Buddha from Dölpo : a study of the life and thought of the Tibetan master Dölpopa Sherab Gyaltsen (Rev. and enl. ed.). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.2010. Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1972. Stiller, Ludwig., Nepal: Growth of a Nation. HRDRC, Kathmandu, 1993. Szymoszyn A., “The spreading of Bön Culture Among Tibetan Refugees.” Polish Implications., Ethnologia Polona, vol. 25, pp. 117-133. 2004. Thapa, D., and B. Sijapati., A kingdom under siege: Nepal’s maoist insurgency. 1996-2004. London: Zed Books. 2004. Thich Nhat Hanh., “History of Engaged Buddhism: A Dharma Talk by Thich Nhat Hanh, Hanoi Vietnam, May 6-7, 2008.” Human Architecture: Jounal of the Sociology of Self-knowledge 6. no.3. pp.29-36. 2008. Thomas, Scott M., The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations: the struggle for the soul of twenty first century. Pagrave MacMillan. 2005. Thornton T.L., Riccardi T., “The Himalayas: a syllabus of the region’s history, anthropology, and religion.”. In Association for Asian Studies Occasional Papers Series, Michigan 1995. Toffin, Gerard., “The Janajati/Adivasi Movement in Nepal: Myths and Realities of Indigeneity” in Sociological Bulletin 58(1), January – April 2009, pp. 25-42. Indian Sociological Society. Tucci, Giuseppe. The religions of Tibet. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980. Valli E., Summers D., Dolpo: hidden land of the Himalayas. Aperture, Michigan. 1998. Vitali, Roberto., The Kingdoms of Gu.Ge Pu.Hrang: According to Mnga'.Ris Rgyal.Rabs by Gu.Ge Mkhan.Chen Ngag.Dbang Grags.Pa. Weatherhill.1996. -----------------A Short History of Mustang (10th-15th Century). Amnye Machen Institute, India 2013. Weber, Max., The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Edinburgh: Hodge. 1947. -----------------The Sociology of Religion. Boston: Beacon Press. 1964. -----------------Economy and Society: an Outline of Interpretive Sociology. New York: Bedminister Press. 1968. World Bank., DFID, Statistics on International Development of Nepal.2006. Whelpton, John., A History of Nepal. Cambridge University Press. 2005. Zacher, Mark W., "The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force". International Organization. 55 (2): 215–250.2001 Online Sources https://www.altitudeproject.ca/ku-school/ https://www.altitudeproject.ca/karang-school http://dolpo.tapriza.org http://www.schoolandcollegelistings.com http://www.mofald.gov.np/en https://www.facebook.com/srstudent https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nepal/admin/karnali/62__dolpa https://moecdc.gov.np/en https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/rarebooks/downloads/Nepal_ https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nep https://landportal.org/library/resources https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/ https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/ https://treasuryoflives.org/zh/institution/Pugyel https://notesnepal.com/archives/1138 downloaded on July 15 https://www.oit.org. https://www.nefin.np 描述 博士
國立政治大學
宗教研究所
106156502資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106156502 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 黃柏棋 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Po-Chi en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 姚曼菁 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Yao, Man-Ching en_US dc.creator (作者) 姚曼菁 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Yao, Man-Ching en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-二月-2024 13:05:27 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-二月-2024 13:05:27 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-二月-2024 13:05:27 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0106156502 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/149692 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 宗教研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 106156502 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 尼泊爾是擁有多元豐富民族的國家。自18世紀廓爾克王 Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723-1775) 建立沙阿王朝(Shah)，統一現在地理位置的尼泊爾起，印度教、種姓制度深植於各個族群。直到1990年代後實施民主政治為非印度教的族群提供身份認同、享有平等公民權的途徑。高種姓印度教群體和在地民族族群(Janajati)之間存在著爭奪特定結構中的權力和資源分配不均，導致少數民族族群認同日益高對尼泊爾的族群融合構成威脅。這些在地民族族群(Janajati)於尼泊爾主流印度教社群處於政治和經濟的底層階級(subaltern)，基礎教育的缺乏造成位於喜馬拉雅山各族群社經地位的邊緣化。本研究以尼泊爾北部的多波族為例，當地藏傳佛教和苯教的宗教師與當地人士，並尋求海外金援共同創辦世俗學校，提供現代化品質教育，同時建構民族認同和文化的復興。宗教師們身處社群內部既是傳統知識份子也是社群領導者。面對政府忽視的治理，宗教師們轉化爲有機知識份子，以其自身的宗教權利轉譯成社會參與的力量，幫助當地村民認識自己的族群身分，復興語言、宗教和文化。這是一個關於變革的案例研究。同時也表明，多爾波人落實現代教育僅能依靠宗教體系，地方當局動員與支持是缺席。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The democratic political structure provided avenues for people to talk on any issue openly, which has helped bring ethnic tensions out on the street. Based on regionalism and ethnicity, this is more pronounced between mountain people, hill people, or plains people. Also, there is a tussle between high-caste Hindu groups and Janajati groups for sharing power and resources in a given structure. The upsurge in ethnicity and ethnic identity among various linguistic and regional minorities is increasing, which could pose a threat to national integration in Nepal. The ethnic groups in Nepal are subaltern politically and economically. Yes, Dolpo, located in the northern reaches of Nepal, became an ethnic group with regional significance after the 1990s. In the name of reviving ethnic language and culture, the clergymen worked with the elites to establish non-monastic schools to provide quality education to implement the building of ethnic identity and cultural revival. The Buddhist and Bönpo monks not only serve the religious needs but also help the villagers to be aware of their identity. This is a case study of change. My goal is to communicate how these schools’ establishment has affected Dolpopas, especially about their recognition of themselves: ethnic identity, religion, and culture. Meanwhile, the social engagements of the clergymen disclose that Dolpopas only rely on the religious system, and the mobilization from the local authority is impossible.. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Introduction 10 Part I Chapter 1 Subaltern and Ethnic Identity in Contemporary Nepal 31 1.1 Subaltern 31 1.2 Ethnic Groups as Subaltern 35 1.3 Ethnicity 39 1.4 Ethnicity and Nationalism 41 1.5 Janajati Movement 48 1.6 Cultural Revival 51 1.7 Maoist and Ethnicity 53 1.8 Federal and Janajati 55 1.9 Exclusion and Inclusion 59 1.10 Identity Matters 60 Chapter 2 The Vicissitude of Dolpo 68 2.1 Dolpo in History 68 2.2 Phase I: From Ancient to the Unification of Nepal 69 2.3 Phase II: Unification of Nepal 82 2.4 Phase III: Dolpo in the Democracy Period 88 2.5 Remarks 93 Part II Preliminary Remarks 96 Chapter 3 Snowland Ranag Light of Eduction School 100 Introduction 100 3.1School and Students 100 3.2 Founder 107 3.3 Cultural Revival 113 3.4 Identity and Belonging 117 3.5 Remarks 119 Chapter 4 Tapriza School 122 Introduction 122 4.1 Founder and Foundation 122 4.2 Teachers and Students 135 4.3 Identity and Language Education 138 4.4 Cultural Revival 144 4.5 Remarks 147 Chapter 5 Gangchen Meri School 149 Introduction 149 5.1 Founder and Foundation 149 5.2 Identity and Education 157 5.3 Cultural Revival 160 5.4 Remarks 165 Concluding Remarks 168 Conclusion 172 Bibliography 183 zh_TW dc.format.extent 7762889 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106156502 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 底層階級 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 尼泊爾 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 佛教苯教 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 族群語言 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 文化復振 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Subaltern en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Dolpo en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Bön&Buddhism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ethnic language en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cultural revival en_US dc.title (題名) 高山上宗教師的使命： 藏傳佛教與苯教宗教師在尼泊爾多波地區族群身份認同與文化復興的參與 zh_TW dc.title (題名) High Clergymen’s Vocation: The Ethnic Identity and Cultural Revival Involvement of Tibetan Buddhist and Bönpo Monks in Dolpo, Nepal en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aalen, Lovise and Magnus Hatlebakk. “Ethnic and fiscal federalism in Nepal,” in CMI, Bergen, Norway. 2008. Alter, Peter. “Nationalism: An Overview.” In Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, (ed.) by Charles Cozic, 18-25. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. 1994. Anderson, Perry., Considerations on Western Marxism, London: NLB.1976, Aris, Michael. “Man and Nature in the Buddhist Himalayas.” In: Rustomji, N. K. and Charles Ramble (eds.). Himalayan Environment and Culture. Shimla, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, 1990, pp. 85-101. Aharpour, S., & Brown, R., “Functions of group identification: An exploratory analysis.” In Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 15(3-4), 157–186.2002 Adams, Paul & Nigel de Bussy.,”NGOs, identities, and religion: a case of split personalities? “ Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, Vol. 9, 87-101. 2008. ------------------ “The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci”, New Left Review, I/100: 5–78. 1976–77. Baradat, Leon., Political Ideologies: Their Origins and Impact. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. Barth, Fredrik., “Ethnic Groups and Boundaries” in Theories of Ethnicity: A Classical Reader. (eds) by Werner Sollors. NYU Press. 1969. Bauer K.M., High Frontiers: Dolpo and the changing world of Himalayan pastoralists, New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. -------------------“High Frontiers: Dolpo Revisited” In The Tibet Journal Vol. 39, No. 1, Special Issue—Trade, Travel and the Tibetan Border Worlds: Essays in honour of Wim van Spengen (1949-2013) (Spring-Summer 2014), pp. 157-181. 2014. Bates, Robert H., “Ethnic Competition and Modernization in Contemporary Africa” In Comparative Political Studies Volume 6 Issue 4 p.457-484, January 1974. Beazley, Robert E.and James P. Lassoie., Himalayan Mobilities: An Exploration of the Impacts of Expanding Rural Road networks on Social and Ecological Systems in the Nepalese Himalaya. Springer. 2017. Bellamy, Richard and Darrow Schecter, Gramsci and the Italian State, Manchester: Manchester University Press and: New York: St. Martin’s Press. 1993 Bellezza, John Vincent., “A Preliminary Archaeological Survey of gNam mtsho and Dang ra g.yu mtsho” in Dharamsala: The Tibet Journal, vol. 21 (2), 58–84. 1996. “Notes on Three Series of Unusual Symbols Discovered on the Byang thang” in Rome: East and West, vol. 47 (1–4), pp. 395–405. 1997 Antiquities of Northern Tibet: Archaeological Discoveries on the High Plateau, Delhi: Adroit. 2001. Becker, Anja Katharina. “Introduction: Ethnicity as a Political Resource Viewed by Scholars from Different Academic Disciplines.” In Ethnicity as a Political Resource: Conceptualizations across Disciplines, Regions, and Periods, edited by University of Cologne Forum »Ethnicity as a Political Resource«, 11–24. Transcript Verlag, 2015. Beckwith, Christopher I., “On Zhangzhung and Bön. “In Blezer, Henk, ed, Emerging Bön: The Formation of Bön Traditions in Tibet at the Turn of the First Millennium AD. Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies GmBH: 164–84. 2011 Bender, Barbara., Landscape : Politics and Perpectives. Providence/Oxford : Berg. 1993. Berreman, G. D., Hindus of the Himalayas. University of California Press. 1963. Bickel, Balthasar & Martin Gaenzsle., (eds) Himalayan Space: Cultural Horizons and Practices. Zürich: Ethnographic Museum of Zürich University. 1999. Bista, Dor Bahadur., Fatalism and development: Nepal's struggle for modernization. Sangam Books. 1991. -------------------.People of Nepal. Ratna Pustak Bhandar,Nepal. 2004. Bhatta, P. (ed.). Education in Nepal: Problems, reforms and social change. Martin Chautari.2009. Bhattachan, Krishna B&Pyakuryal, Kailash N.,” The issue of national integration in Nepal: An ethno-regional approach” in Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology. Vol 5 (1996) p.17-38. Bhattarai, Bahuram., “Political Economy of the people’s War”. In The People’s War in Nepal: Left Perspective. (eds) by Arjun Karki & David Seddom, Delhi: Adroit Publishers.2003. Bogin, Benjamin and Andrew Quintman (eds.). Himalayan Passages: Tibetan and Newar Studies in Honor of Hubert Decleer. (17) Studies in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism Wisdom Publications. 2014. Bourdieu, Pierre., Outline of a Theory of Practice. Trans R. Nice. Stanford: University Press. 1977. ------------------ &Passeron, Jean-Claude., Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London: Sage Publications. 1977. ------------------ The Logic of Practice. Trans R. Nice. Stanford: University Press. 1990. Brown, Rupert., “The origins of the minimal group paradigm.” In History of Psychology, Vol 23(4), Nov 2020, 371-382. Buffetrille, Katia., “Low Tricks and High Stakes Surrounding a Holy Place in Eastern Nepal: The Halesi-Māratika Caves”. In Buffetrille, Katia (ed.). Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. 2012. Buffetrille, Katia & Hildegard Diemberger., Territory and Identity in Tibet and Himalayas. Tibetan Studies : Proceedings of the 9th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies Leiden Brill. 2002. Burgess, M. Elaine. “The Resurgence of Ethnicity: Myth or Reality?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1:265-85. 1978. Berger, J., “Religious Nongovernmental Organizations: An Exploratory Analysis.” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 14(1), 15–39. 2003. Beyer, Peter., Religion and Globalization. SAGE Publication. 1994. ----------------& Lori Beamen.,(eds) Religion, Globalization and Culture. Brill. 2007. Bezemer, Linda., Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development in Dolpa, Nepal. Kathmandu : SNV-Nepal. 2009. Boothman, Derek., (ed./tran) Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. Brubaker, R.& Loveman, M. Stamatov, P., “Ethnicity as Cognition” in (ed.) By Rajat Ganguly Ethnic Conflict V 1 Ethnic Identity. Sage. 2009. Burman, Roy B. K., Beyond Mandals and After: Back classes in perspective. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. 1992. Bush, Evelyn L., “Measuring Religion in Global Civil Society” Social Forces, Volume 85, Issue 4, June 2007, Pages 1645–1665, 2007. Cannell, F., “Anthropology of Secularism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 85- Buffetrille, Katia (2012). "Low Tricks and High Stakes Surrounding a Holy Place in Eastern Nepal: The Halesi-Māratika Caves". In Buffetrille, Katia (ed.). Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. 100. 2010. Caumanns, Volker & Marta Sernesi & Nikolai Solmsdorf., Unearthing Himalayan Treasures: Festschrift for Franz-Karl Ehrhard. Indica Et Tibetica Verlag. 2019. Cech, Krystyna. The Social and Religious Identity of the Tibetan Bönpos with Special Reference to a North-west Himalayan Settlement. D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, University of Oxford, 1987. Religion in Development: Rewriting the Secular Script Clarke, Matthew., Development and Religion: Theology and Practice. Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.2011. Chandra, Kanchan., “What is Ethnic Identity and does it matter?” In Annual Review of Political Science. Vol.9:397-424. 2006. Chandola, Khemanand., Across the Himalayas Through the Ages: A Study of Relations Between Central Himalayas and Western Tibet. New Delhi: Patriot.1987. Chakravarty-Kaul, Minoti., “Trashumance and customary pastoral rights in Himachal Pradesh: Claiming the high pastures for Gaddis.” Mountain Research and Development 18.1: 5-17.1998 Davidson, Ronald M., Tibetan renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the rebirth of Tibetan culture, Columbia University Press, 2005. DDC. Dolpa District Profile, 2015. Dolpa: District Development Committee (DDC), Dolpa. 2015. Deneulin, Séverine & Masooda Bano., Religion in Development: Rewriting the Secular Script. Zed Books. 2009. DeVos, George. “Ethnic Pluralism: Conflict and Accommodation.” In Ethnicity Identity: Cultural Continuities and Change. (ed.) by Geroge DeVos and Lola Romanucci-Ross, 5-41. Palo Alto: Mayfield.1975. Dhakal, Prateek., Beyond the Himalayas – a Quest of Upper Dolpo & Mustang by a Nepalese. Traveler. Second edition. Kathmandu: Sopan Press Pvt. Ltd. 2008. Dixit, K. M., & Ramachandran, S. (eds.). State of Nepal. Lalitpur: Himal Books. 2002. Dorje Dolma., Yak Girl: Growing Up in the Remote Dolpo Region. Sentient Publications 2008 Dirks, Nicholas B & Geoff Eley & Sherry B. Ortner., “Introduction” In Culture/Power/History: A Reader in Contemporary Social History. 3-46. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1994. Durkheim, Emile, Rules of the Sociological Method. Trans. W.D. Halls. New York: Free Press. 1982. Dhungel, Ramesh K., The Kingdom of Lo (Mustang) : A Historical Study. Kathmandu: Tashi Gephel Foundation. 2002. English, Richard., “Himalayan state formation and the impact of British rule in the nineteenth century.” Mountain Research and Development. 5.I: 61-78.1985. Fisher, James E., Trans-Himalayan Traders: Economy, Society and Culture in Northwest Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1987. ------------------- Globalization in Nepal: Theory and Practice. The Mahesh Chandra Regmi Lecture. Kathmandu: Social Science Baha/Himal Books.2011. Fonseca, Marco., Gramsci’s Critique of Civil Society: Towards a New Concept of Hegemony (Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought 108), New York: Routledge. 2016, Foucault, Michel., Religion and Culture. (ed.).by Jeremy R. Carrette. Routledge 1999. Franz-Karl Ehrhard, “Sa ‘dul dgon pa: a temple at the Crossroads of Jumla, Dolpo and Mustang,” Ancient Nepal: Journal of the Department of Archaeology 140:3-19. 1999. Gradín, Carlos., “Poverty and Ethnicity in Asian Countries” in ADBI Working Paper Tokyo. Asian Development Bank Institute. 2016. Garzilli, Enrica., “Nepal 2013-2014: Breaking the Political Impasse”. In Asia Maior 2014, pp. 87–98. 2014 Gautam, K. H. & Karki, M., Strengthening Global Partnerships to Advance Sustainable Development of Non Wood Forest Product: Institutional and Policy Development. World Forestry Congress Quebec Side Event: Author.2003. Geertz, Clifford., “Religion as a Cultural System.” In The Interpretation of Cultures., ed. by Michael Banton.87-125. New Basic Books. 1973. ------------------- “The Pinch of Destiny: Religion as Experience, Meaning, Identity, Power.” Raritan 18(3 Winter): 1–19.1999. ------------------- (ed.) "The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States." p. 105–57 in Old Societies and New States, IL: Free Press.1963. Gellner, David N., The Anthropology of Buddhism and Hinduism: Weberian themes. Oxford University Press.2001. -------------------“The Emergence of Conversion in a Hindu-Buddhist Polytropy: The Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, c. 1600-1995”. In Comparative Studies in Society and History 47(4): 755-80. 2005. ------------------- “The Uses of Max Weber “Legitimation and Amnesia in Buddhology, South Asian History, and Anthropological Practice Theory.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion, ed. Peter Clarke, pp. 48-62. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 2009. ------------------- “The Awkward Social Science? Anthropology on Schools, Elections, and Revolution in Nepal” JASO-online (NS) 1(2): 115-40. 2009. -------------------& J. Pfaff-Czarnecka & J. Whelpton.,(eds) Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal. Routledge. 2016. Glazer, N & Moynihan, D. P., Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. Harvard University Press. 1975. Grenfell, Michael.,Pierre Bourdieu: Education and Training. London: Continuum. 2007. -------------------Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 2012. Grenfell, Michael; Pahl, Kate., Bourdieu, Language Based Ethnographies and Reflexivity: Putting Theory into Practice. New York: Routledge. 2019. Gulia, K.S., (ed.) History and Culture of the Himalaya: Historical Propectives Vol. 1. Isha Books. 2007 Gurung, Harka., Vignettes of Nepal. Kathmandu: Sajha Prakashan.1979. --------------------Landscape Change in the Nepal Hills Evidence from Lamjung. CIMOD.2003 Hamilton, Francis Buchanan. An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal and of the Territories Annexed to This Dominion by the House of Gorkha. Edinburgh: Longman. Reprint 2013. Hāṇḍā, Om Chanda., Buddhist Western Himalaya: A Politico-Religious History. New Dehli: Indus Publishing. 2001. Hay-Edie,Terence., “Protecting the treasures of the earth: nominating Dolpo as a world heritage site.” In European Bulletin of Himalayan Research (EBHR) SOAS, London; CNRS, Paris; SAI, Heidelberg : 46-76. 2001. Heller, Amy., Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS,2003. Volume 8: Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalays. Brill, 2007 ------------------,Hidden Treasures of the Himalayas : Tibetan manuscripts, paintings and sculptures of Dolpo. Chicago: Serindia. 2009. Hangen, Susan., Creating a “New Neapl”: The Ethnic Dimension. The East-West Center Washington.2007. ------------------, The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Nepal: Democracy in the Margins. Routledge. 2010. Hangen, Susan&Lawoti, Mahendra., (ed.) Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nepal: Identities and Mobilization after 1990. Routledge. 2013. Hachhethu, K., “Nepali politics: People-parties interface.” In Resistance and the state: Nepalese experiences, (ed.) by D. Gellner, 133-176. New Delhi: Social Science Press. 2003. Hoftun, M., Raeper, & Whelpton, J., People, politics and ideology: Democracy and social change in Nepal. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point. 1999. Hofer, Theresia., Medicine and Memory in Tibet: Amchi Physicians in an Age of Reform. University of Washington Press, Seattle. 2018. Hovden, Astrid., “Who Were the Sponsors? Reflections on Recruitment and Ritual Economy in Three Himalayan Village Monasteries. “In Tibetans Who Escaped the Historian's Net: Studies in the Social History of Tibetan Societies. Charles Ramble, Peter Schwieger; and Alice Travers, eds. Kathmandu: Vajra books. 2013. Huber, Toni. “Greens Tibetans: A Brief Social History.” In Tibetan Culture in the Diaspora, F. J. Korom (ed.). Wien, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 103-119. 1997. ------------------- The Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain. Popular Pilgrimage. Oxford, Oxford University Press.1999. ------------------- Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.1999. -------------------&Stuart Blackburn., Origins and Migrations in the Extended Eastern Himalaya. Leiden, Brill Academic Publishers, 2012. Ives, Peter., Language and Hegemony in Gramsci, (Reading Gramsci), London/Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.2004 Jackson, James S., “Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in the Sociology of Mental Health.” In: Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. (eds) by Aneshensel, C.S., Phelan, J.C. Springer, Boston, MA.1999. Jackson, David P., “Notes on the History of Se-rib and Nearby Places in the Upper Kali Gandaki.” Kailash, 6:194-224.1978. Jacobsen, Knut A.,(ed.) Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions. Abingdon: Routledge. 2021. Jason, L. A., Stevens, E.,& Light, J.M., “The Relationship of Sense of Community and Trust to Hope.” Journal Of Community Psychology, 44(3), 334.2016. Jest Corneille., Dolpo: Communautés de langue tibétaine du Népal. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. 1975. -------------------Tibetan Communities of the High Valleys of Nepal: Life in an Exceptional Enviroment and Economy. James Fishre (ed.) : Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface, 359-363. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. -------------------Tales of the Turquoise : A Pilgrimage in Dolpo. Kathmandu : Mandala Book Point. 1993. Jina, Prem Singh., “Bhotias of Nepal: As Socio-Economic and Cultural Study” in Recent Researches on The Himalaya. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.1997. Kabeer, Naila., “Social Exclusion, Poverty and Discrimination Towards an Analytical Framework” In IDS Bulletion 331(4):83-97. 2000. Kapstein, Matthew., The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversion, Contestation, and Memory. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000. Karmay, Samten G., The Treasury of Sayings: a Tibetan History of Bön. Delhi Motilal Banarsidass. 1972. ------------------- & Yasuhiko Nagano., A Survey of Bönpo Monasteries and Temples in Tibet and the Himalaya. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, 2003 ------------------- “A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bön”. In: Karmay, Samten G. The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu, Mandala Book Point, 1998, pp. 104-156. ------------------- “A Historical Overview of the Bön Religion”. In: Karmay, Samten G. and Jeff Watt (eds.). Bön: The Magic Word, The Indigenous Religion of Tibet. New York, The Rubin Museum of Art, 2007, pp. 55-81. Kind Marietta., Mendrub – A Bönpo Ritual for the Benefit of all Living Beings and the Empowerment of Medicine Performed in Tsho, Dolpo. WWF Nepal, Kathmandu 2002. ------------------- “The Abduction of the Divine Bride: Territory and Identity among the Bönpo Community in Phoksumdo, Dolpo:. 2002. Katia Buffetrille & Hildegard Diemberger (eds.): Territory and Identity in Tibet and the Himalayas, 271–288, 346–347. Leiden: Brill. ---------------------The Bön Landscape of Dolpo: Pilgrimages, Monasteries, Biographies and the Emergence of Bön. Bern, Peter Lang, 2012. King, Winston L., “Engaged Buddhism: Past, Present, Future.” The Eastern Buddhist 27,no. 2, pp 14-29.1994. Kramer, Lloyd S., Nationalism in Europe and America: Politics, Cultures, and Identities since 1775. UNC Press.2011 Kvaerne, Per., “Who are the Bönpos?” Tibetan Review (New Delhi), vol. II, no. 9 (September 1976), pp. 30-33. 1976. -------------------The Bön Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition, Serindia Publications London .1995. Lama, Nyima Woser., “The Genealogy of Ya-ngal Family of Dolpo (Critical Editio of the Text, Translation into English, Analyses of Abbreviations and Introduction to the Dolpo Dialect” Ph,D Thesis. Charles University. 2017. Lawoti, M.,” Constitution and conflict: Mono-ethnic federalism in poly-ethnic Nepal” In Identities in South Asia: Conflicts and Assertions.(eds) by Sachdeva, V., Pradhan, Q. and Venugopalan, A. New York: Routledge.2019. Lecomte-Tilouine. Marie., Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People's War. Oxford University Press.2013. Hindu Kingship, Ethnic Revival, and Maoist Rebellion in Nepal. Oxford University Press.2009. Lee, Richard R., “Religious Practice as Social Exchange: An Explanation of the Empirical Findings.” In Sociological Analysis Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1992), pp. 1-35. Oxford University Press. 1992. Macdonald, Alexander W.,(ed.) Mandala and Landscape. New Delhi: D.K. Printoworld.1997. Malagodi, M., “The Rejection of Constitutional Incrementalism in Nepal's Federalisation;” Federal Law Review, 46(4), pp. 522-529.2018. Mandal, Monika., Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal. Knowledge World, India. 2013. Mathes, Klaus-Dieter., “The Sacred Crystal Mountain in Dolpo. Beliefs and Pure Visions of Himalayan Pilgrims and Yogis”. In Jounal of the Nepal Research Center 11: 61-90. 1999. --------------------- “Establishing the Succession of the Sakya Lamas of Näsar Gompa and Lang Gompa in Dolpo (Nepal)”.Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies.Vol. 47, pp. 85-108..Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 2003. Mckay, Alex.,(ed.) Pilgrimage in Tibet. Surrey: Curzon Press.1998. Maksymowicz, Natalia., “Modern Education and Culture Preservation: Tapriza Culture School in Dolpo (Nepal).” EDUKACJA HUMANISTYCZNA nr 1 (29-36), 2014 Szczecin. McHugh, Ernestine Louise., Love and honor in the Himalayas: Coming to know another culture. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2011. McMahan, David L., The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. Morton, Adam D., Unravelling Gramsci: Hegemony and Passive Revolution in the Global Economy (Reading Gramsci), London/Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.2007 Mouffe, Chantal (ed.)., Gramsci and Marxist Theory, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1979. Muddiman, Dave., Theories of Social Exclusion and The Public Library. Working Paper 1. 1999. Munda, Ram Dayal and Mullick, S. Bosu., (ed.) The Jharkhand Movement: Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle for Autonomy in India. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.2003. Oakes, Len., Prophetic Charisma: The Psychology of Revolutionary Religious Personalities. Syracure, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. 1997. Olcott, Martha Brill., “The Soview (Dis)Union” in Foreign Policy. No. 82 (Spring 1991), pp. 118-136. Published By: Slate Group, LLC . Ortner, Sherry., High Religion: A Cultural and Political History of Sherpa Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.1989. ---------------------Life and Death on Mount Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.1999. -------------------- (ed.) The Fate of "Culture: Geertz and Beyond. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.1999. --------------------Anthropology and Social Theory: Culture, Power, and the Acting Subject. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2006. Palacio, A., “Challenges in the Nepalese Constitutional Process: Federalism, Ethnicity And Representation.” Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 48( 2) , pp. 170-179.2015 Pandey, Gyanendra., “The Subaltern as a Subaltern Citizen,” Economic and Political Weekly 41, no. 46 November 2006. Pauler, Gerda., Dolpo - People and Landscape. Sheffield: Vertebrate Graphics.2015. Pettigrew, Judith., Maoists at the Hearth: everyday life in Nepal’s civil war. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2013. Pettigrew, Judith&Shah, Alpa., “Windows into a Revolution: Ethnographies of Maoism South Asia.” In Dialectical Anthropology. 33, Article number :255 (2009). Powers, John&&David Templeman., Historical Dictionary of Tibet. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 2012. Pratt, Mary Louise., Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge. 1992. Oommen, T.K., “New Nationalism and Collective Rights: the case of South Asia” in Ethnicity, Nationalism and Minority Rights,(ed.) by Stephen May. Cambridge University Press. 2004. Queen, Christopher S., & Sallie B. King, ed. Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia. Albany : State University of New York Press. 1996. ------------------------- , “Introduction: From Altruism to Activism.” In Action Dharma: New Studies in Engaged Buddhism. (eds) Queen, Prebish, and Keown 2003, pp. 1-37. Routledge.2003. --------------------------, “Socially Engaged Buddhism : Emerging Patterns of Theory and Practice.” In A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy, ed. Steven M. Emmanuel, pp.524-35. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.2013. Rai, Sanjeev., Conflict, education and People’s War in Nepal. Routledge London. 2018 Ramble, Charles., “Tibetan pride of place; or, why Nepal's Bhotiyas are not an ethnic group”, in D. Gellner and J. Pfaff (eds): Nationalism and Ethnicity in in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal,379-413. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. 1997. ---------------------The Navel of the Demoness. Tibetan Buddhism and Civil Religion in High-land Nepal. New York: Oxford University Press. 2008. Ramble, Charles and Marietta Kind. “Bönpo Monasteris and Temples of the Himalayan Region.” In: Karmay, Samten G. and Yasuhiko Nagano (eds.). A Survey of Bönpo Monasteries and Temples in Tibet and the Himalaya, Bön Studies 7. Osaka, National Museum of Ethnology, 2003, pp. 669-752.Ramble, ---------------------&Peter Schwieger and Alice Travers, (eds.). Tibetans Who Escaped the Historian’s Net: Studies in the Social History of Tibetan Societies. Kathmandu: Vajra Books.2013 ---------------------“Behind the frame: reflections on Nepal” In Kevin Bubriski, Nepal: 1975-2011., pp9-22. Peabody Museum Press. 2014. ---------------------&Drandul Nyima. Reason against tradition: an attempt at cultural reform in a Tibetan-speaking community in Panchayat-era Nepal. J. Bischoff; S. Mullard. Rules, Reform and Regulations: New Perspectives on Tibetan Social History, Brill, 2016. Ramble, Charles; Peter Schwieger and Alice Travers, (eds.). Tibetans Who Escaped the Historian’s Net: Studies in the Social History of Tibetan Societies. Kathmandu: Vajra Books.2013. Rabinow, Paul., (ed).The Foulcault Reader: An introduction to Foulcault’s Thought. London, Penguin. 1991. Rinpoche, Namgyal (Amchi)., Dolpo: The Hidden Land. Kathmandu : SNV/Nepal. 2005 Rose, Leo E., Nepal Strategy for Survival. University of California Press. 1971. Rose, Jerry D. Peoples: The Ethnic Dimension in Human Relations. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. Rothberg, Donald., “Resources on Socially Engaged Buddhism.” Turning Wheel (Spring), pp30-37.2004. ------------------------- ,The Engaged Spiritual Life : A Buddhist Approach to Transforming Ourselves and the World. Boston: Beacon Press. 2006. Sakya, Karna., Dolpo: The World behind Himalayas. Kathmandu Buddhamaya Publication. 1974. ------------------., Dolpo– the Hidden Paradise: A journey to the Endangered Sanctuary of the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. New Delhi: Nirala Publications. 2007. Schaeffer, Kurtis R., Himalayan Hermitess: The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun. Oxford University Press.2004. ------------------.& Mattheew Kapstein & Gray Tuttle (eds). Sources of Tibetan Tradition. Columbia University Press.2012. Scott, James., The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. Yale University Press, 2009 Sijapati, M. A., & Birkenholtz, J. V. (eds.). Religion and Modernity in the Himalaya. Routledge. 2016. Silver, Hilary., “Reconceptualizing Social Disadvantage: Three Paradigms of Social Exclusion”. in Rodger et al eds. Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Response. Geneva: International Institute for Labor Studies. 1995. Sharma, Pitamber, Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis and Dilli Raj Khanal. Nepal Human Development Report, 2014: Beyond Geography, Unlocking Human Potential. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission and United Nations Development Program. 2014. Shrestha, Anita&Bhattarai, Dipesh., “Health care workers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on tuberculosis infection control, Nepal.” In BMC Infect Dis 17, 724 (2017). Smart, John and Wehrheim, John., “Dolpo, Nepal.” In The Tibet Journal , Spring Vol. 2, No. 1. pp. 50-59. 1977. Snellgrove, David., Buddhist Himālaya: Travels and Studies in the Quest of the Origins and Nature of Tibetan Religion. Kathmandu, Himalayan Book Sellers, 1957. ----------------------Himalayan Pilgrimage: A study of Tibetan Religion by a Traveller through Western Nepal. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer.1961. ---------------------Four Lamas of Dolpo. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer.1968. Snellgrove, David & Hugh Richardson., A Cultural History of Tibet. Boston & London: Shambala. 1995. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty., “Can the Subaltern Speak?” in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, (eds.) by Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 271–313. 1988. -----------------------“A Note on the New International” in Parallax, Volume 7, Issue 3 p. 12-16.2001. Spengen, Wim van., Tibetan Border Worlds: A Geohistorical Analysis of Trade and Traders. London: Kegan Paul International.2000. Stearns, Cyrus., The Buddha from Dölpo : a study of the life and thought of the Tibetan master Dölpopa Sherab Gyaltsen (Rev. and enl. ed.). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.2010. Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1972. Stiller, Ludwig., Nepal: Growth of a Nation. HRDRC, Kathmandu, 1993. Szymoszyn A., “The spreading of Bön Culture Among Tibetan Refugees.” Polish Implications., Ethnologia Polona, vol. 25, pp. 117-133. 2004. Thapa, D., and B. Sijapati., A kingdom under siege: Nepal’s maoist insurgency. 1996-2004. London: Zed Books. 2004. Thich Nhat Hanh., “History of Engaged Buddhism: A Dharma Talk by Thich Nhat Hanh, Hanoi Vietnam, May 6-7, 2008.” Human Architecture: Jounal of the Sociology of Self-knowledge 6. no.3. pp.29-36. 2008. Thomas, Scott M., The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations: the struggle for the soul of twenty first century. Pagrave MacMillan. 2005. Thornton T.L., Riccardi T., “The Himalayas: a syllabus of the region’s history, anthropology, and religion.”. In Association for Asian Studies Occasional Papers Series, Michigan 1995. Toffin, Gerard., “The Janajati/Adivasi Movement in Nepal: Myths and Realities of Indigeneity” in Sociological Bulletin 58(1), January – April 2009, pp. 25-42. Indian Sociological Society. Tucci, Giuseppe. The religions of Tibet. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980. Valli E., Summers D., Dolpo: hidden land of the Himalayas. Aperture, Michigan. 1998. Vitali, Roberto., The Kingdoms of Gu.Ge Pu.Hrang: According to Mnga'.Ris Rgyal.Rabs by Gu.Ge Mkhan.Chen Ngag.Dbang Grags.Pa. Weatherhill.1996. -----------------A Short History of Mustang (10th-15th Century). Amnye Machen Institute, India 2013. Weber, Max., The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Edinburgh: Hodge. 1947. -----------------The Sociology of Religion. Boston: Beacon Press. 1964. -----------------Economy and Society: an Outline of Interpretive Sociology. New York: Bedminister Press. 1968. World Bank., DFID, Statistics on International Development of Nepal.2006. Whelpton, John., A History of Nepal. Cambridge University Press. 2005. Zacher, Mark W., "The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force". International Organization. 55 (2): 215–250.2001 Online Sources https://www.altitudeproject.ca/ku-school/ https://www.altitudeproject.ca/karang-school http://dolpo.tapriza.org http://www.schoolandcollegelistings.com http://www.mofald.gov.np/en https://www.facebook.com/srstudent https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nepal/admin/karnali/62__dolpa https://moecdc.gov.np/en https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/rarebooks/downloads/Nepal_ https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nep https://landportal.org/library/resources https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/ https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/ https://treasuryoflives.org/zh/institution/Pugyel https://notesnepal.com/archives/1138 downloaded on July 15 https://www.oit.org. https://www.nefin.np zh_TW
