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題名 全球化時代美國數位公眾外交之發展
Development of The U.S. Digital Public Diplomacy in The Era of Globalization作者 黃佩瑄
Huang, Pei-Hsuan貢獻者 李明
黃佩瑄
Huang, Pei-Hsuan關鍵詞 全球化
資通訊科技
數位公眾外交
小布希
歐巴馬
川普
拜登
Globalization
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Digital Public Diplomacy
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Joe Biden日期 2024 上傳時間 1-三月-2024 13:46:58 (UTC+8) 摘要 在公眾重要性提升、非國家行為者興起的全球化時代，除了國家之間的傳統外交，國家也需要透過公眾外交與公眾、非國家行為者交流互動、建立關係。而全球化伴隨的資通訊科技發展，使得網路與數位媒體日益普及、人工智慧等數位科技日新月異，促使各行各業開始朝向數位化轉型。因此，公眾外交朝向數位化轉型是必然的趨勢，「數位公眾外交」的概念因此油然而生。 本論文以數位公眾外交為核心，探究其概念與內涵，並以公眾外交概念發源地、資通訊科技發展位於領先地位的美國為研究對象，探討美國政府如何使用資通訊科技與公眾互動。首先梳理全球化時代公眾外交概念的演進，接著建構數位公眾外交的概念與跨領域內涵，最後分析小布希、歐巴馬、川普與拜登四位美國總統的數位公眾外交政策與作為。作者的研究結果顯示，美國的數位公眾外交歷經了萌芽、適應、動盪與發展的長遠歷程。
Globalization has propelled the rise of publics and non-state actors. Apart from the traditional diplomacy, governments also need to engage in public diplomacy to interact and build relationships with publics and non-state actors. The pervasive influence of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the era of globalization has popularized the use of the Internet and digital media, driving rapid advancements in technologies like artificial intelligence. The development of ICT has prompted various industries to embark on digitalization. Consequently, the inevitable trend is for public diplomacy to undergo digitalization, giving rise to the concept of “Digital Public Diplomacy.” This thesis therefore delves into the concept and content of Digital Public Diplomacy. It focuses on the United States, a leading hub of ICT development and the birthplace of public diplomacy, exploring how the U.S. government utilizes ICT to interact with the public. It begins by tracing the evolution of public diplomacy concept in the era of globalization, followed by the establishment of the concept and interdisciplinary content of Digital Public Diplomacy. Finally, it analyzes the policies and actions of four U.S. presidents: George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden. 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https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1888800,00.html “President Trump’s Proposed Budget Defunds Education, National Endowment of the Arts, State Department.” Language Magazine, February 11, 2020, https://www.languagemagazine.com/2020/02/11/president-trumps-proposed-budget-defunds-education-national-endowment-of-the-arts-state-department/ Robertson, Derek. “How @realDonaldTrump Changed Politics — and America.” Politico, January 9, 2021, https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/01/09/trump-twitter-ban-suspended-analysis-456817 Romm, Tony. “Millions of Tweets Peddled Conspiracy Theories about Coronavirus in Other Countries, an Unpublished U.S. Report Says.” The Washington Post, February 29, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/02/29/twitter-coronavirus-misinformation-state-department/ Sabatini, Christopher. “The Flawed Logic of the Trump Administration’s Cuts to Exchange Programs.” Global Americans, February 21, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/02/flawed-logic-trump-administrations-cuts-exchange-programs/#_ftn1 Winters, Tristan. “Web 3.0 – A Chat with Ethereum’s Gavin Wood.” Bitcoin Magazine, April 25, 2014, https://bitcoinmagazine.com/business/web-3-0-chat-ethereums- gavin-wood-1398455401 Zherka, Ilir. “International Exchange Programs Receive Unprecedented Support.” HuffPost, July 20, 2017, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/international-exchange- programs-receive-unprecedented_b_5970ccb1e4b0f68541cd62fc （六） 其他網路資源 “American Public Diplomacy: Obama.” TUIC Academi, February 20, 2022, https://www.tuicakademi.org/american-public-diplomacy-obama-era/ Berger, J.M. & Jonathon Morgan. “The ISIS Twitter Census. Defining and Describing the Population of ISIS Supporters on Twitter.” The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, March 5, 2015, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/isis_twitter_census_berger_morgan.pdf Burroughs, Franklin T. “Diplomatic Eruptions and Reduced U.S. Influence.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, August 23, 2022, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/diplomatic-eruptions-and-reduced-us-influence Carlson, Brian. “What is The CDP Bureau?” Customer Data Platform, https://cdp.com/articles/what-is-the-cdp-bureau/ Copeland, Daryl. “Connectivity and Networks Rule: Virtuality, Public Diplomacy and The Foreign Ministry.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, November 26, 2008, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/connectivity-and-networks-rule-virtuality-public-diplomacy-and-foreign-ministry Cull, Nicholas J. “‘Public Diplomacy’ Before Gullion: The Evolution of A Phrase.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, April 18, 2006, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-gullion-evolution-phrase “Digital Diplomacy.” Diplo, 2023, https://www.diplomacy.edu/topics/digital-diplomacy/ Hanson, Fergus. “Baked in and Wired: eDiplomacy@State.” Foreign Policy at Brookings, 2012, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/baked- in-hansonf-5.pdf Hare, Paul. “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power? No Thanks, It’s America First.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, February 18, 2020, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-and-soft-power-no-thanks-its-america-first Hayden, Craig. “The State Department’s Digital Outreach Program: A New Critical Perspective.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, March 29, 2007, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/state-department%E2%80%99s-digital-outreach-program-new-critical-perspective Lips, Dan. “A New Strategy for U.S. Public Diplomacy: Using Virtual Education and Incentives to Promote Understanding of American Values.” Lincoln Policy, June, 2021, https://lincolnpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Lincoln-Policy-A-New-Strategy-for-U.S.-Public-Diplomacy.pdf Manor, Ilan. “AI’s Impact on Public Diplomacy.” Exploring Digital Diplomacy, June 15, 2023, https://digdipblog.com/2023/06/15/ais-impact-on-public-diplomacy/ Manor, Ilan. “America’s Selfie in the Age of Trump.” Exploring Digital Diplomacy, September 3, 2017, https://digdipblog.com/2017/09/03/americas-selfie-in-the- age-of-trump/ Manor, Ilan. “How External Shocks Alter Digital Diplomacy’s Trajectory.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, November 16, 2020, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/how-external-shocks-alter-digital-diplomacys-trajectory Manor, Ilan. “The AI Moves In: ChatGPT’s Impact on Digital Diplomacy.” Exploring Digital Diplomacy, February 21, 2023, https://digdipblog.com/2023/02/21/the-ai-moves-in-chatgpts-impact-on-digital-diplomacy/ McCarthy, Deborah. “US Foreign Policy Tools in The Era of Disinformation.” FIIA Briefing Paper, 2019, pp. 1-8. McClory, Jonathan. “A Red, White & Blue Reset: Challenges & Opportunities for American Public Diplomacy.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, July 8, 2021, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/red-white-blue-reset-challenges-opportunities-american-public-diplomacy Nye, Joseph S. “American Soft Power in The Age of Trump.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, March 20, 2019, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/american-soft- power-age-trump Nye, Joseph S. “Soft Power 2.0: The Future of Power in the Digital Age.” Dubai Policy Review, February, 2020, https://dubaipolicyreview.ae/soft-power-2-0/ Penn, Christopher. “What’s the Difference Between Social Media and New Media?” Awaken Your Superhero, November 19, 2021, https://www.christopherspenn.com/2021/11/whats-the-difference-between-social- media-new-media/ Poushter, Jacob & Christine Huang. “Climate Change Still Seen as the Top Global Threat, but Cyberattacks a Rising Concern.” Pew Research Center, February 10, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/02/10/climate-change-still-seen-as-the-top-global-threat- but-cyberattacks-a-rising-concern/ “Public Diplomacy in the Trump Administration.” The Heritage Foundation, September 30, 2019, https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/event/public- diplomacy-the-trump-administration Repucci, Sarah & Amy Slipowitz. “Freedom in The World 2021: Democracy Under Siege.” Freedom House, 2021, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom- world/2021/democracy-under-siege Shahbaz, Adrian. “The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism.” Freedom House, 2018, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2018/rise-digital-authoritarianism Sharma, Madhurkant. “Difference Between Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0.” GeeksforGeeks, July 02, 2023, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/web-1-0-web-2-0- and-web-3-0-with-their-difference/ “Social Media’s Impact on Media Multiplier Effect.” Icon Visual Marketing, April 21, 2014, https://www.iconvisual.com.au/social-media/social-media-s-impact-on- media-multiplier-effect Sorkin, Allison. “The United States’ War Against Russian Disinformation: Is the GEC Fit for Purpose?” Global Risk Insights, October 6, 2022, https://globalriskinsights.com/2022/10/the-united-states-war-against-russian-disinformation-is-the-gec-fit-for-purpose/ Surowiec, Pawel & Chris Miles. “Public Diplomacy Imploded: Populist Cultural Strategies for the Digital Age.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, March 21, 2019, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-imploded-populist-cultural-strategies-digital-age “The Power and Potential of Digital Diplomacy.” Global Diplomatic Forum, June, 2023, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/power-potential-digital-diplomacy-global- diplomatic-forum/ “What’s PD?” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/page/what-is-pd Wike, Richard, Janell Fetterolf & Mara Mordecai. “U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly.” Pew Research Center, September 15, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/09/15/us-image-plummets-internationally-as-most-say-country-has-handled-coronavirus-badly/ Wike, Richard, Janell Fetterolf, Moira Fagan & Sneha Gubbala. “International Attitudes Toward the U.S., NATO and Russia in a Time of Crisis.” Pew Research Center, June 22, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/06/22/international-attitudes-toward-the-u-s-nato-and-russia-in-a-time-of-crisis/ 三、 法文部分 Kurbalija, Jovan. “Prévisions 2023: 12 Tendances en Matière de Gouvernance Numérique et de Diplomatie.” June 26, 2023, Diplo, https://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/2023-digital-governance-predictions/#2_Digital_geopolitics_From_submarine_cables_to_satellites 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
110253020資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110253020 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 李明 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) 黃佩瑄 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Huang, Pei-Hsuan en_US dc.creator (作者) 黃佩瑄 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Huang, Pei-Hsuan en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-三月-2024 13:46:58 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-三月-2024 13:46:58 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-三月-2024 13:46:58 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0110253020 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/150183 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 外交學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110253020 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在公眾重要性提升、非國家行為者興起的全球化時代，除了國家之間的傳統外交，國家也需要透過公眾外交與公眾、非國家行為者交流互動、建立關係。而全球化伴隨的資通訊科技發展，使得網路與數位媒體日益普及、人工智慧等數位科技日新月異，促使各行各業開始朝向數位化轉型。因此，公眾外交朝向數位化轉型是必然的趨勢，「數位公眾外交」的概念因此油然而生。 本論文以數位公眾外交為核心，探究其概念與內涵，並以公眾外交概念發源地、資通訊科技發展位於領先地位的美國為研究對象，探討美國政府如何使用資通訊科技與公眾互動。首先梳理全球化時代公眾外交概念的演進，接著建構數位公眾外交的概念與跨領域內涵，最後分析小布希、歐巴馬、川普與拜登四位美國總統的數位公眾外交政策與作為。作者的研究結果顯示，美國的數位公眾外交歷經了萌芽、適應、動盪與發展的長遠歷程。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Globalization has propelled the rise of publics and non-state actors. Apart from the traditional diplomacy, governments also need to engage in public diplomacy to interact and build relationships with publics and non-state actors. The pervasive influence of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the era of globalization has popularized the use of the Internet and digital media, driving rapid advancements in technologies like artificial intelligence. The development of ICT has prompted various industries to embark on digitalization. Consequently, the inevitable trend is for public diplomacy to undergo digitalization, giving rise to the concept of “Digital Public Diplomacy.” This thesis therefore delves into the concept and content of Digital Public Diplomacy. It focuses on the United States, a leading hub of ICT development and the birthplace of public diplomacy, exploring how the U.S. government utilizes ICT to interact with the public. It begins by tracing the evolution of public diplomacy concept in the era of globalization, followed by the establishment of the concept and interdisciplinary content of Digital Public Diplomacy. Finally, it analyzes the policies and actions of four U.S. presidents: George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden. The research finding of this article indicates that the Digital Public Diplomacy of the U.S. has undergone a long process of germination, adaptation, turbulence, and development. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與研究目的 1 第二節 文獻探討 5 第三節 研究途徑與研究方法 11 第四節 研究範圍與研究限制 14 第五節 研究架構 16 第二章 數位公眾外交的內涵、施行與挑戰 17 第一節 數位公眾外交的資通訊科技內涵 17 第二節 數位公眾外交的傳播、社會與權力內涵 23 第三節 數位公眾外交的施行與挑戰 30 第三章 美國數位公眾外交的萌芽與適應 37 第一節 小布希政府的數位公眾外交 37 第二節 美國數位公眾外交的萌芽階段 43 第三節 歐巴馬政府的數位公眾外交 46 第四節 美國數位公眾外交的適應階段 54 第四章 美國數位公眾外交的動盪與發展 59 第一節 川普政府的數位公眾外交 59 第二節 美國數位公眾外交的動盪階段 65 第三節 拜登政府的數位公眾外交 70 第四節 美國數位公眾外交的發展階段 81 第五章 結論 85 第一節 研究發現 85 第二節 未來研究建議 88 參考文獻 91 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2849982 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110253020 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 全球化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資通訊科技 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 數位公眾外交 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 小布希 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐巴馬 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 川普 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 拜登 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Globalization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Digital Public Diplomacy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) George W. Bush en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Barack Obama en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Donald Trump en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Joe Biden en_US dc.title (題名) 全球化時代美國數位公眾外交之發展 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Development of The U.S. Digital Public Diplomacy in The Era of Globalization en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文部分 （一） 專書 卜正珉，《公眾外交：軟性國力，理論與策略》。台北：允晨文化，2009年。 何清漣，《紅色滲透：中國媒體全球擴張的真相》。台北：八旗文化，2019年。 李靜宜譯，Joseph Nye原著，《權力大未來：軍事力、經濟力、網路力、巧實力的全球主導》（The Future of Power）。台北：天下文化，2011年。 （二） 期刊 于朝暉，〈911後美國中東戰略傳播管理研究〉。《阿拉伯世界研究》，第4期，2008年，頁38-44。 史安斌、張耀鐘，〈數位化公共外交：理念、實踐與策略的演進〉。《青年記者》，第7期，2020年，頁78-81。 汪曉風，〈「美國優先」與川普政府網路戰略的重構〉。《復旦學報》，第4期，2019年，頁179-188。 陸佳怡，〈公共對外交流與媒體對外交流——專訪美國南加州大學公共對外交流研究中心主任菲利普·賽博〉。《對外傳播》，第2期，2013年，頁44-45。 張聰聰、卿宇欣、鄧玥琳，〈美國對華數位公共外交傳播研究——以「美國駐華大使館」微信公眾號為例〉。《社會科學前沿》，第12期，2023年，頁1524-1535。 張艷秋，〈數位公共外交與中國國際傳播——以民營媒體企業為例〉。《對外傳播》，第10期，2018年，頁54-57。 談東晨，〈人工智能時代的公共外交——基於建構主義視角的迷思〉。《新聞傳播科學》，第7期，2019年，頁19-27。 （三） 新聞雜誌 王曉光、傅先鳳，〈跨國公司：公共外交的新興力量〉。《公共外交季刊》，2021年3月1日，http://news.china.com.cn/world/2018-07/31/content_57913081_3.htm 〈布林肯稱與馬斯克討論烏軍使用星鏈網絡之事 烏克蘭遊說美議員提供F-16戰機〉。《美國之音》，2023年2月20日，https://www.voacantonese.com/a/elon- musk-u-s-discussed-starlink-in-ukraine-02192023/6969730.html 李文輝，〈名家觀點》方興東：美外交政策正朝數位化轉向 指向中國〉。《中時新聞網》，2022年4月7日，https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20220407001242-260409?chdtv 陳瑋鴻，〈GPT-4登場！OpenAI這次新增哪些功能？與GPT-3.5差異一次看〉。《商業週刊》，2023年3月15日， https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/focus/blog/3011904 曾惠敏，〈回顧阿拉伯之春十年 自由民主路仍長〉。《公視新聞網》，2020年12月17日，https://news.pts.org.tw/article/504742 楊夏鳴、談東晨，〈公共外交的原理：溫特建構主義理論分析〉。《公共外交季刊》，2018年7月31日，http://news.china.com.cn/world/2018- 07/31/content_57913081_3.htm 劉奕酉，〈八張圖，一次搞懂人工智慧的現在、未來，及對你工作的影響〉。《未來城市@天下》，2019年6月28日，https://futurecity.cw.com.tw/article/743 （四） 其他網路資源 〈全球聚焦「社會數位轉型」 友善循環三部曲：數位創新、數位調適、數位轉型〉，《財團法人資訊工業策進會》，2021年3月23日，https://www.iii.org.tw/Focus/FocusDtl.aspx?f_type=2&f_sqno=%2B9JRnI2S4aFcVyxa9IxmKQ__&fm_sqno=13 〈科技英文》誰帶我們走入同溫層時代〉。《世界公民文化中心》，https://www.core-corner.com/Web/Main.php?stat=a_LtNcOxV 唐小松，〈中國公共外交的發展及體系構建〉。《愛思想》，2008年7月14日，https://www.aisixiang.com/data/9907.html 唐小松、黃忠，〈論信息時代的網絡外交〉。《愛思想》，2008年8月11日，https://www.aisixiang.com/data/20094.html 〈維基解密: Julian Assange談為何世界需要WikiLeaks〉。《開放式課程計畫》，https://www.myoops.org/ted_detail.php?id=357 閱讀筆耕，〈Web3.0是什麼？Web1.0到Web3.0的變革與Web3五大應用賽道〉。《鏈習生》，2023年2月13日，https://chainee.io/what-is-web3/ Hoi, Samson，〈區塊鏈Blockchain-Decentralized與P2P的概念〉。Samson’s blog，2018年，https://www.samsonhoi.com/326/blockchain_decentralised_p2p_concept 二、 英文部分 （一） 專書 Banks, Robert. 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