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題名 自立青少年孤寂感對其生活歷程的影響
The Loneliness Among Care Leavers and Its Impact on Their Lives作者 李有勝
Li, You-Sheng貢獻者 林宜輝
Lin, Yei-Whei
李有勝
Li, You-Sheng關鍵詞 孤寂感
自立青少年
自立服務
自立轉銜
Loneliness
Care Leavers
Independent living program
transition to adulthood日期 2024 上傳時間 5-八月-2024 14:20:41 (UTC+8) 摘要 我國青少年自立服務自1995年臺北市政府率先開辦以來，途中歷經有2004年中央內政部兒童局採用補助的形式，並於2011年的兒少權法修法中明訂政府應提供自立服務，乃至同年的監察院也對行政部門提出糾正案要求政府部門應落實自立服務方案。至此，我國的自立服務政策已更為完整，然而上述政策並未能讓研究者在實務現場中感到游刃有餘。其中，研究者在實務過程中最無法回應自立青少年的孤寂感，並為此時感困窘與挫敗，細究原因後發現我國自立服務歷來討論皆是聚焦在生存議題，而未給予自立青少年孤寂議題應有的重視。為此，本研究決定以此主題進行深入探究。本論文主要採取立意抽樣的方式訪談五位背景各異的自立青少年，過程中藉由情節式訪談法了解孤寂感如何在他們安置及自立階段生活中現身並影響著他們的生活樣貌，論文分析是透過主題分析方式進行，歸納與整理其分析所發現的重要概念與主題。 本論文發現不管是在安置與自立的階段中，皆能看見自立少年孤寂感的蹤跡，如情緒性孤寂感及社會性孤寂感。在安置階段，這些少年的孤寂感主要源自四種情境，包括有：(1)被迫從熟悉的環境中連根拔起(2)原本正向關係的變質(3)機構外出規範限制交友(4)熟悉的同儕轉換安置處所。至於在自立階段，少年們的孤寂感則來自於四種狀態，包含了：(1)對原生家庭既熟悉又陌生的矛盾情感(2)看見他人美好家庭圖像時所感受到的相對剝奪感(3)渴望獲得陪伴的空虛感(4)在複雜人際關係中的挫敗與失望感。另本研究也發現孤寂經驗會在認知與行為層面上對自立青少年產生影響，其中在認知上，自立青少年的孤寂經驗使其對自己與原生家庭產生負向意象，並失去對人際關係的信心，甚至有自立青少年認為自己過往所獲得的社工及生輔人員照顧皆非源自於他們真心的關愛，而僅是工作者為換取薪資報酬而不得不為的任務執行。有關行為層面上，自立青少年的孤寂經驗則會促使他們尋求人際連結以重獲可能的歸屬感，同時也有少年會藉由人際退縮的方式來避免與他人互動可能帶來的挫折感受。最為特別的是，自立青少年亦會將過往與現在的照顧關係視作某種商品，並對此加以評選，結果因而成為精打細算、貨比三家的消費者。 在對研究結果梳理的過程中，研究者發現每一次生活地的轉換都會深深地影響自立青少年的人際關係網絡，尤其是造成斷點，以致不利其與他人間永續關係的建立，這也是造成孤寂感產生的諸多原因之一。另本論文認為自立青少年在成人轉銜任務上是不同於在原生家庭成長的少年──對於後者而言，成人轉銜意味著離家邁向獨立的一里路；但成人轉銜之於自立青少年，卻是得回首那千頭萬緒的原生家庭，尤其是要梳理這幾年來的傷害、疏離或甚至是空白的親情，進而才可能在心中尋找如何安放自己與家人間的關係，最終再邁向人生的下一步。 根據研究發現，本論文亦提出一系列建議，包括有：(1)專業工作者應更關注安置與自立兒少孤寂感的議題(2)安置處所工作者也應積極支持安置兒少建立與維繫其社會關係(3)自立服務社工必須協助自立青少年梳理其與原生家庭及現有的人際關係(4)政策制定者必須提供足夠的資源來支持實務工作者在服務中有餘力可關照兒少孤寂感的議題。
From 1995 to 2011, both the Administration and the Legislature in Taiwan transcripts emphasized and established the Supportive Service for Care leavers. However, as all services and related research primarily address survival concerns, my role as a clinical social worker led to frustration when I couldn't assist care leavers in managing loneliness in their daily lives. This personal experience prompted me to conduct interviews with five care leavers and employ Thematic Analysis to understand the nature of loneliness and its impact on their daily experiences. The research findings illuminate emotional and social loneliness. Furthermore, concerning placement, four scenarios were identified that could contribute to loneliness among care leavers, including departing from a familiar environment, terminating relationships with significant others, restricting social interactions with friends, and relocating peers. In the context of ageing out, four sources of loneliness were identified, encompassing conflicting emotions towards the original family, a sense of relative deprivation stemming from an idealized family image, the yearning for companionship, and frustration stemming from intricate interpersonal relationships. Moreover, care leavers are affected by loneliness at cognitive and behavioural levels. At the cognitive level, care leavers develop negative self-perceptions and perceptions of their original families, struggle to trust others, and may attribute past care received solely to the caregivers' obligations rather than genuine concern. At the behavioural level, care leavers seek belongingness through social connections, disengage from relationships that evoke frustration, and may view the caregiving relationship as transactional. The research suggests that each relocation experienced by care leavers exacerbates the challenge of maintaining enduring relationships and contributes to feelings of loneliness. Furthermore, whereas the transition to adulthood for individuals raised in original families typically involves independence and separation from the family unit, for care leavers, this transition entails looking back at their original families, which may evoke harm, necessitating the establishment of a suitable foundation for familial relationships before progressing to the subsequent stage of their lives. In conclusion, the research underscores four key implications for care leaving policy. Firstly, professionals should be sensitive to the loneliness issues faced by children and adolescents. Secondly, professionals involved in placement should assist in cultivating and sustaining informal relationships. Thirdly, professionals should help care leavers navigate their relationships with their original families. Lastly, social policymakers should allocate sufficient resources to clinical workers and provide robust support. 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國立政治大學
社會工作研究所
108264011資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108264011 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林宜輝 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Yei-Whei en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 李有勝 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Li, You-Sheng en_US dc.creator (作者) 李有勝 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Li, You-Sheng en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-八月-2024 14:20:41 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-八月-2024 14:20:41 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-八月-2024 14:20:41 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0108264011 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/152845 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 社會工作研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108264011 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 我國青少年自立服務自1995年臺北市政府率先開辦以來，途中歷經有2004年中央內政部兒童局採用補助的形式，並於2011年的兒少權法修法中明訂政府應提供自立服務，乃至同年的監察院也對行政部門提出糾正案要求政府部門應落實自立服務方案。至此，我國的自立服務政策已更為完整，然而上述政策並未能讓研究者在實務現場中感到游刃有餘。其中，研究者在實務過程中最無法回應自立青少年的孤寂感，並為此時感困窘與挫敗，細究原因後發現我國自立服務歷來討論皆是聚焦在生存議題，而未給予自立青少年孤寂議題應有的重視。為此，本研究決定以此主題進行深入探究。本論文主要採取立意抽樣的方式訪談五位背景各異的自立青少年，過程中藉由情節式訪談法了解孤寂感如何在他們安置及自立階段生活中現身並影響著他們的生活樣貌，論文分析是透過主題分析方式進行，歸納與整理其分析所發現的重要概念與主題。 本論文發現不管是在安置與自立的階段中，皆能看見自立少年孤寂感的蹤跡，如情緒性孤寂感及社會性孤寂感。在安置階段，這些少年的孤寂感主要源自四種情境，包括有：(1)被迫從熟悉的環境中連根拔起(2)原本正向關係的變質(3)機構外出規範限制交友(4)熟悉的同儕轉換安置處所。至於在自立階段，少年們的孤寂感則來自於四種狀態，包含了：(1)對原生家庭既熟悉又陌生的矛盾情感(2)看見他人美好家庭圖像時所感受到的相對剝奪感(3)渴望獲得陪伴的空虛感(4)在複雜人際關係中的挫敗與失望感。另本研究也發現孤寂經驗會在認知與行為層面上對自立青少年產生影響，其中在認知上，自立青少年的孤寂經驗使其對自己與原生家庭產生負向意象，並失去對人際關係的信心，甚至有自立青少年認為自己過往所獲得的社工及生輔人員照顧皆非源自於他們真心的關愛，而僅是工作者為換取薪資報酬而不得不為的任務執行。有關行為層面上，自立青少年的孤寂經驗則會促使他們尋求人際連結以重獲可能的歸屬感，同時也有少年會藉由人際退縮的方式來避免與他人互動可能帶來的挫折感受。最為特別的是，自立青少年亦會將過往與現在的照顧關係視作某種商品，並對此加以評選，結果因而成為精打細算、貨比三家的消費者。 在對研究結果梳理的過程中，研究者發現每一次生活地的轉換都會深深地影響自立青少年的人際關係網絡，尤其是造成斷點，以致不利其與他人間永續關係的建立，這也是造成孤寂感產生的諸多原因之一。另本論文認為自立青少年在成人轉銜任務上是不同於在原生家庭成長的少年──對於後者而言，成人轉銜意味著離家邁向獨立的一里路；但成人轉銜之於自立青少年，卻是得回首那千頭萬緒的原生家庭，尤其是要梳理這幾年來的傷害、疏離或甚至是空白的親情，進而才可能在心中尋找如何安放自己與家人間的關係，最終再邁向人生的下一步。 根據研究發現，本論文亦提出一系列建議，包括有：(1)專業工作者應更關注安置與自立兒少孤寂感的議題(2)安置處所工作者也應積極支持安置兒少建立與維繫其社會關係(3)自立服務社工必須協助自立青少年梳理其與原生家庭及現有的人際關係(4)政策制定者必須提供足夠的資源來支持實務工作者在服務中有餘力可關照兒少孤寂感的議題。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) From 1995 to 2011, both the Administration and the Legislature in Taiwan transcripts emphasized and established the Supportive Service for Care leavers. However, as all services and related research primarily address survival concerns, my role as a clinical social worker led to frustration when I couldn't assist care leavers in managing loneliness in their daily lives. This personal experience prompted me to conduct interviews with five care leavers and employ Thematic Analysis to understand the nature of loneliness and its impact on their daily experiences. The research findings illuminate emotional and social loneliness. Furthermore, concerning placement, four scenarios were identified that could contribute to loneliness among care leavers, including departing from a familiar environment, terminating relationships with significant others, restricting social interactions with friends, and relocating peers. In the context of ageing out, four sources of loneliness were identified, encompassing conflicting emotions towards the original family, a sense of relative deprivation stemming from an idealized family image, the yearning for companionship, and frustration stemming from intricate interpersonal relationships. Moreover, care leavers are affected by loneliness at cognitive and behavioural levels. At the cognitive level, care leavers develop negative self-perceptions and perceptions of their original families, struggle to trust others, and may attribute past care received solely to the caregivers' obligations rather than genuine concern. At the behavioural level, care leavers seek belongingness through social connections, disengage from relationships that evoke frustration, and may view the caregiving relationship as transactional. The research suggests that each relocation experienced by care leavers exacerbates the challenge of maintaining enduring relationships and contributes to feelings of loneliness. Furthermore, whereas the transition to adulthood for individuals raised in original families typically involves independence and separation from the family unit, for care leavers, this transition entails looking back at their original families, which may evoke harm, necessitating the establishment of a suitable foundation for familial relationships before progressing to the subsequent stage of their lives. In conclusion, the research underscores four key implications for care leaving policy. Firstly, professionals should be sensitive to the loneliness issues faced by children and adolescents. Secondly, professionals involved in placement should assist in cultivating and sustaining informal relationships. Thirdly, professionals should help care leavers navigate their relationships with their original families. Lastly, social policymakers should allocate sufficient resources to clinical workers and provide robust support. These implications aim to address the emotional and social loneliness experienced by care leavers and advocate for policy changes and support services. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 壹、 我國自立服務之變革 2 貳、 「我」做為服務輸送的一員 2 第二節 研究動機 3 壹、 研究的起點 3 貳、 孤寂感的召喚 4 參、 在自立服務與研究中，常被漏接的孤寂感議題 7 肆、 另一種看待青少年自立生活的可能 10 第三節 研究目的與研究問題 11 壹、 研究目的 11 貳、 研究問題 11 第四節 名詞釋義 12 壹、 自立青少年 12 貳、 孤寂感 13 第二章 文獻探討 14 第一節 自立青少年之相關研究 14 壹、 自立青少年的族群特性 14 貳、 青少年的自立轉銜概念 22 參、 國內外自立服務方案 24 第二節 孤寂感概念之探討 28 壹、 何謂孤寂感 28 貳、 孤寂感的種類 30 參、 影響孤寂感之相關因素 35 肆、 孤寂感的因應方式 43 伍、 分析的理論視角 44 第三節 自立青少年與孤寂感 46 壹、 接受安置階段 47 貳、 社區自立階段 49 第三章 研究方法 53 第一節 研究提問與研究方法 53 壹、 研究提問 53 貳、 學習從兒少的視角做研究 54 參、 研究取向 56 肆、 質性研究方法 57 第二節 研究設計與資料分析方法 59 壹、 界定研究對象 59 貳、 研究對象的選擇 59 參、 資料蒐集方式 62 肆、 資料分析方法 66 伍、 研究嚴謹度 68 第三節 研究者角色與研究倫理 71 壹、 研究者角色 71 貳、 潛在的倫理議題 71 參、 避免傷害的措施 72 第四章 研究結果 74 第一節 從接受安置至社區自立階段，青少年的孤寂感樣態 74 壹、 安置階段青少年的孤寂感樣態 74 貳、 自立階段青少年的孤寂感樣態 81 第二節 孤寂感對自立青少年的影響 85 壹、 孤寂感對青少年認知的影響 85 貳、 孤寂感對青少年行為的影響 95 第五章 研究討論與建議 102 第一節 研究討論 102 壹、 原生家庭──既是孤寂的起點，又是陌生的終點 102 貳、 安置的高牆──保護初心，終成限制？ 104 參、 離院自立──過載的生活，自由的代價 105 肆、 綜觀人生──轉捩點變成斷點 106 伍、 生命韌性──孤寂感的影響與青少年的成長 107 第二節 研究建議 109 壹、 關注兒少的孤寂感議題 109 貳、 協助安置兒少及自立青少年梳理家庭關係 109 參、 協助安置兒少及自立青少年處理人際關係 110 肆、 提供足夠政策資源以支持實務工作者 111 第三節 研究限制 112 壹、 受訪者的選樣限制 112 貳、 與受訪者關係深度的限制 112 參、 回溯記憶的限制 112 肆、 單一視角詮釋的限制 113 參考文獻 114 壹、 中文資料 114 貳、 英文資料 120 附錄 135 附件一：我國自立服務研究之主題分類 135 附件二：英國里茲、美國加州、澳洲維州等地方政府的自立服務 137 附件三 : 臺灣各地方政府的經濟補助資訊 139 附件四：臺北市自立服務的內容 142 附件五：本研究之訪談大綱 143 附件六：研究說明暨同意書 144 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2868532 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108264011 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 孤寂感 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自立青少年 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自立服務 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自立轉銜 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Loneliness en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Care Leavers en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Independent living program en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) transition to adulthood en_US dc.title (題名) 自立青少年孤寂感對其生活歷程的影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Loneliness Among Care Leavers and Its Impact on Their Lives en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻 壹、 中文資料 王俐雯（2012）。《成年前期男女孤獨感與幸福感之相關研究──以網路使用者為例》。國立臺北教育大學生命教育與健康促進研究所碩士論文。 王文科、王智弘（2010）質的研究的信度和效度。彰師大教育學報，17，29-50。 王仕圖、吳慧敏（2003）。〈深度訪談與案例演練〉，齊力、林本炫（編），《質性研究方法與資料分析》，頁95-113。嘉義：南華大學教育社會所。 王守玉、Carol Windsor、Patsy Yates（2012）。〈簡介紮根理論研究法〉，《護理雜誌》，59(1)，90-94。 王歆韶（2013）。《安置機構中的親手足-青少年個案的主體經驗探究》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。 朱佩如（2012）。《看到韌性：歷經機構安置離院個案之自立生活經驗》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。 李佩珊（2019）。〈Bronfenbrenner生態系統理論的近期發展與應用〉，《輔導季刊》，55(3)，14-24。 李品蓉（2016）。《兒少安置機構社工員對「難置兒」之處遇經驗探討》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 李偉禎（2021）。《探討安置機構離院政策與離院生自立生活的脈絡性》。國立臺灣政治大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 李穎姍（2013）。《陪伴他們一同走過的返家路：社工提供兒少安置返家後追蹤輔導服務之經驗》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 李雪莉、簡永達（2018）。〈離院之後，一個人的戰鬥〉，李雪莉、簡永達（撰），《廢墟少年》，頁213-231，臺北：衛城。 吳泰龍（2010）。《國中生寂寞感、父母教養行為、社會支持、偏差行為及中途輟學之相關研究》。國立中正大學心理學研究所碩士論文。 杜慈容（1999）。《童年受虐少年「獨立生活」經驗探討：以臺北市少年獨立生活方案為例》。國立臺灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。 余姍瑾（2011）。《安置機構「家」的意義建構：經歷長期機構安置之離院個案的經驗詮釋》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 吳惠文（2005）。〈「家」內鬩牆：兒少安置機構專業人員之專業互動分析〉，《東吳社會工作學報》，29，25-51。 吳嘉苓（2012）。〈訪談法〉，瞿海源、畢恆達、劉長萱、楊國樞（主編），《社會及行為科學研究法：質性研究法》，頁33-60。臺北市：東華。 社團法人中華育幼機構兒童關懷協會（2021）。2020年工作成果報告。2022年1月1日瀏覽：https://www.childrenhome.org.tw/link7-1.asp 易之新（譯）（2003）。《存在心理治療（下）自由、孤獨、無意義》（原作者：Irvin D. 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