學術產出-學位論文

文章檢視/開啟

書目匯出

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

引文資訊

TAIR相關學術產出

題名 自立青少年孤寂感對其生活歷程的影響
The Loneliness Among Care Leavers and Its Impact on Their Lives
作者 李有勝
Li, You-Sheng
貢獻者 林宜輝
Lin, Yei-Whei
李有勝
Li, You-Sheng
關鍵詞 孤寂感
自立青少年
自立服務
自立轉銜
Loneliness
Care Leavers
Independent living program
transition to adulthood
日期 2024
上傳時間 5-八月-2024 14:20:41 (UTC+8)
摘要 我國青少年自立服務自1995年臺北市政府率先開辦以來,途中歷經有2004年中央內政部兒童局採用補助的形式,並於2011年的兒少權法修法中明訂政府應提供自立服務,乃至同年的監察院也對行政部門提出糾正案要求政府部門應落實自立服務方案。至此,我國的自立服務政策已更為完整,然而上述政策並未能讓研究者在實務現場中感到游刃有餘。其中,研究者在實務過程中最無法回應自立青少年的孤寂感,並為此時感困窘與挫敗,細究原因後發現我國自立服務歷來討論皆是聚焦在生存議題,而未給予自立青少年孤寂議題應有的重視。為此,本研究決定以此主題進行深入探究。本論文主要採取立意抽樣的方式訪談五位背景各異的自立青少年,過程中藉由情節式訪談法了解孤寂感如何在他們安置及自立階段生活中現身並影響著他們的生活樣貌,論文分析是透過主題分析方式進行,歸納與整理其分析所發現的重要概念與主題。   本論文發現不管是在安置與自立的階段中,皆能看見自立少年孤寂感的蹤跡,如情緒性孤寂感及社會性孤寂感。在安置階段,這些少年的孤寂感主要源自四種情境,包括有:(1)被迫從熟悉的環境中連根拔起(2)原本正向關係的變質(3)機構外出規範限制交友(4)熟悉的同儕轉換安置處所。至於在自立階段,少年們的孤寂感則來自於四種狀態,包含了:(1)對原生家庭既熟悉又陌生的矛盾情感(2)看見他人美好家庭圖像時所感受到的相對剝奪感(3)渴望獲得陪伴的空虛感(4)在複雜人際關係中的挫敗與失望感。另本研究也發現孤寂經驗會在認知與行為層面上對自立青少年產生影響,其中在認知上,自立青少年的孤寂經驗使其對自己與原生家庭產生負向意象,並失去對人際關係的信心,甚至有自立青少年認為自己過往所獲得的社工及生輔人員照顧皆非源自於他們真心的關愛,而僅是工作者為換取薪資報酬而不得不為的任務執行。有關行為層面上,自立青少年的孤寂經驗則會促使他們尋求人際連結以重獲可能的歸屬感,同時也有少年會藉由人際退縮的方式來避免與他人互動可能帶來的挫折感受。最為特別的是,自立青少年亦會將過往與現在的照顧關係視作某種商品,並對此加以評選,結果因而成為精打細算、貨比三家的消費者。   在對研究結果梳理的過程中,研究者發現每一次生活地的轉換都會深深地影響自立青少年的人際關係網絡,尤其是造成斷點,以致不利其與他人間永續關係的建立,這也是造成孤寂感產生的諸多原因之一。另本論文認為自立青少年在成人轉銜任務上是不同於在原生家庭成長的少年──對於後者而言,成人轉銜意味著離家邁向獨立的一里路;但成人轉銜之於自立青少年,卻是得回首那千頭萬緒的原生家庭,尤其是要梳理這幾年來的傷害、疏離或甚至是空白的親情,進而才可能在心中尋找如何安放自己與家人間的關係,最終再邁向人生的下一步。   根據研究發現,本論文亦提出一系列建議,包括有:(1)專業工作者應更關注安置與自立兒少孤寂感的議題(2)安置處所工作者也應積極支持安置兒少建立與維繫其社會關係(3)自立服務社工必須協助自立青少年梳理其與原生家庭及現有的人際關係(4)政策制定者必須提供足夠的資源來支持實務工作者在服務中有餘力可關照兒少孤寂感的議題。
From 1995 to 2011, both the Administration and the Legislature in Taiwan transcripts emphasized and established the Supportive Service for Care leavers. However, as all services and related research primarily address survival concerns, my role as a clinical social worker led to frustration when I couldn't assist care leavers in managing loneliness in their daily lives. This personal experience prompted me to conduct interviews with five care leavers and employ Thematic Analysis to understand the nature of loneliness and its impact on their daily experiences.   The research findings illuminate emotional and social loneliness. Furthermore, concerning placement, four scenarios were identified that could contribute to loneliness among care leavers, including departing from a familiar environment, terminating relationships with significant others, restricting social interactions with friends, and relocating peers. In the context of ageing out, four sources of loneliness were identified, encompassing conflicting emotions towards the original family, a sense of relative deprivation stemming from an idealized family image, the yearning for companionship, and frustration stemming from intricate interpersonal relationships. Moreover, care leavers are affected by loneliness at cognitive and behavioural levels. At the cognitive level, care leavers develop negative self-perceptions and perceptions of their original families, struggle to trust others, and may attribute past care received solely to the caregivers' obligations rather than genuine concern. At the behavioural level, care leavers seek belongingness through social connections, disengage from relationships that evoke frustration, and may view the caregiving relationship as transactional.   The research suggests that each relocation experienced by care leavers exacerbates the challenge of maintaining enduring relationships and contributes to feelings of loneliness. Furthermore, whereas the transition to adulthood for individuals raised in original families typically involves independence and separation from the family unit, for care leavers, this transition entails looking back at their original families, which may evoke harm, necessitating the establishment of a suitable foundation for familial relationships before progressing to the subsequent stage of their lives.   In conclusion, the research underscores four key implications for care leaving policy. Firstly, professionals should be sensitive to the loneliness issues faced by children and adolescents. Secondly, professionals involved in placement should assist in cultivating and sustaining informal relationships. Thirdly, professionals should help care leavers navigate their relationships with their original families. Lastly, social policymakers should allocate sufficient resources to clinical workers and provide robust support. These implications aim to address the emotional and social loneliness experienced by care leavers and advocate for policy changes and support services.
參考文獻 參考文獻 壹、 中文資料 王俐雯(2012)。《成年前期男女孤獨感與幸福感之相關研究──以網路使用者為例》。國立臺北教育大學生命教育與健康促進研究所碩士論文。 王文科、王智弘(2010)質的研究的信度和效度。彰師大教育學報,17,29-50。 王仕圖、吳慧敏(2003)。〈深度訪談與案例演練〉,齊力、林本炫(編),《質性研究方法與資料分析》,頁95-113。嘉義:南華大學教育社會所。 王守玉、Carol Windsor、Patsy Yates(2012)。〈簡介紮根理論研究法〉,《護理雜誌》,59(1),90-94。 王歆韶(2013)。《安置機構中的親手足-青少年個案的主體經驗探究》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。 朱佩如(2012)。《看到韌性:歷經機構安置離院個案之自立生活經驗》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。 李佩珊(2019)。〈Bronfenbrenner生態系統理論的近期發展與應用〉,《輔導季刊》,55(3),14-24。 李品蓉(2016)。《兒少安置機構社工員對「難置兒」之處遇經驗探討》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 李偉禎(2021)。《探討安置機構離院政策與離院生自立生活的脈絡性》。國立臺灣政治大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 李穎姍(2013)。《陪伴他們一同走過的返家路:社工提供兒少安置返家後追蹤輔導服務之經驗》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 李雪莉、簡永達(2018)。〈離院之後,一個人的戰鬥〉,李雪莉、簡永達(撰),《廢墟少年》,頁213-231,臺北:衛城。 吳泰龍(2010)。《國中生寂寞感、父母教養行為、社會支持、偏差行為及中途輟學之相關研究》。國立中正大學心理學研究所碩士論文。 杜慈容(1999)。《童年受虐少年「獨立生活」經驗探討:以臺北市少年獨立生活方案為例》。國立臺灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。 余姍瑾(2011)。《安置機構「家」的意義建構:經歷長期機構安置之離院個案的經驗詮釋》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 吳惠文(2005)。〈「家」內鬩牆:兒少安置機構專業人員之專業互動分析〉,《東吳社會工作學報》,29,25-51。 吳嘉苓(2012)。〈訪談法〉,瞿海源、畢恆達、劉長萱、楊國樞(主編),《社會及行為科學研究法:質性研究法》,頁33-60。臺北市:東華。 社團法人中華育幼機構兒童關懷協會(2021)。2020年工作成果報告。2022年1月1日瀏覽:https://www.childrenhome.org.tw/link7-1.asp 易之新(譯)(2003)。《存在心理治療(下)自由、孤獨、無意義》(原作者:Irvin D. Yalom)。臺北:張老師文化。(原著出版年:1980) 林本炫(2003)。〈紮根理論研究法評介〉,齊力、林本炫(編),《質性研究方法與資料分析》,頁171-197。嘉義:南華社教所。 林和順(2021)。《一位兒少安置機構離院生在自立歷程中的反映實踐》。東吳大學社會工作學系碩士論文。 林芷榕(2014)。《我國少年自立生活方案執行過程之研究:督導之觀點》。中國文化大學碩士學位論文。 林寶鈺(2018)。〈伴他度過暴風雨後的平靜:談歷經機構安置自立生活者生活與心理困境〉,《正修通識教育學報》,15,129-146。 胡中宜(2010)。〈離院少年自立生活準備的服務內涵與標準〉,《青年研究學報》,13(1),179-189。 胡中宜(2011)。〈台灣離院青少年自立生活轉銜服務之發展與評析〉,《青年研究學報》,14(2),143-153。 胡中宜(2013a)。〈安置照顧青少年自立生活能力的文化差異〉,《青年研究學報》,138-148。 胡中宜(2013b)。〈安置青少年自立生活能力量表之發展與驗證〉,《朝陽人文社會學刊》,11(2),63-86。 胡中宜(2014)。〈離院青年自立生活之優勢經驗:社會工作者的觀點〉,《臺大社工學刊》,30,45-90。 胡中宜(2017)。《兒少結束家外安置後續追蹤輔導及自立生活服務社工實務手冊》。臺北:衛生福利部社會及家庭署。 胡中宜(2020)。〈被隱沒的聲音:離開家外安置照顧青年之自立生活經驗〉,《臺大社會工作學刊》,42,95-144。 胡中宜、高珮熏(2018)。〈弱勢青少年就業培力計劃之實踐與成效分析〉,《青年研究學報》,21(2),136-146。 胡中宜、彭淑華(2013)。〈離開安置機構青年之自立生活現況與相關經驗初探〉,《臺灣社會工作學刊》,11,49-80。 胡中宜、柳佳妏、吳宇仟、黃綵宸(2018)。〈少女自立轉銜宿舍之工作經驗探討〉,《社區發展季刊》,164,116-129。 胡幼慧、姚美華(1996)。〈一些質性方法上的思考:信度與效度?如何抽樣?如何收集資料、登錄與分析?〉,胡幼慧(主編),《質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》,頁141-158。臺北:巨流。 洪文惠(2010)。《臺北市弱勢少年自立生活能力評估指標編制說明暨使用手冊》。臺北:臺北市政府社會局。 洪貴真、劉嘉雯、任凱(譯)(2012)。《人類行為與社會環境──心理暨社會取向(三版)》(原作者:Elizabeth D. Hutchison)。臺北市:洪葉文化。(原著出版年:2012) 徐錦鋒(2012)。〈對我國自立生活方案的芻議〉,《臺灣社會工作學刊》,10,47-96。 徐錦鋒(2013)。〈推展少年自立宿舍之經驗探討〉,《聯合勸募論壇》,2,103-128。 高麗鈞(2012)。〈照亮自立少年的未來:獨立生活服務作為離開安置系統少年成功重返社區的關鍵〉,《社會發展研究學刊》,11,71-85。 畢恆達(1996)。〈詮釋學與質性研究〉,胡幼慧(主編),《質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》,頁27-44。臺北:巨流。 畢國蓮(2006)。《歷經長期機構安置的兒少保護個案結案後的生活經驗初探》。國立臺灣大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。 許令旻(2010)。《經歷兒少安置的自立生活者之安全依附關係探究》。國立臺北大學社會工作學系碩士班論文。 許瑋倫(2007)。《不同安置形態下兒少安置環境觀感之探究》。國立臺灣大學社會科學院社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 莊耀南(2011)。《「自立生活」對歷經機構安置青少年之意涵》。國立臺灣大學社會科學院社會工作學系碩士論文。 張紉(2012)。〈「兒童及少年福利與權益保障法」的發展精神——論青少年發展的意涵與做法〉,《社區發展季刊》,139,51-66。 張素菁(2013)。《自立少年就業服務的現況與可能之研究》。私立輔仁大學社會工作學系碩士班碩士論文。 張茜雲、胡中宜(2017)。〈安置機構少女接受自立生活準備服務之經驗:服務使用者的觀點〉,《臺灣社會工作學刊》,19,1-42。 游美惠(2010)。〈見人說人話,見鬼說鬼話?跟研究新手談「訪談法」技巧〉,周平、林育瑄編,《質性別研究》,頁113-145。臺北:巨流。 陳俊仲(2009)。《育幼機構院生的多重弱勢歷程研究:兒童保護或社會排除》,國立中正大學社會福利研究所碩士論文。 陳毓文(2008a)。〈國內接受機構安置少年憂鬱情緒之探究:問題陳顯與解釋因素〉,《中華心理衛生學刊》,21(1),75-101。 陳毓文(2008b)。〈國內安置少年自殘行為之探究:自殘方式、理由與解釋因素〉,《社會政策與社會工作學刊》,12(1),145-188。 陳旺德、陳伯偉、林昱瑄(2020)。〈培力還是侷限?:兒少安置機構、慣習形塑與階級效應〉,《臺大社會工作學刊》,42,1-56。 陳怡芳、李淑沛、王筱汶、胡中宜(2016)。〈中長期安置機構少女離園轉銜階段之需求與任務〉,《社區發展季刊》,156,373-387。 彭淑華(2006)。〈保護為名,權控為實?:少年安置機構人員的觀點分析〉,《東吳社會工作學報》,15,1-36。 彭淑華(2007a)。〈機構安置:保護他(她)?傷害他(她)?:兒童少年保護工作人員眼中之機構虐待圖像〉,《東吳社會工作學報》,16,1-36。 彭淑華(2007b)。〈"寧缺毋濫"?"寧濫毋缺"?兒童少年保護工作人員機構安置決策困境之研究〉,《中華心理衛生學刊》,20(2),127-154。 彭淑華、黃詩喬(2014)。《新北市兒童少年家外安置服務模式及生活狀況之研究委託》。新北市政府社會局:兒童局委託研究。 彭淑華、胡中宜(2016)。〈結束機構安置返家個案之福利使用經驗、家人關係與生活適應〉,《青年研究學報》,19(2),143-154。 黃冠禎(2015)。《自立宿舍社會工作者之角色經驗探究》。亞洲大學社會工作系碩士論文。 黃韻蓉(2018)。《曾接受機構安置成年女性對家庭感受之探讨》。玄奘大學社會工作學系碩士論文。 黃宜貞、王桂芸、陳金彌(2010)。〈孤寂的概念分析〉,《護理雜誌》,57(5),96-101。 鄒川雄(2003)。〈生活世界與默會知識:詮釋學觀點的質性研究〉,齊力、林本炫(編),《質性研究方法與資料分析》,頁19-53。嘉義:南華社教所。 廖珮妏。〈從量化與質化研究信效度探討社會科學領域的研究品質〉,《中華科技大學學報》,62(4),69-88。 廖俞琄(2012)。《兒少保護機構安置少年計畫返家之研究──少年觀點》。東海大學社會工作學系碩士論文。 鄧明宇、李介至、鄭凰君(2015)。《心理學概論》。新北:新文京。 監察院(2011)。自立少年獨立生活照顧糾正案文。取自:https://www.cy.gov.tw/CyBsBoxContent.aspx?n=133&s=3349 監察院(2018)。院新聞稿:兒少安置機構高達22%兒少曾被轉換,監察院請衛生福利部、勞動部檢討改進。2022年5月8日取自:https://www.cy.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=124&sms=8912&s=8306 遠見雜誌(2020)。你常感到孤寂嗎?《遠見》調查:30歲以下年輕人是高風險族群。取自:https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/71809 劉學仁(2013)。《社工員執行少年自立生活方案的困境之探究》。靜宜大學社會工作與兒童少年福利學系碩士論文。 劉弘毅(2014)。〈安置少年轉銜服務初探〉,《民生論叢》,10,69-93。 劉弘毅(2018)。〈影響安置機構結案青少年生活穩定的關鍵因素〉,《青年研究學報》,21(1),41,165-175。 劉燕萍、陳毓文(2016)。〈經濟弱勢少年半工半讀經驗與憂鬱情緒之相關性:壓力過程觀點〉,《臺灣社會工作學刊》,17,43-94。 衛生福利部(2020)。〈少年自立生活適應協助方案辦理成果〉。取自:https://crc.sfaa.gov.tw/Statistics/Detail/56 衛生福利部(2021)。〈提升少年自立生活適應協助服務量能計畫〉。取自:https://www.sfaa.gov.tw/SFAA/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=770&pid=3560 蔡玉慧(2007)。《青少年的孤獨及其相關因素之研究》。國立高雄師範大學教育學研究所博士論文。 蔡亞倩(2018)。《兒少接受安置服務經驗對其自立生活適應之影響》。亞洲大學社會工作系碩士論文。 蔡亞倩、蕭至邦(2020)。〈兒少接受安置服務經驗對其自立生活適應之影響〉,《台灣健康照顧研究學刊》,22,30-70。 賴佳君(2018)。《少年歷經安置與自立生活的經驗之探究》。亞洲大學社會工作系碩士論文。 顏妙芬(2015)。《自立少年良師益友關係初探:以Mentor青年導師方案為例》。國立臺灣大學社會科學學院社會工作學系碩士論文。 貳、 英文資料 Adamczyk, K. (2016). An investigation of loneliness and perceived social support among single and partnered young adults. Current Psychology, 35(4), 674-689. Adamczyk, K. (2017). Voluntary and involuntary singlehood and young adults’ mental health: an investigation of mediating role of romantic loneliness. Current Psychology, 36(4), 888-904. Adamczyk, K. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of relationship status through unmet need to belong and fear of being single on young adults' romantic loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 124-129. Adley, N. & Jupp Kina, V. (2015). Getting behind the closed door of care leavers: understanding the role of emotional support for young people leaving care. Child & Family Social Work, 22(1), 97-105. Anglin, J. P. (2004, June). Creating “well-functioning” residential care and defining its place in a system of care. In Child and Youth Care Forum (Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 175-192). Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers. Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood Perspectives from adolescence through midlife. Journal of adult development, 8(2), 133-143. Baker, C. (2017). Care leavers' views on their transition to adulthood: A rapid review of the evidence. London, England: Coram Voice. Bangee, M., Harris, R. A., Bridges, N., Rotenberg, K. J., & Qualter, P. (2014). Loneliness and attention to social threat in young adults: Findings from an eye tracker study. Personality and individual differences, 63, 16-23. Barker, J., & Weller, S. (2003). “Is it fun?” Developing children centred research methods. International journal of sociology and social policy, 23, 33-58. Baskin, T. W., Wampold, B. E., Quintana, S. M., & Enright, R. D. (2010). Belongingness as a protective factor against loneliness and potential depression in a multicultural middle school. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(5), 626-651. Batsleer, J., & Duggan, J. (2020). Young and lonely: The social conditions of loneliness. Policy Press. Beauchamp, T. (2016). Young people transitioning from care in Australia: A critical but neglected area of policy development. In Young people transitioning from out-of-home care (pp. 265-284). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Bengtsson, M., Sjöblom, Y., & Öberg, P. (2018). Young care leavers' expectations of their future A question of time horizon. Child & Family Social Work, 23(2), 188-195. Bengtsson, M., Sjöblom, Y., & Öberg, P. (2020). Transitional patterns when leaving care–Care leavers’ agency in a longitudinal perspective. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105486. Bering, J. M. (2008). Why hell is other people: Distinctively human psychological suffering. Review of general psychology, 12(1), 1-8. Bernardon, S., Babb, K. A., Hakim-Larson, J., & Gragg, M. (2011). Loneliness, attachment, and the perception and use of social support in university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 43(1), 40. Berzin, S. C., Singer, E., & Hokanson, K. (2014). Emerging versus emancipating: The transition to adulthood for youth in foster care. Journal of Adolescent Research, 29(5), 616-638. Billari, F. C., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2010). Towards a new pattern of transition to adulthood?. Advances in life course research, 15(2-3), 59-75. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis: A Pratical Guide. Brown, B. B. (1999). “You’re going out with who?”: Peer group influence on adolescent romantic relationships. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 291–329). New York: Cambridge University Press Qualter Burke, T. J., Woszidlo, A., & Segrin, C. (2012). Social skills, family conflict, and loneliness in families. Communication Reports, 25(2), 75-87. Burton, A. (1961). On the nature of loneliness. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 21(1), 34-39. Cacioppo, S., Bangee, M., Balogh, S., Cardenas-Iniguez, C., Qualter, P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2016). Loneliness and implicit attention to social threat: A high-performance electrical neuroimaging study. Cognitive neuroscience, 7(1-4), 138-159. Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8, 58–72 Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Norman, G. J., & Berntson, G. G. (2011). Social isolation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231(1), 17-22. Cashmore, J., & Paxman, M. (2006). Predicting after‐care outcomes: the importance of ‘felt’security. Child & Family Social Work, 11(3), 232-241. Catterson, J., & Hunter, S. C. (2010). Cognitive mediators of the effect of peer victimization on loneliness. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 403-416. Centre for Social Justice (2014). Survival of the Fittest? Improving Life Chances for Care Leavers. London, England: Centre for Social Justice. Chai, X., Du, H., Li, X., Su, S., & Lin, D. (2019). What really matters for loneliness among left-behind children in rural China a meta-analytic review. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 774. Cigna (2018). Cigna U.S. Loneliness index: Survey of 20,000 Americans Examining Behaviors Driving Loneliness in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.cigna.com/static/www-cigna-com/docs/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/combatting-loneliness/loneliness-survey-2018-full-report.pdf Conn, A. M., Calais, C., Szilagyi, M., Baldwin, C., & Jee, S. H. (2014). Youth in out-of-home care: Relation of engagement in structured group activities with social and mental health measures. Children and Youth Services Review, 36, 201-205. Counts, C. J., & John-Henderson, N. A. (2020). Risk in childhood family environments and loneliness in college students Implications for health. Journal of American college health, 68(4), 381-386. Courtney, M. (2015). Do the Benefits of Extending Foster Care to Age 21 Outweigh the Costs? Evidence from Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Wisconsin Family Impact Seminar. Coyne & Carter (2018). Participatory Research in the Past, Present and Future. In I. Coyne & B. Carter (Eds.), Being participatory Researching with children and young people (pp. 1-14). Springer, Cham. Day, A., Riebschleger, J., Dworsky, A., Damashek, A., & Fogarty, K. (2012). Maximizing educational opportunities for youth aging out of foster care by engaging youth voices in a partnership for social change. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(5), 1007-1014. Delima, J., & Vimpani, G. (2011). The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment: An often overlooked narrative related to the long-term effects of early childhood trauma?. Family Matters, (89), 42-52. de Jong Gierveld, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Reviews in clinical gerontology, 8(1), 73-80. Demirli, A., & Demir, A. (2014). The role of gender, attachment dimensions, and family environment on loneliness among Turkish university students. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 24(1), 62-75. Dima, G., & Skehill, C. (2011). Making sense of leaving care: The contribution of Bridges model of transition to understanding the psycho-social process. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(12), 2532-2539. DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 127-134. DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1997). Social and emotional loneliness: A re-examination of Weiss' typology of loneliness. Personality and individual differences, 22(3), 417-427. Dixon, J. (2008). Young people leaving care: health, well‐being and outcomes. Child & family social work, 13(2), 207-217. Dixon, J and Stein, M (2002). Still a Bairn: Throughcare and Aftercare Services in Scotland. Research Report. Scottish Executive Health Department , Edinburgh. Dixon, J., Cresswell, C., & Ward, J. (2020). The Break Staying Close, Staying Connected Project. London. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/931987/Staying_Close_Break.pdf Duncalf, Z. (2010). Listen up! Adult care leavers speak out: The views of 310 care leavers aged 17-78. Manchester, England: Care Leavers' Association. Dyal, S. R., & Valente, T. W. (2015). A systematic review of loneliness and smoking small effects, big implications. Substance use & misuse, 50(13), 1697-1716. Fischer, C. S., & Phillips, S. L. (1982). Who is alone? Characteristics of people with small networks. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 21-39). New York: Wiley. Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research. CA: sage. Flick, U. (2021). Doing interview research: The essential how to guide. Galanaki, E. P., Polychronopoulou, S. A., & Babalis, T. K. (2008). Loneliness and social dissatisfaction among behaviourally at-risk children. School Psychology International, 29(2), 214-229. Glynn, N. (2021). Understanding care leavers as youth in society: A theoretical framework for studying the transition out of care. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 105829. Goossens, L., Lasgaard, M., Luyckx, K., Vanhalst, J., Mathias, S., & Masy, E. (2009). Loneliness and solitude in adolescence: A confirmatory factor analysis of alternative models. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 890-894. Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental psychology, 30(1), 4. Häggman-Laitila, A., Salokekkilä, P., & Karki, S. (2018). Transition to adult life of young people leaving foster care: A qualitative systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 95, 134-143. Hall-Lande, J. A., Eisenberg, M. E., Christenson, S. L., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2007). Social isolation, psychological health, and protective factors in adolescence. Adolescence, 42(166). Hammond, C. (2018). Who feels lonely? The results of the world’s largest loneliness study. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2yzhfv4DvqVp5nZyxBD8G23/who-feels-lonely-the-results-of-the-world-s-largest-loneliness-study Harris, R. A., Qualter, P., & Robinson, S. J. (2013). Loneliness trajectories from middle childhood to pre-adolescence Impact on perceived health and sleep disturbance. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1295-1304. Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of behavioral medicine, 40(2), 218-227. Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness A literature review. Clinical psychology review, 26(6), 695-718. Hokanson, K., Golden, K. E., Singer, E., & Berzin, S. C. (2020). 'Not Independent Enough': Exploring the Tension Between Independence and Interdependence among Former Youth in Foster Care who are Emerging Adults. Child Welfare, 97(5), 141-157. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on psychological science, 10(2), 227-237 Hombrados-Mendieta, I., García-Martín, M. A., & Gómez-Jacinto, L. (2013). The relationship between social support, loneliness, and subjective well-being in a Spanish sample from a multidimensional perspective. Social indicators research, 114(3), 1013-1034. Horrocks, C. (2002). Using life course theory to explore the social and developmental pathways of young people leaving care. Journal of youth studies, 5(3), 325-336. Houghton, S., Hattie, J., Wood, L., Carroll, A., Martin, K., & Tan, C. (2014). Conceptualising loneliness in adolescents: Development and validation of a self-report instrument. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 45(5), 604-616. Humphrey, N. (2007). The society of selves. Philosophical transactions of the royal society b: Biological sciences, 362(1480), 745-754. Jobe-Shields, L., Cohen, R., & Parra, G. (2011). Patterns of change in children’s loneliness: Trajectories from third through fifth grades. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 57, 25–47. Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child development, 147-178. Kosslyn, S. M., & Rosenberg, R. S. (2011). Introducing Psychology: Brain, Person. Group (pp. 346-347). New York: Pearson Learning Solutions. Ladd, G. W., & Ettekal, I. (2013). Peer-related loneliness across early to late adolescence Normative trends, intra-individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms. Journal of adolescence, 36(6), 1269-1282. Ladd, G. W., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2019). Parents and children’s peer relationships. Handbook of parenting, 278-315. Lähde, M., & Mölkänen, J. (2021). The quest for independent living in Finland Youth shelter as a critical moment in young adults' life courses. In F. Stammler & R. Toivanen (Eds.), Young People, Wellbeing and Placemaking in the Arctic (pp. 170-195). Routledge. Lalayants, M., & Prince, J. D. (2015). Loneliness and depression or depression-related factors among child welfare-involved adolescent females. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32(2), 167-176. Langer, C. L., & Lietz, C. (2014). Applying theory to generalist social work practice. John Wiley & Sons. Larson, R. W. (1999). The uses of loneliness in adolescence. In: K. J. Rotenberg & S. Hymel (Eds.), Loneliness in childhood and adolescence (pp. 244-262). Cambridge University Press. Layden, E. A., Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018). Loneliness predicts a preference for larger interpersonal distance within intimate space. PLOS ONE, 13(9), e0203491. Le Roux, A. & Connors, J. (2001). A cross-cultural study into loneliness amongst university students. South African Journal of Psychology, 31, 46-57. Li, D., Chng, G. S., & Chu, C. M. (2019). Comparing long-term placement outcomes of residential and family foster care: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(5), 653-664. Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T. J., Cannella, B. L., & Hanks, M. M. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing research, 55(5), 308-315. Margalit, M. (2010). Lonely children and adolescents: Self-perceptions, social exclusion, and hope. New York: Springer. Marinkovic, J. A., & Backovic, D. (2007). Relationship between type of placement and competencies and problem behavior of adolescents in long-term foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(2), 216-225. Marion, É., Paulsen, V., & Goyette, M. (2017). Relationships matter: Understanding the role and impact of social networks at the edge of transition to adulthood from care. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34(6), 573-582. Martin, K. E., Wood, L. J., Houghton, S., Carroll, A., & Hattie, J. (2014). 'I Don't have the Best Life' A Qualitative Exploration of Adolescent Loneliness. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour, 2(5), 1-7. Matthews, S., & Sykes, S. (2012). Exploring health priorities for young people leaving care. Child care in practice, 18(4), 393-407. Mc Cracken, G. (1988). The four-step method of inquiry. In G. Mc Cracken, The long interview(pp. 29-48). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. McDowall, J. 2008. Transitioning from Care. Report Card March 2008, Create Foundation, Sydney McGregor, C., & Dolan, P. (2021). Support and Protection Across the Lifecourse: A Practical Approach for Social Workers. Policy Press. Mc Mahon, C., & Curtin, C. (2013). The social networks of young people in Ireland with experience of long‐term foster care: some lessons for policy and practice. Child & Family Social Work, 18(3), 329-340. McWhirter, B. T., Besett-Alesch, T. M., Horibata, J., & Gat, I. (2002). Loneliness in high risk adolescents: The role of coping, self-esteem, and empathy. Journal of Youth Studies, 5(1), 69-84. Mellor, D., Stokes, M., Firth, L., Hayashi, Y., & Cummins, R. (2008). Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Personality and individual differences, 45(3), 213-218. Mendes, P., & Rogers, J. (2020). Young people transitioning from out-of-home care What are the lessons from extended care programmes in the USA and England for Australia. The British Journal of Social Work, 50(5), 1513-153 Micreate (2019). Child-centred approach across disciplines. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5c7dd0909&appId=PPGMS Miller, J. F.(2000). Patient power resource. In J. F. Miller (ed), Coping with chronic illness: Overcoming powerlessness(pp. 3-19), Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. Munro ER, Lushey C, National Care Advisory Service, Maskell-Graham, D., Ward, H. & Holmes, L. (2012) Evaluation of the Staying Put: 18 Plus Family Placement Programme. London: Department for Education. Neagu, M., & Dixon, J. (2020). The Fair Ways Staying Close Project. London. Retrieved from https://www.york.ac.uk/media/spru/projectfiles/Staying_Close_Fair_Ways.pdf Neuman, W. L.(2000) The Meanings of Methodology. In N. W. Lawrence (Eds.), Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (pp. 91-124 ). Pearson New International. Nie, Q., Tian, L., & Huebner, E. S. (2020). Relations among family dysfunction, loneliness and life satisfaction in chinese children: a longitudinal mediation model. Child Indicators Research, 13(3), 839-862. Norozi, S. A., & Moen, T. (2016). Childhood as a social construction. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 6(2), 75. Nowland, R., Talbot, R., & Qualter, P. (2018). Influence of loneliness and rejection sensitivity on threat sensitivity in romantic relationships in young and middle-aged adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 185-190. Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1–18). New York: Wiley. Petkovic, S., Ignatovich, A. & Galstyan, M. (2019). YOUTH RESEARCH: THE ESSENTIALS. Council of Europe and European Commission. Retrieved from https://edoc.coe.int/en/youth-in-europe/7965-youth-research-the-essentials.html Petr, C. G. (2008). Foster care independent living services Youth perspectives. Families in Society, 89(1), 100-108. Propp, J., Ortega, D. M., & NewHeart, F. (2003). Independence or interdependence: Rethinking the transition from “ward of the court” to adulthood. Families in society, 84(2), 259-266. Ptacek, R., Kuzelova, H., & Celedova, L. (2011). Social and emotional loneliness in children in foster and institutional care. European Psychiatry, 26(S2), 338-338. Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, Maes, M. & Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250-264. Roberts, L., Mannay, D., Rees, A., Bayfield, H., Corliss, C., Diaz, C., & Vaughan, R. (2021). ‘It’s been a massive struggle’: Exploring the experiences of young people leaving care during COVID-19. Young, 29(4_suppl), S81-S99. Rokach, A. (2018). Effective coping with loneliness a review. Open Journal of Depression, 7(4), 61-72. Russell, D., Cutrona, C. E., Rose, J., & Yurko, K. (1984). Social and emotional loneliness: an examination of Weiss's typology of loneliness. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(6), 1313. Salazar, A. M., Jones, K. R., Amemiya, J., Cherry, A., Brown, E. C., Catalano, R. F., & Monahan, K. C. (2018). Defining and achieving permanency among older youth in foster care. Children and youth services review, 87, 9-16. Samuels, G. M. (2009). Ambiguous loss of home: The experience of familial (im) permanence among young adults with foster care backgrounds. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(12), 1229-1239. Schinka, K. C., van Dulmen, M. H., Mata, A. D., Bossarte, R., & Swahn, M. (2013). Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence. Journal of adolescence, 36(6), 1251-1260. Schwartz-Mette, R. A., Shankman, J., Dueweke, A. R., Borowski, S., & Rose, A. J. (2020). Relations of friendship experiences with depressive symptoms and loneliness in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 146(8), 664. Segrin, C., Burke, T. J., & Dunivan, M. (2012). Loneliness and poor health within families. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(5), 597-611. Serin, N. B., Aydınoğlu, N., & Aysan, F. (2010). Examining the predictors of loneliness levels of university students. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 9, 704-708. Sharabi, A., Levi, U., & Margalit, M. (2012). Children's loneliness, sense of coherence, family climate, and hope: Developmental risk and protective factors. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 61-83. Shin, Y. (2007). Peer relationships, social behaviours, academic performance and loneliness in Korean primary school children. School Psychology International, 28(2), 220-236. Singer, E. R., Berzin, S. C., & Hokanson, K. (2013). Voices of former foster youth: Supportive relationships in the transition to adulthood. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(12), 2110-2117. Smith, L. T. (2013). Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books. Spyrou, S. (2011). The limits of children’s voices From authenticity to critical, reflexive representation. Childhood, 18(2), 151-165. Steenbakkers, A., Van Der Steen, S., & Grietens, H. (2018). The needs of foster children and how to satisfy them: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical child and family psychology review, 21(1), 1-12. Steinberg, L. (2014). Age of opportunity: Lessons from the new science of adolescence. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Sulimani-Aidan, Y. (2014). Care leavers' challenges in transition to independent living. Children and Youth Services Review, 46, 38-46. Tagomori, H., Fardghassemi, S., & Joffe, H. (2022). How young adults cope with loneliness: a study of London’s most deprived boroughs. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 27(1), 1-22. DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2021.2013263 Teppers, E., Klimstra, T. A., Damme, C. V., Luyckx, K., Vanhalst, J., & Goossens, L. (2013). Personality traits, loneliness, and attitudes toward aloneness in adolescence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(8), 1045-1063. Tyler, P. M., Thompson, R. W., Trout, A. L., Lambert, M. C., & Synhorst, L. L. (2017). Important elements of aftercare services for youth departing group homes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(6), 1603-1613. UNICEF (1990). Convention on the Rights of Child. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text Van Breda, A. D. (2015). Journey towards independent living: A grounded theory investigation of leaving the care of Girls & Boys Town, South Africa. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(3), 322-337. Van Breda, A. D., & Hlungwani, J. (2019). Journey towards independent living: Resilience processes of women leaving residential care in South Africa. Journal of Youth Studies, 22(5), 604-622. van Dulmen, M. H., & Goossens, L. (2013). Loneliness trajectories. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 1247-1249. Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., & Goossens, L. (2013). Low self-esteem as a risk factor for loneliness in adolescence: Perceived-but not actual-social acceptance as an underlying mechanism. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 41(7), 1067-1081. Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2014). Experiencing loneliness in adolescence: A matter of individual characteristics, negative peer experiences, or both?. Social Development, 23(1), 100-118. Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Barreto, M., Vines, J., Atkinson, M., Long, K., Bakewell, L., Lawson, S. & Wilson, M. (2019). Coping with loneliness at university: A qualitative interview study with students in the UK. Mental Health & Prevention, 13, 21-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2018.11.002 Vernon, J. (2000). Audit and assessment of leaving care services in London. London, England. National Children's Bureau. Von Soest, T., Luhmann, M., & Gerstorf, D. (2020). The development of loneliness through adolescence and young adulthood: Its nature, correlates, and midlife outcomes. Developmental psychology, 56(10), 1919-1934. Wheeler, L., Reis, H., & Nezlek, J. B. (1983). Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 45(4), 943. Wilkinson, C., & Wilkinson, S. (2018). Principles of participatory research. In I. Coyne & B. Carter (Eds.), Being participatory Researching with children and young people (pp. 15-35). Springer, Cham. Woodhouse, S. S., Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. (2012). Loneliness and peer relations in adolescence. Social development, 21(2), 273-293. Zhao, J., Kong, F., & Wang, Y. (2012). Self-esteem and humor style as mediators of the effects of shyness on loneliness among Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(6), 686-690. Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Trevaskis, S., Nesdale, D., & Downey, G. A. (2014). Relational victimization, loneliness and depressive symptoms: Indirect associations via self and peer reports of rejection sensitivity. Journal of youth and adolescence, 43(4), 568-582.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
社會工作研究所
108264011
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108264011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 林宜輝zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Yei-Wheien_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 李有勝zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Li, You-Shengen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李有勝zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Li, You-Shengen_US
dc.date (日期) 2024en_US
dc.date.accessioned 5-八月-2024 14:20:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 5-八月-2024 14:20:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-八月-2024 14:20:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0108264011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/152845-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 社會工作研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 108264011zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 我國青少年自立服務自1995年臺北市政府率先開辦以來,途中歷經有2004年中央內政部兒童局採用補助的形式,並於2011年的兒少權法修法中明訂政府應提供自立服務,乃至同年的監察院也對行政部門提出糾正案要求政府部門應落實自立服務方案。至此,我國的自立服務政策已更為完整,然而上述政策並未能讓研究者在實務現場中感到游刃有餘。其中,研究者在實務過程中最無法回應自立青少年的孤寂感,並為此時感困窘與挫敗,細究原因後發現我國自立服務歷來討論皆是聚焦在生存議題,而未給予自立青少年孤寂議題應有的重視。為此,本研究決定以此主題進行深入探究。本論文主要採取立意抽樣的方式訪談五位背景各異的自立青少年,過程中藉由情節式訪談法了解孤寂感如何在他們安置及自立階段生活中現身並影響著他們的生活樣貌,論文分析是透過主題分析方式進行,歸納與整理其分析所發現的重要概念與主題。   本論文發現不管是在安置與自立的階段中,皆能看見自立少年孤寂感的蹤跡,如情緒性孤寂感及社會性孤寂感。在安置階段,這些少年的孤寂感主要源自四種情境,包括有:(1)被迫從熟悉的環境中連根拔起(2)原本正向關係的變質(3)機構外出規範限制交友(4)熟悉的同儕轉換安置處所。至於在自立階段,少年們的孤寂感則來自於四種狀態,包含了:(1)對原生家庭既熟悉又陌生的矛盾情感(2)看見他人美好家庭圖像時所感受到的相對剝奪感(3)渴望獲得陪伴的空虛感(4)在複雜人際關係中的挫敗與失望感。另本研究也發現孤寂經驗會在認知與行為層面上對自立青少年產生影響,其中在認知上,自立青少年的孤寂經驗使其對自己與原生家庭產生負向意象,並失去對人際關係的信心,甚至有自立青少年認為自己過往所獲得的社工及生輔人員照顧皆非源自於他們真心的關愛,而僅是工作者為換取薪資報酬而不得不為的任務執行。有關行為層面上,自立青少年的孤寂經驗則會促使他們尋求人際連結以重獲可能的歸屬感,同時也有少年會藉由人際退縮的方式來避免與他人互動可能帶來的挫折感受。最為特別的是,自立青少年亦會將過往與現在的照顧關係視作某種商品,並對此加以評選,結果因而成為精打細算、貨比三家的消費者。   在對研究結果梳理的過程中,研究者發現每一次生活地的轉換都會深深地影響自立青少年的人際關係網絡,尤其是造成斷點,以致不利其與他人間永續關係的建立,這也是造成孤寂感產生的諸多原因之一。另本論文認為自立青少年在成人轉銜任務上是不同於在原生家庭成長的少年──對於後者而言,成人轉銜意味著離家邁向獨立的一里路;但成人轉銜之於自立青少年,卻是得回首那千頭萬緒的原生家庭,尤其是要梳理這幾年來的傷害、疏離或甚至是空白的親情,進而才可能在心中尋找如何安放自己與家人間的關係,最終再邁向人生的下一步。   根據研究發現,本論文亦提出一系列建議,包括有:(1)專業工作者應更關注安置與自立兒少孤寂感的議題(2)安置處所工作者也應積極支持安置兒少建立與維繫其社會關係(3)自立服務社工必須協助自立青少年梳理其與原生家庭及現有的人際關係(4)政策制定者必須提供足夠的資源來支持實務工作者在服務中有餘力可關照兒少孤寂感的議題。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) From 1995 to 2011, both the Administration and the Legislature in Taiwan transcripts emphasized and established the Supportive Service for Care leavers. However, as all services and related research primarily address survival concerns, my role as a clinical social worker led to frustration when I couldn't assist care leavers in managing loneliness in their daily lives. This personal experience prompted me to conduct interviews with five care leavers and employ Thematic Analysis to understand the nature of loneliness and its impact on their daily experiences.   The research findings illuminate emotional and social loneliness. Furthermore, concerning placement, four scenarios were identified that could contribute to loneliness among care leavers, including departing from a familiar environment, terminating relationships with significant others, restricting social interactions with friends, and relocating peers. In the context of ageing out, four sources of loneliness were identified, encompassing conflicting emotions towards the original family, a sense of relative deprivation stemming from an idealized family image, the yearning for companionship, and frustration stemming from intricate interpersonal relationships. Moreover, care leavers are affected by loneliness at cognitive and behavioural levels. At the cognitive level, care leavers develop negative self-perceptions and perceptions of their original families, struggle to trust others, and may attribute past care received solely to the caregivers' obligations rather than genuine concern. At the behavioural level, care leavers seek belongingness through social connections, disengage from relationships that evoke frustration, and may view the caregiving relationship as transactional.   The research suggests that each relocation experienced by care leavers exacerbates the challenge of maintaining enduring relationships and contributes to feelings of loneliness. Furthermore, whereas the transition to adulthood for individuals raised in original families typically involves independence and separation from the family unit, for care leavers, this transition entails looking back at their original families, which may evoke harm, necessitating the establishment of a suitable foundation for familial relationships before progressing to the subsequent stage of their lives.   In conclusion, the research underscores four key implications for care leaving policy. Firstly, professionals should be sensitive to the loneliness issues faced by children and adolescents. Secondly, professionals involved in placement should assist in cultivating and sustaining informal relationships. Thirdly, professionals should help care leavers navigate their relationships with their original families. Lastly, social policymakers should allocate sufficient resources to clinical workers and provide robust support. These implications aim to address the emotional and social loneliness experienced by care leavers and advocate for policy changes and support services.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 壹、 我國自立服務之變革 2 貳、 「我」做為服務輸送的一員 2 第二節 研究動機 3 壹、 研究的起點 3 貳、 孤寂感的召喚 4 參、 在自立服務與研究中,常被漏接的孤寂感議題 7 肆、 另一種看待青少年自立生活的可能 10 第三節 研究目的與研究問題 11 壹、 研究目的 11 貳、 研究問題 11 第四節 名詞釋義 12 壹、 自立青少年 12 貳、 孤寂感 13 第二章 文獻探討 14 第一節 自立青少年之相關研究 14 壹、 自立青少年的族群特性 14 貳、 青少年的自立轉銜概念 22 參、 國內外自立服務方案 24 第二節 孤寂感概念之探討 28 壹、 何謂孤寂感 28 貳、 孤寂感的種類 30 參、 影響孤寂感之相關因素 35 肆、 孤寂感的因應方式 43 伍、 分析的理論視角 44 第三節 自立青少年與孤寂感 46 壹、 接受安置階段 47 貳、 社區自立階段 49 第三章 研究方法 53 第一節 研究提問與研究方法 53 壹、 研究提問 53 貳、 學習從兒少的視角做研究 54 參、 研究取向 56 肆、 質性研究方法 57 第二節 研究設計與資料分析方法 59 壹、 界定研究對象 59 貳、 研究對象的選擇 59 參、 資料蒐集方式 62 肆、 資料分析方法 66 伍、 研究嚴謹度 68 第三節 研究者角色與研究倫理 71 壹、 研究者角色 71 貳、 潛在的倫理議題 71 參、 避免傷害的措施 72 第四章 研究結果 74 第一節 從接受安置至社區自立階段,青少年的孤寂感樣態 74 壹、 安置階段青少年的孤寂感樣態 74 貳、 自立階段青少年的孤寂感樣態 81 第二節 孤寂感對自立青少年的影響 85 壹、 孤寂感對青少年認知的影響 85 貳、 孤寂感對青少年行為的影響 95 第五章 研究討論與建議 102 第一節 研究討論 102 壹、 原生家庭──既是孤寂的起點,又是陌生的終點 102 貳、 安置的高牆──保護初心,終成限制? 104 參、 離院自立──過載的生活,自由的代價 105 肆、 綜觀人生──轉捩點變成斷點 106 伍、 生命韌性──孤寂感的影響與青少年的成長 107 第二節 研究建議 109 壹、 關注兒少的孤寂感議題 109 貳、 協助安置兒少及自立青少年梳理家庭關係 109 參、 協助安置兒少及自立青少年處理人際關係 110 肆、 提供足夠政策資源以支持實務工作者 111 第三節 研究限制 112 壹、 受訪者的選樣限制 112 貳、 與受訪者關係深度的限制 112 參、 回溯記憶的限制 112 肆、 單一視角詮釋的限制 113 參考文獻 114 壹、 中文資料 114 貳、 英文資料 120 附錄 135 附件一:我國自立服務研究之主題分類 135 附件二:英國里茲、美國加州、澳洲維州等地方政府的自立服務 137 附件三 : 臺灣各地方政府的經濟補助資訊 139 附件四:臺北市自立服務的內容 142 附件五:本研究之訪談大綱 143 附件六:研究說明暨同意書 144zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2868532 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108264011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 孤寂感zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自立青少年zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自立服務zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自立轉銜zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lonelinessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Care Leaversen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Independent living programen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) transition to adulthooden_US
dc.title (題名) 自立青少年孤寂感對其生活歷程的影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Loneliness Among Care Leavers and Its Impact on Their Livesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻 壹、 中文資料 王俐雯(2012)。《成年前期男女孤獨感與幸福感之相關研究──以網路使用者為例》。國立臺北教育大學生命教育與健康促進研究所碩士論文。 王文科、王智弘(2010)質的研究的信度和效度。彰師大教育學報,17,29-50。 王仕圖、吳慧敏(2003)。〈深度訪談與案例演練〉,齊力、林本炫(編),《質性研究方法與資料分析》,頁95-113。嘉義:南華大學教育社會所。 王守玉、Carol Windsor、Patsy Yates(2012)。〈簡介紮根理論研究法〉,《護理雜誌》,59(1),90-94。 王歆韶(2013)。《安置機構中的親手足-青少年個案的主體經驗探究》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。 朱佩如(2012)。《看到韌性:歷經機構安置離院個案之自立生活經驗》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。 李佩珊(2019)。〈Bronfenbrenner生態系統理論的近期發展與應用〉,《輔導季刊》,55(3),14-24。 李品蓉(2016)。《兒少安置機構社工員對「難置兒」之處遇經驗探討》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 李偉禎(2021)。《探討安置機構離院政策與離院生自立生活的脈絡性》。國立臺灣政治大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 李穎姍(2013)。《陪伴他們一同走過的返家路:社工提供兒少安置返家後追蹤輔導服務之經驗》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 李雪莉、簡永達(2018)。〈離院之後,一個人的戰鬥〉,李雪莉、簡永達(撰),《廢墟少年》,頁213-231,臺北:衛城。 吳泰龍(2010)。《國中生寂寞感、父母教養行為、社會支持、偏差行為及中途輟學之相關研究》。國立中正大學心理學研究所碩士論文。 杜慈容(1999)。《童年受虐少年「獨立生活」經驗探討:以臺北市少年獨立生活方案為例》。國立臺灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。 余姍瑾(2011)。《安置機構「家」的意義建構:經歷長期機構安置之離院個案的經驗詮釋》。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 吳惠文(2005)。〈「家」內鬩牆:兒少安置機構專業人員之專業互動分析〉,《東吳社會工作學報》,29,25-51。 吳嘉苓(2012)。〈訪談法〉,瞿海源、畢恆達、劉長萱、楊國樞(主編),《社會及行為科學研究法:質性研究法》,頁33-60。臺北市:東華。 社團法人中華育幼機構兒童關懷協會(2021)。2020年工作成果報告。2022年1月1日瀏覽:https://www.childrenhome.org.tw/link7-1.asp 易之新(譯)(2003)。《存在心理治療(下)自由、孤獨、無意義》(原作者:Irvin D. Yalom)。臺北:張老師文化。(原著出版年:1980) 林本炫(2003)。〈紮根理論研究法評介〉,齊力、林本炫(編),《質性研究方法與資料分析》,頁171-197。嘉義:南華社教所。 林和順(2021)。《一位兒少安置機構離院生在自立歷程中的反映實踐》。東吳大學社會工作學系碩士論文。 林芷榕(2014)。《我國少年自立生活方案執行過程之研究:督導之觀點》。中國文化大學碩士學位論文。 林寶鈺(2018)。〈伴他度過暴風雨後的平靜:談歷經機構安置自立生活者生活與心理困境〉,《正修通識教育學報》,15,129-146。 胡中宜(2010)。〈離院少年自立生活準備的服務內涵與標準〉,《青年研究學報》,13(1),179-189。 胡中宜(2011)。〈台灣離院青少年自立生活轉銜服務之發展與評析〉,《青年研究學報》,14(2),143-153。 胡中宜(2013a)。〈安置照顧青少年自立生活能力的文化差異〉,《青年研究學報》,138-148。 胡中宜(2013b)。〈安置青少年自立生活能力量表之發展與驗證〉,《朝陽人文社會學刊》,11(2),63-86。 胡中宜(2014)。〈離院青年自立生活之優勢經驗:社會工作者的觀點〉,《臺大社工學刊》,30,45-90。 胡中宜(2017)。《兒少結束家外安置後續追蹤輔導及自立生活服務社工實務手冊》。臺北:衛生福利部社會及家庭署。 胡中宜(2020)。〈被隱沒的聲音:離開家外安置照顧青年之自立生活經驗〉,《臺大社會工作學刊》,42,95-144。 胡中宜、高珮熏(2018)。〈弱勢青少年就業培力計劃之實踐與成效分析〉,《青年研究學報》,21(2),136-146。 胡中宜、彭淑華(2013)。〈離開安置機構青年之自立生活現況與相關經驗初探〉,《臺灣社會工作學刊》,11,49-80。 胡中宜、柳佳妏、吳宇仟、黃綵宸(2018)。〈少女自立轉銜宿舍之工作經驗探討〉,《社區發展季刊》,164,116-129。 胡幼慧、姚美華(1996)。〈一些質性方法上的思考:信度與效度?如何抽樣?如何收集資料、登錄與分析?〉,胡幼慧(主編),《質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》,頁141-158。臺北:巨流。 洪文惠(2010)。《臺北市弱勢少年自立生活能力評估指標編制說明暨使用手冊》。臺北:臺北市政府社會局。 洪貴真、劉嘉雯、任凱(譯)(2012)。《人類行為與社會環境──心理暨社會取向(三版)》(原作者:Elizabeth D. Hutchison)。臺北市:洪葉文化。(原著出版年:2012) 徐錦鋒(2012)。〈對我國自立生活方案的芻議〉,《臺灣社會工作學刊》,10,47-96。 徐錦鋒(2013)。〈推展少年自立宿舍之經驗探討〉,《聯合勸募論壇》,2,103-128。 高麗鈞(2012)。〈照亮自立少年的未來:獨立生活服務作為離開安置系統少年成功重返社區的關鍵〉,《社會發展研究學刊》,11,71-85。 畢恆達(1996)。〈詮釋學與質性研究〉,胡幼慧(主編),《質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》,頁27-44。臺北:巨流。 畢國蓮(2006)。《歷經長期機構安置的兒少保護個案結案後的生活經驗初探》。國立臺灣大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。 許令旻(2010)。《經歷兒少安置的自立生活者之安全依附關係探究》。國立臺北大學社會工作學系碩士班論文。 許瑋倫(2007)。《不同安置形態下兒少安置環境觀感之探究》。國立臺灣大學社會科學院社會工作學研究所碩士論文。 莊耀南(2011)。《「自立生活」對歷經機構安置青少年之意涵》。國立臺灣大學社會科學院社會工作學系碩士論文。 張紉(2012)。〈「兒童及少年福利與權益保障法」的發展精神——論青少年發展的意涵與做法〉,《社區發展季刊》,139,51-66。 張素菁(2013)。《自立少年就業服務的現況與可能之研究》。私立輔仁大學社會工作學系碩士班碩士論文。 張茜雲、胡中宜(2017)。〈安置機構少女接受自立生活準備服務之經驗:服務使用者的觀點〉,《臺灣社會工作學刊》,19,1-42。 游美惠(2010)。〈見人說人話,見鬼說鬼話?跟研究新手談「訪談法」技巧〉,周平、林育瑄編,《質性別研究》,頁113-145。臺北:巨流。 陳俊仲(2009)。《育幼機構院生的多重弱勢歷程研究:兒童保護或社會排除》,國立中正大學社會福利研究所碩士論文。 陳毓文(2008a)。〈國內接受機構安置少年憂鬱情緒之探究:問題陳顯與解釋因素〉,《中華心理衛生學刊》,21(1),75-101。 陳毓文(2008b)。〈國內安置少年自殘行為之探究:自殘方式、理由與解釋因素〉,《社會政策與社會工作學刊》,12(1),145-188。 陳旺德、陳伯偉、林昱瑄(2020)。〈培力還是侷限?:兒少安置機構、慣習形塑與階級效應〉,《臺大社會工作學刊》,42,1-56。 陳怡芳、李淑沛、王筱汶、胡中宜(2016)。〈中長期安置機構少女離園轉銜階段之需求與任務〉,《社區發展季刊》,156,373-387。 彭淑華(2006)。〈保護為名,權控為實?:少年安置機構人員的觀點分析〉,《東吳社會工作學報》,15,1-36。 彭淑華(2007a)。〈機構安置:保護他(她)?傷害他(她)?:兒童少年保護工作人員眼中之機構虐待圖像〉,《東吳社會工作學報》,16,1-36。 彭淑華(2007b)。〈"寧缺毋濫"?"寧濫毋缺"?兒童少年保護工作人員機構安置決策困境之研究〉,《中華心理衛生學刊》,20(2),127-154。 彭淑華、黃詩喬(2014)。《新北市兒童少年家外安置服務模式及生活狀況之研究委託》。新北市政府社會局:兒童局委託研究。 彭淑華、胡中宜(2016)。〈結束機構安置返家個案之福利使用經驗、家人關係與生活適應〉,《青年研究學報》,19(2),143-154。 黃冠禎(2015)。《自立宿舍社會工作者之角色經驗探究》。亞洲大學社會工作系碩士論文。 黃韻蓉(2018)。《曾接受機構安置成年女性對家庭感受之探讨》。玄奘大學社會工作學系碩士論文。 黃宜貞、王桂芸、陳金彌(2010)。〈孤寂的概念分析〉,《護理雜誌》,57(5),96-101。 鄒川雄(2003)。〈生活世界與默會知識:詮釋學觀點的質性研究〉,齊力、林本炫(編),《質性研究方法與資料分析》,頁19-53。嘉義:南華社教所。 廖珮妏。〈從量化與質化研究信效度探討社會科學領域的研究品質〉,《中華科技大學學報》,62(4),69-88。 廖俞琄(2012)。《兒少保護機構安置少年計畫返家之研究──少年觀點》。東海大學社會工作學系碩士論文。 鄧明宇、李介至、鄭凰君(2015)。《心理學概論》。新北:新文京。 監察院(2011)。自立少年獨立生活照顧糾正案文。取自:https://www.cy.gov.tw/CyBsBoxContent.aspx?n=133&s=3349 監察院(2018)。院新聞稿:兒少安置機構高達22%兒少曾被轉換,監察院請衛生福利部、勞動部檢討改進。2022年5月8日取自:https://www.cy.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=124&sms=8912&s=8306 遠見雜誌(2020)。你常感到孤寂嗎?《遠見》調查:30歲以下年輕人是高風險族群。取自:https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/71809 劉學仁(2013)。《社工員執行少年自立生活方案的困境之探究》。靜宜大學社會工作與兒童少年福利學系碩士論文。 劉弘毅(2014)。〈安置少年轉銜服務初探〉,《民生論叢》,10,69-93。 劉弘毅(2018)。〈影響安置機構結案青少年生活穩定的關鍵因素〉,《青年研究學報》,21(1),41,165-175。 劉燕萍、陳毓文(2016)。〈經濟弱勢少年半工半讀經驗與憂鬱情緒之相關性:壓力過程觀點〉,《臺灣社會工作學刊》,17,43-94。 衛生福利部(2020)。〈少年自立生活適應協助方案辦理成果〉。取自:https://crc.sfaa.gov.tw/Statistics/Detail/56 衛生福利部(2021)。〈提升少年自立生活適應協助服務量能計畫〉。取自:https://www.sfaa.gov.tw/SFAA/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=770&pid=3560 蔡玉慧(2007)。《青少年的孤獨及其相關因素之研究》。國立高雄師範大學教育學研究所博士論文。 蔡亞倩(2018)。《兒少接受安置服務經驗對其自立生活適應之影響》。亞洲大學社會工作系碩士論文。 蔡亞倩、蕭至邦(2020)。〈兒少接受安置服務經驗對其自立生活適應之影響〉,《台灣健康照顧研究學刊》,22,30-70。 賴佳君(2018)。《少年歷經安置與自立生活的經驗之探究》。亞洲大學社會工作系碩士論文。 顏妙芬(2015)。《自立少年良師益友關係初探:以Mentor青年導師方案為例》。國立臺灣大學社會科學學院社會工作學系碩士論文。 貳、 英文資料 Adamczyk, K. (2016). An investigation of loneliness and perceived social support among single and partnered young adults. Current Psychology, 35(4), 674-689. Adamczyk, K. (2017). Voluntary and involuntary singlehood and young adults’ mental health: an investigation of mediating role of romantic loneliness. Current Psychology, 36(4), 888-904. Adamczyk, K. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of relationship status through unmet need to belong and fear of being single on young adults' romantic loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 124-129. Adley, N. & Jupp Kina, V. (2015). Getting behind the closed door of care leavers: understanding the role of emotional support for young people leaving care. Child & Family Social Work, 22(1), 97-105. Anglin, J. P. (2004, June). Creating “well-functioning” residential care and defining its place in a system of care. In Child and Youth Care Forum (Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 175-192). Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers. Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood Perspectives from adolescence through midlife. Journal of adult development, 8(2), 133-143. Baker, C. (2017). Care leavers' views on their transition to adulthood: A rapid review of the evidence. London, England: Coram Voice. Bangee, M., Harris, R. A., Bridges, N., Rotenberg, K. J., & Qualter, P. (2014). Loneliness and attention to social threat in young adults: Findings from an eye tracker study. Personality and individual differences, 63, 16-23. Barker, J., & Weller, S. (2003). “Is it fun?” Developing children centred research methods. International journal of sociology and social policy, 23, 33-58. Baskin, T. W., Wampold, B. E., Quintana, S. M., & Enright, R. D. (2010). Belongingness as a protective factor against loneliness and potential depression in a multicultural middle school. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(5), 626-651. Batsleer, J., & Duggan, J. (2020). Young and lonely: The social conditions of loneliness. Policy Press. Beauchamp, T. (2016). Young people transitioning from care in Australia: A critical but neglected area of policy development. In Young people transitioning from out-of-home care (pp. 265-284). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Bengtsson, M., Sjöblom, Y., & Öberg, P. (2018). Young care leavers' expectations of their future A question of time horizon. Child & Family Social Work, 23(2), 188-195. Bengtsson, M., Sjöblom, Y., & Öberg, P. (2020). Transitional patterns when leaving care–Care leavers’ agency in a longitudinal perspective. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105486. Bering, J. M. (2008). Why hell is other people: Distinctively human psychological suffering. Review of general psychology, 12(1), 1-8. Bernardon, S., Babb, K. A., Hakim-Larson, J., & Gragg, M. (2011). Loneliness, attachment, and the perception and use of social support in university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 43(1), 40. Berzin, S. C., Singer, E., & Hokanson, K. (2014). Emerging versus emancipating: The transition to adulthood for youth in foster care. Journal of Adolescent Research, 29(5), 616-638. Billari, F. C., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2010). Towards a new pattern of transition to adulthood?. Advances in life course research, 15(2-3), 59-75. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis: A Pratical Guide. Brown, B. B. (1999). “You’re going out with who?”: Peer group influence on adolescent romantic relationships. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 291–329). New York: Cambridge University Press Qualter Burke, T. J., Woszidlo, A., & Segrin, C. (2012). Social skills, family conflict, and loneliness in families. Communication Reports, 25(2), 75-87. Burton, A. (1961). On the nature of loneliness. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 21(1), 34-39. Cacioppo, S., Bangee, M., Balogh, S., Cardenas-Iniguez, C., Qualter, P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2016). Loneliness and implicit attention to social threat: A high-performance electrical neuroimaging study. Cognitive neuroscience, 7(1-4), 138-159. Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8, 58–72 Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Norman, G. J., & Berntson, G. G. (2011). Social isolation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231(1), 17-22. Cashmore, J., & Paxman, M. (2006). Predicting after‐care outcomes: the importance of ‘felt’security. Child & Family Social Work, 11(3), 232-241. Catterson, J., & Hunter, S. C. (2010). Cognitive mediators of the effect of peer victimization on loneliness. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 403-416. Centre for Social Justice (2014). Survival of the Fittest? Improving Life Chances for Care Leavers. London, England: Centre for Social Justice. Chai, X., Du, H., Li, X., Su, S., & Lin, D. (2019). What really matters for loneliness among left-behind children in rural China a meta-analytic review. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 774. Cigna (2018). Cigna U.S. Loneliness index: Survey of 20,000 Americans Examining Behaviors Driving Loneliness in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.cigna.com/static/www-cigna-com/docs/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/combatting-loneliness/loneliness-survey-2018-full-report.pdf Conn, A. M., Calais, C., Szilagyi, M., Baldwin, C., & Jee, S. H. (2014). Youth in out-of-home care: Relation of engagement in structured group activities with social and mental health measures. Children and Youth Services Review, 36, 201-205. Counts, C. J., & John-Henderson, N. A. (2020). Risk in childhood family environments and loneliness in college students Implications for health. Journal of American college health, 68(4), 381-386. Courtney, M. (2015). Do the Benefits of Extending Foster Care to Age 21 Outweigh the Costs? Evidence from Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Wisconsin Family Impact Seminar. Coyne & Carter (2018). Participatory Research in the Past, Present and Future. In I. Coyne & B. Carter (Eds.), Being participatory Researching with children and young people (pp. 1-14). Springer, Cham. Day, A., Riebschleger, J., Dworsky, A., Damashek, A., & Fogarty, K. (2012). Maximizing educational opportunities for youth aging out of foster care by engaging youth voices in a partnership for social change. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(5), 1007-1014. Delima, J., & Vimpani, G. (2011). The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment: An often overlooked narrative related to the long-term effects of early childhood trauma?. Family Matters, (89), 42-52. de Jong Gierveld, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Reviews in clinical gerontology, 8(1), 73-80. Demirli, A., & Demir, A. (2014). The role of gender, attachment dimensions, and family environment on loneliness among Turkish university students. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 24(1), 62-75. Dima, G., & Skehill, C. (2011). Making sense of leaving care: The contribution of Bridges model of transition to understanding the psycho-social process. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(12), 2532-2539. DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 127-134. DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1997). Social and emotional loneliness: A re-examination of Weiss' typology of loneliness. Personality and individual differences, 22(3), 417-427. Dixon, J. (2008). Young people leaving care: health, well‐being and outcomes. Child & family social work, 13(2), 207-217. Dixon, J and Stein, M (2002). Still a Bairn: Throughcare and Aftercare Services in Scotland. Research Report. Scottish Executive Health Department , Edinburgh. Dixon, J., Cresswell, C., & Ward, J. (2020). The Break Staying Close, Staying Connected Project. London. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/931987/Staying_Close_Break.pdf Duncalf, Z. (2010). Listen up! Adult care leavers speak out: The views of 310 care leavers aged 17-78. Manchester, England: Care Leavers' Association. Dyal, S. R., & Valente, T. W. (2015). A systematic review of loneliness and smoking small effects, big implications. Substance use & misuse, 50(13), 1697-1716. Fischer, C. S., & Phillips, S. L. (1982). Who is alone? Characteristics of people with small networks. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 21-39). New York: Wiley. Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research. CA: sage. Flick, U. (2021). Doing interview research: The essential how to guide. Galanaki, E. P., Polychronopoulou, S. A., & Babalis, T. K. (2008). Loneliness and social dissatisfaction among behaviourally at-risk children. School Psychology International, 29(2), 214-229. Glynn, N. (2021). Understanding care leavers as youth in society: A theoretical framework for studying the transition out of care. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 105829. Goossens, L., Lasgaard, M., Luyckx, K., Vanhalst, J., Mathias, S., & Masy, E. (2009). Loneliness and solitude in adolescence: A confirmatory factor analysis of alternative models. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 890-894. Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental psychology, 30(1), 4. Häggman-Laitila, A., Salokekkilä, P., & Karki, S. (2018). Transition to adult life of young people leaving foster care: A qualitative systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 95, 134-143. Hall-Lande, J. A., Eisenberg, M. E., Christenson, S. L., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2007). Social isolation, psychological health, and protective factors in adolescence. Adolescence, 42(166). Hammond, C. (2018). Who feels lonely? The results of the world’s largest loneliness study. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2yzhfv4DvqVp5nZyxBD8G23/who-feels-lonely-the-results-of-the-world-s-largest-loneliness-study Harris, R. A., Qualter, P., & Robinson, S. J. (2013). Loneliness trajectories from middle childhood to pre-adolescence Impact on perceived health and sleep disturbance. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1295-1304. Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of behavioral medicine, 40(2), 218-227. Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness A literature review. Clinical psychology review, 26(6), 695-718. Hokanson, K., Golden, K. E., Singer, E., & Berzin, S. C. (2020). 'Not Independent Enough': Exploring the Tension Between Independence and Interdependence among Former Youth in Foster Care who are Emerging Adults. Child Welfare, 97(5), 141-157. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on psychological science, 10(2), 227-237 Hombrados-Mendieta, I., García-Martín, M. A., & Gómez-Jacinto, L. (2013). The relationship between social support, loneliness, and subjective well-being in a Spanish sample from a multidimensional perspective. Social indicators research, 114(3), 1013-1034. Horrocks, C. (2002). Using life course theory to explore the social and developmental pathways of young people leaving care. Journal of youth studies, 5(3), 325-336. Houghton, S., Hattie, J., Wood, L., Carroll, A., Martin, K., & Tan, C. (2014). Conceptualising loneliness in adolescents: Development and validation of a self-report instrument. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 45(5), 604-616. Humphrey, N. (2007). The society of selves. Philosophical transactions of the royal society b: Biological sciences, 362(1480), 745-754. Jobe-Shields, L., Cohen, R., & Parra, G. (2011). Patterns of change in children’s loneliness: Trajectories from third through fifth grades. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 57, 25–47. Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child development, 147-178. Kosslyn, S. M., & Rosenberg, R. S. (2011). Introducing Psychology: Brain, Person. Group (pp. 346-347). New York: Pearson Learning Solutions. Ladd, G. W., & Ettekal, I. (2013). Peer-related loneliness across early to late adolescence Normative trends, intra-individual trajectories, and links with depressive symptoms. Journal of adolescence, 36(6), 1269-1282. Ladd, G. W., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2019). Parents and children’s peer relationships. Handbook of parenting, 278-315. Lähde, M., & Mölkänen, J. (2021). The quest for independent living in Finland Youth shelter as a critical moment in young adults' life courses. In F. Stammler & R. Toivanen (Eds.), Young People, Wellbeing and Placemaking in the Arctic (pp. 170-195). Routledge. Lalayants, M., & Prince, J. D. (2015). Loneliness and depression or depression-related factors among child welfare-involved adolescent females. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32(2), 167-176. Langer, C. L., & Lietz, C. (2014). Applying theory to generalist social work practice. John Wiley & Sons. Larson, R. W. (1999). The uses of loneliness in adolescence. In: K. J. Rotenberg & S. Hymel (Eds.), Loneliness in childhood and adolescence (pp. 244-262). Cambridge University Press. Layden, E. A., Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018). Loneliness predicts a preference for larger interpersonal distance within intimate space. PLOS ONE, 13(9), e0203491. Le Roux, A. & Connors, J. (2001). A cross-cultural study into loneliness amongst university students. South African Journal of Psychology, 31, 46-57. Li, D., Chng, G. S., & Chu, C. M. (2019). Comparing long-term placement outcomes of residential and family foster care: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(5), 653-664. Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T. J., Cannella, B. L., & Hanks, M. M. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing research, 55(5), 308-315. Margalit, M. (2010). Lonely children and adolescents: Self-perceptions, social exclusion, and hope. New York: Springer. Marinkovic, J. A., & Backovic, D. (2007). Relationship between type of placement and competencies and problem behavior of adolescents in long-term foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(2), 216-225. Marion, É., Paulsen, V., & Goyette, M. (2017). Relationships matter: Understanding the role and impact of social networks at the edge of transition to adulthood from care. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34(6), 573-582. Martin, K. E., Wood, L. J., Houghton, S., Carroll, A., & Hattie, J. (2014). 'I Don't have the Best Life' A Qualitative Exploration of Adolescent Loneliness. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour, 2(5), 1-7. Matthews, S., & Sykes, S. (2012). Exploring health priorities for young people leaving care. Child care in practice, 18(4), 393-407. Mc Cracken, G. (1988). The four-step method of inquiry. In G. Mc Cracken, The long interview(pp. 29-48). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. McDowall, J. 2008. Transitioning from Care. Report Card March 2008, Create Foundation, Sydney McGregor, C., & Dolan, P. (2021). Support and Protection Across the Lifecourse: A Practical Approach for Social Workers. Policy Press. Mc Mahon, C., & Curtin, C. (2013). The social networks of young people in Ireland with experience of long‐term foster care: some lessons for policy and practice. Child & Family Social Work, 18(3), 329-340. McWhirter, B. T., Besett-Alesch, T. M., Horibata, J., & Gat, I. (2002). Loneliness in high risk adolescents: The role of coping, self-esteem, and empathy. Journal of Youth Studies, 5(1), 69-84. Mellor, D., Stokes, M., Firth, L., Hayashi, Y., & Cummins, R. (2008). Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Personality and individual differences, 45(3), 213-218. Mendes, P., & Rogers, J. (2020). Young people transitioning from out-of-home care What are the lessons from extended care programmes in the USA and England for Australia. The British Journal of Social Work, 50(5), 1513-153 Micreate (2019). Child-centred approach across disciplines. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5c7dd0909&appId=PPGMS Miller, J. F.(2000). Patient power resource. In J. F. Miller (ed), Coping with chronic illness: Overcoming powerlessness(pp. 3-19), Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. Munro ER, Lushey C, National Care Advisory Service, Maskell-Graham, D., Ward, H. & Holmes, L. (2012) Evaluation of the Staying Put: 18 Plus Family Placement Programme. London: Department for Education. Neagu, M., & Dixon, J. (2020). The Fair Ways Staying Close Project. London. Retrieved from https://www.york.ac.uk/media/spru/projectfiles/Staying_Close_Fair_Ways.pdf Neuman, W. L.(2000) The Meanings of Methodology. In N. W. Lawrence (Eds.), Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (pp. 91-124 ). Pearson New International. Nie, Q., Tian, L., & Huebner, E. S. (2020). Relations among family dysfunction, loneliness and life satisfaction in chinese children: a longitudinal mediation model. Child Indicators Research, 13(3), 839-862. Norozi, S. A., & Moen, T. (2016). Childhood as a social construction. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 6(2), 75. Nowland, R., Talbot, R., & Qualter, P. (2018). Influence of loneliness and rejection sensitivity on threat sensitivity in romantic relationships in young and middle-aged adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 185-190. Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1–18). New York: Wiley. Petkovic, S., Ignatovich, A. & Galstyan, M. (2019). YOUTH RESEARCH: THE ESSENTIALS. Council of Europe and European Commission. Retrieved from https://edoc.coe.int/en/youth-in-europe/7965-youth-research-the-essentials.html Petr, C. G. (2008). Foster care independent living services Youth perspectives. Families in Society, 89(1), 100-108. Propp, J., Ortega, D. M., & NewHeart, F. (2003). Independence or interdependence: Rethinking the transition from “ward of the court” to adulthood. Families in society, 84(2), 259-266. Ptacek, R., Kuzelova, H., & Celedova, L. (2011). Social and emotional loneliness in children in foster and institutional care. European Psychiatry, 26(S2), 338-338. Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, Maes, M. & Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250-264. Roberts, L., Mannay, D., Rees, A., Bayfield, H., Corliss, C., Diaz, C., & Vaughan, R. (2021). ‘It’s been a massive struggle’: Exploring the experiences of young people leaving care during COVID-19. Young, 29(4_suppl), S81-S99. Rokach, A. (2018). Effective coping with loneliness a review. Open Journal of Depression, 7(4), 61-72. Russell, D., Cutrona, C. E., Rose, J., & Yurko, K. (1984). Social and emotional loneliness: an examination of Weiss's typology of loneliness. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(6), 1313. Salazar, A. M., Jones, K. R., Amemiya, J., Cherry, A., Brown, E. C., Catalano, R. F., & Monahan, K. C. (2018). Defining and achieving permanency among older youth in foster care. Children and youth services review, 87, 9-16. Samuels, G. M. (2009). Ambiguous loss of home: The experience of familial (im) permanence among young adults with foster care backgrounds. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(12), 1229-1239. Schinka, K. C., van Dulmen, M. H., Mata, A. D., Bossarte, R., & Swahn, M. (2013). Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence. Journal of adolescence, 36(6), 1251-1260. Schwartz-Mette, R. A., Shankman, J., Dueweke, A. R., Borowski, S., & Rose, A. J. (2020). Relations of friendship experiences with depressive symptoms and loneliness in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 146(8), 664. Segrin, C., Burke, T. J., & Dunivan, M. (2012). Loneliness and poor health within families. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(5), 597-611. Serin, N. B., Aydınoğlu, N., & Aysan, F. (2010). Examining the predictors of loneliness levels of university students. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 9, 704-708. Sharabi, A., Levi, U., & Margalit, M. (2012). Children's loneliness, sense of coherence, family climate, and hope: Developmental risk and protective factors. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 61-83. Shin, Y. (2007). Peer relationships, social behaviours, academic performance and loneliness in Korean primary school children. School Psychology International, 28(2), 220-236. Singer, E. R., Berzin, S. C., & Hokanson, K. (2013). Voices of former foster youth: Supportive relationships in the transition to adulthood. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(12), 2110-2117. Smith, L. T. (2013). Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books. Spyrou, S. (2011). The limits of children’s voices From authenticity to critical, reflexive representation. Childhood, 18(2), 151-165. Steenbakkers, A., Van Der Steen, S., & Grietens, H. (2018). The needs of foster children and how to satisfy them: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical child and family psychology review, 21(1), 1-12. Steinberg, L. (2014). Age of opportunity: Lessons from the new science of adolescence. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Sulimani-Aidan, Y. (2014). Care leavers' challenges in transition to independent living. Children and Youth Services Review, 46, 38-46. Tagomori, H., Fardghassemi, S., & Joffe, H. (2022). How young adults cope with loneliness: a study of London’s most deprived boroughs. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 27(1), 1-22. DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2021.2013263 Teppers, E., Klimstra, T. A., Damme, C. V., Luyckx, K., Vanhalst, J., & Goossens, L. (2013). Personality traits, loneliness, and attitudes toward aloneness in adolescence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(8), 1045-1063. Tyler, P. M., Thompson, R. W., Trout, A. L., Lambert, M. C., & Synhorst, L. L. (2017). Important elements of aftercare services for youth departing group homes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(6), 1603-1613. UNICEF (1990). Convention on the Rights of Child. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text Van Breda, A. D. (2015). Journey towards independent living: A grounded theory investigation of leaving the care of Girls & Boys Town, South Africa. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(3), 322-337. Van Breda, A. D., & Hlungwani, J. (2019). Journey towards independent living: Resilience processes of women leaving residential care in South Africa. Journal of Youth Studies, 22(5), 604-622. van Dulmen, M. H., & Goossens, L. (2013). Loneliness trajectories. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 1247-1249. Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., & Goossens, L. (2013). Low self-esteem as a risk factor for loneliness in adolescence: Perceived-but not actual-social acceptance as an underlying mechanism. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 41(7), 1067-1081. Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2014). Experiencing loneliness in adolescence: A matter of individual characteristics, negative peer experiences, or both?. Social Development, 23(1), 100-118. Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Barreto, M., Vines, J., Atkinson, M., Long, K., Bakewell, L., Lawson, S. & Wilson, M. (2019). Coping with loneliness at university: A qualitative interview study with students in the UK. Mental Health & Prevention, 13, 21-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2018.11.002 Vernon, J. (2000). Audit and assessment of leaving care services in London. London, England. National Children's Bureau. Von Soest, T., Luhmann, M., & Gerstorf, D. (2020). The development of loneliness through adolescence and young adulthood: Its nature, correlates, and midlife outcomes. Developmental psychology, 56(10), 1919-1934. Wheeler, L., Reis, H., & Nezlek, J. B. (1983). Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 45(4), 943. Wilkinson, C., & Wilkinson, S. (2018). Principles of participatory research. In I. Coyne & B. Carter (Eds.), Being participatory Researching with children and young people (pp. 15-35). Springer, Cham. Woodhouse, S. S., Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. (2012). Loneliness and peer relations in adolescence. Social development, 21(2), 273-293. Zhao, J., Kong, F., & Wang, Y. (2012). Self-esteem and humor style as mediators of the effects of shyness on loneliness among Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(6), 686-690. Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Trevaskis, S., Nesdale, D., & Downey, G. A. (2014). Relational victimization, loneliness and depressive symptoms: Indirect associations via self and peer reports of rejection sensitivity. Journal of youth and adolescence, 43(4), 568-582.zh_TW