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題名 市場競爭與溫室氣體排放政策:系統性與網路的思考
Market Competition and GHG Emission Policies: Thinking in Systems and Networks作者 范誠修
Fan, Cheng-Hsiu貢獻者 何靜嫺
范誠修
Fan, Cheng-Hsiu關鍵詞 網絡策略
策略聯盟
中心性
溫室氣體排放
政策
Network Strategies
Strategic Alliances
Centrality
GHG Emissions
Policies日期 2024 上傳時間 4-Sep-2024 14:38:13 (UTC+8) 摘要 市場競爭錯綜複雜，並不局限於單一產業或傳統的上下游框架。儘管網絡策 略作為創新的來源受到越來越多的認可，但目前缺乏能夠通過系統性視角來處理 市場競爭細微差別的理論框架。本論文旨在提供一個網絡模型，展示“網絡結構” 如何影響廠商的定價和網絡策略。然後我們將模型擴展到考慮戰略聯盟的存在， 並探討溫室氣體排放政策(稅收和補貼)如何改變系統和廠商的減碳程度。 我們的結果提供了一種新的視角來看待市場競爭和環境政策的影響。首先， 我們顯示廠商在網絡中的定位將影響其與其他廠商的定價策略(策略替代或互 補)，因此廠商的均衡價格和利潤與廠商在加權網絡中的 Katz-Bonacich 中心性正 相關，這是一個廠商影響力的指標，可以分解為“互動連接強度”和“初始稟賦 水平”兩部分。這為探索價格變化的可能途徑提供了一個有用的框架。至於“網 絡策略”的效果，我們顯示增加與替代性產品的連接可以提高廠商的價格和利潤。 其次，戰略聯盟的存在可以加強成員廠商與其他廠商的互動，並通過降低生 產成本來增加成員廠商的稟賦。然而網路策略的總體影響將取決於組成成員的特 性。 最後，我們顯示稅收和補貼都會增加廠商的減碳程度。我們進一步顯示如果 對所有廠商徵收排放稅，其均衡價格和利潤將會下降。然而如果排放稅僅對某一 行業(例如污染嚴重的行業)徵收，其他廠商的均衡價格可能會上升或下降，這 取決於廠商之間的互動。對於在“可持續策略聯盟”存在的情況下的稅收效果， 我們的結果顯示排放稅和聯盟的環境意識對減碳有協同效應。我們的結果顯示， 最優稅率和補貼水平與加權網絡中廠商 Katz-Bonacich 中心性的加權和正相關，且 環境意識的存在將降低最優稅率或補貼水平。
Market competitions are intricate and not confined to a single industry or a traditional up-downstream framework. Despite the increasing acknowledgment of network strategies as a source of innovation, there remains a gap in theoretical frameworks that can address the nuances of market competition through a systemic lens. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a network model to demonstrate how the "network structure" can influence firms' pricing and network strategies. We then extend the model to consider the presence of a strategic alliance and address how the GHG emission policies (tax and subsidy) can change the system and firms' emission abatement efforts. Our results provide a new perspective to look at market competition and the impacts of environmental policies. First, we show that a firm's position in the network will affect its strategic properties of pricing (strategic substitute or complement) with other firms. Consequently, firms' equilibrium prices and profits are positively related to a firm's Katz-Bonacich centrality in the weighted network, which is an indicator for a firm's influence and can be decomposed into two parts: "the strength of interactive interconnections" and the level of "initial endowments". This serves as a useful framework to explore the possible channels for changes in prices. As for the effect of "network strategies", we show that building more connections with substitutive products can increase firms' prices and profits. Second, the presence of a strategic alliance can strengthen the member firms' interaction with other firms and increase the member firms' endowment by reducing production cost. However, the overall impacts of strategy networks will depend on the properties of member constitution. Finally, we show that both tax and subsidy will increase firms' emission abatement effort. We then show that if the emission tax is applied to all firms, their equilibrium prices and profits will all decrease. However, if the emission tax is only applied to one industry (say, the heavily polluted industry), the equilibrium prices for the rest firms could increase or decrease, depending on the interactions across firms. For the tax effects with the presence of a "sustainable strategy alliance", our results show that the emission tax and the alliance's environmental consciousness have a synergy effect on emission control. Our results show that the optimal tax level and subsidy level are positively related to a weighted sum of firms' Katz-Bonacich centralities in the weighted network, and the presence of environmental consciousness will decrease the optimal tax or subsidy level.參考文獻 Arasti, M., Garousi Mokhtarzadeh, N., & Jafarpanah, I. (2022). Networking capability: a systematic review of literature and future research agenda. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 37(1), 160-179. Busch, P., Kendall, A., Murphy, C. W., & Miller, S. A. (2022). Literature review on policies to mitigate GHG emissions for cement and concrete.Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 182, 106278. Campo, K., Gijsbrechts, E., Goossens, T., & Verhetsel, A. (2000). The impact of location factors on the attractiveness and optimal space shares of product categories. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17(4), 255-279. Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. (2000). A resource-based theory of strategic alliances. Journal of management, 26(1), 31-61. Doz, Y. L. (2023). Strategic alliances. Eisend, M. (2015). Have we progressed marketing knowledge? A meta-meta-analysis of effect sizes in marketing research. Journal of Marketing, 79(3), 23-40. Itoh, R., & Li, Z. (2021). Effects of dual networks on tax strategies: geography and transaction. The Japanese Economic Review, 72(1), 97-128. George, G., Robley Wood Jr, D., & Khan, R. (2001). Networking strategy of boards: Implications for small and medium-sized enterprises.Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 13(3), 269-285. Gillingham, K., & Stock, J. H. (2018). The cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(4), 53-72. Huggins, R. (2000). The success and failure of policy-implanted inter-firm network initiatives: motivations, processes and structure. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(2), 111- 135. Leggett, J. A., Lattanzio, R. K., Ek, C., & Parker, L. (2009, December). An Overview of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Control Policies in Various Countries. In Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. Peng, T. J. A., Yen, M. H., & Bourne, M. (2018). How rival partners compete based on cooperation?. Long Range Planning, 51(2), 351-383. Sammut-Bonnici, T., & McGee, J. (2002). Network strategies for the new economy. European Business Journal, 14, 174-185. Wei, J., Zhao, J., & Li, Y. (2013). Pricing decisions for complementary products with firms’ different market powers. European Journal of Operational Research, 224(3), 507-519. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
經濟學系
111258016資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111258016 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 何靜嫺 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 范誠修 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Fan, Cheng-Hsiu en_US dc.creator (作者) 范誠修 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Fan, Cheng-Hsiu en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Sep-2024 14:38:13 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Sep-2024 14:38:13 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Sep-2024 14:38:13 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0111258016 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153290 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 經濟學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 111258016 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 市場競爭錯綜複雜，並不局限於單一產業或傳統的上下游框架。儘管網絡策 略作為創新的來源受到越來越多的認可，但目前缺乏能夠通過系統性視角來處理 市場競爭細微差別的理論框架。本論文旨在提供一個網絡模型，展示“網絡結構” 如何影響廠商的定價和網絡策略。然後我們將模型擴展到考慮戰略聯盟的存在， 並探討溫室氣體排放政策(稅收和補貼)如何改變系統和廠商的減碳程度。 我們的結果提供了一種新的視角來看待市場競爭和環境政策的影響。首先， 我們顯示廠商在網絡中的定位將影響其與其他廠商的定價策略(策略替代或互 補)，因此廠商的均衡價格和利潤與廠商在加權網絡中的 Katz-Bonacich 中心性正 相關，這是一個廠商影響力的指標，可以分解為“互動連接強度”和“初始稟賦 水平”兩部分。這為探索價格變化的可能途徑提供了一個有用的框架。至於“網 絡策略”的效果，我們顯示增加與替代性產品的連接可以提高廠商的價格和利潤。 其次，戰略聯盟的存在可以加強成員廠商與其他廠商的互動，並通過降低生 產成本來增加成員廠商的稟賦。然而網路策略的總體影響將取決於組成成員的特 性。 最後，我們顯示稅收和補貼都會增加廠商的減碳程度。我們進一步顯示如果 對所有廠商徵收排放稅，其均衡價格和利潤將會下降。然而如果排放稅僅對某一 行業(例如污染嚴重的行業)徵收，其他廠商的均衡價格可能會上升或下降，這 取決於廠商之間的互動。對於在“可持續策略聯盟”存在的情況下的稅收效果， 我們的結果顯示排放稅和聯盟的環境意識對減碳有協同效應。我們的結果顯示， 最優稅率和補貼水平與加權網絡中廠商 Katz-Bonacich 中心性的加權和正相關，且 環境意識的存在將降低最優稅率或補貼水平。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Market competitions are intricate and not confined to a single industry or a traditional up-downstream framework. Despite the increasing acknowledgment of network strategies as a source of innovation, there remains a gap in theoretical frameworks that can address the nuances of market competition through a systemic lens. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a network model to demonstrate how the "network structure" can influence firms' pricing and network strategies. We then extend the model to consider the presence of a strategic alliance and address how the GHG emission policies (tax and subsidy) can change the system and firms' emission abatement efforts. Our results provide a new perspective to look at market competition and the impacts of environmental policies. First, we show that a firm's position in the network will affect its strategic properties of pricing (strategic substitute or complement) with other firms. Consequently, firms' equilibrium prices and profits are positively related to a firm's Katz-Bonacich centrality in the weighted network, which is an indicator for a firm's influence and can be decomposed into two parts: "the strength of interactive interconnections" and the level of "initial endowments". This serves as a useful framework to explore the possible channels for changes in prices. As for the effect of "network strategies", we show that building more connections with substitutive products can increase firms' prices and profits. Second, the presence of a strategic alliance can strengthen the member firms' interaction with other firms and increase the member firms' endowment by reducing production cost. However, the overall impacts of strategy networks will depend on the properties of member constitution. Finally, we show that both tax and subsidy will increase firms' emission abatement effort. We then show that if the emission tax is applied to all firms, their equilibrium prices and profits will all decrease. However, if the emission tax is only applied to one industry (say, the heavily polluted industry), the equilibrium prices for the rest firms could increase or decrease, depending on the interactions across firms. For the tax effects with the presence of a "sustainable strategy alliance", our results show that the emission tax and the alliance's environmental consciousness have a synergy effect on emission control. Our results show that the optimal tax level and subsidy level are positively related to a weighted sum of firms' Katz-Bonacich centralities in the weighted network, and the presence of environmental consciousness will decrease the optimal tax or subsidy level. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 1 2. Related Literature 4 3. The Model 9 3.1 Equilibrium with Network Effects 11 3.1.1 Properties of Equilibrium 13 3.2 An Illustrative Example 18 3.2.1 A Numerical Simulation 19 4. A System with Strategic Alliances 22 4.1 Properties of Equilibrium 24 4.2 An Illustrative Example 28 5. A System Considering GHG Emission and Policies 31 5.1 Greenhouse Gas Emission and Tax Effects 32 5.1.1 Emission Tax is Applied to All Firms 33 5.1.2 Emission Tax is Applied to One Industry 34 5.1.3 Sustainable Business Alliances 35 5.2 Emission Abatement Effort and Policy Effects 37 5.2.1 Emission Tax and Abatement Effort 37 5.2.2 Subsidy and Abatement Effort 39 5.3 Optimal Policies 42 5.3.1 Optimal Emission Tax 43 5.3.2 Optimal Emission Subsidy 45 6. Conclusions 49 References 50 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1603926 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111258016 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網絡策略 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 策略聯盟 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中心性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 溫室氣體排放 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政策 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Network Strategies en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Strategic Alliances en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Centrality en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) GHG Emissions en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Policies en_US dc.title (題名) 市場競爭與溫室氣體排放政策:系統性與網路的思考 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Market Competition and GHG Emission Policies: Thinking in Systems and Networks en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arasti, M., Garousi Mokhtarzadeh, N., & Jafarpanah, I. (2022). Networking capability: a systematic review of literature and future research agenda. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 37(1), 160-179. Busch, P., Kendall, A., Murphy, C. W., & Miller, S. A. (2022). Literature review on policies to mitigate GHG emissions for cement and concrete.Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 182, 106278. Campo, K., Gijsbrechts, E., Goossens, T., & Verhetsel, A. (2000). The impact of location factors on the attractiveness and optimal space shares of product categories. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17(4), 255-279. Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. (2000). A resource-based theory of strategic alliances. Journal of management, 26(1), 31-61. Doz, Y. L. (2023). Strategic alliances. Eisend, M. (2015). Have we progressed marketing knowledge? A meta-meta-analysis of effect sizes in marketing research. Journal of Marketing, 79(3), 23-40. Itoh, R., & Li, Z. (2021). Effects of dual networks on tax strategies: geography and transaction. The Japanese Economic Review, 72(1), 97-128. George, G., Robley Wood Jr, D., & Khan, R. (2001). Networking strategy of boards: Implications for small and medium-sized enterprises.Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 13(3), 269-285. Gillingham, K., & Stock, J. H. (2018). The cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(4), 53-72. Huggins, R. (2000). The success and failure of policy-implanted inter-firm network initiatives: motivations, processes and structure. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(2), 111- 135. Leggett, J. A., Lattanzio, R. K., Ek, C., & Parker, L. (2009, December). An Overview of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Control Policies in Various Countries. In Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. Peng, T. J. A., Yen, M. H., & Bourne, M. (2018). How rival partners compete based on cooperation?. Long Range Planning, 51(2), 351-383. Sammut-Bonnici, T., & McGee, J. (2002). Network strategies for the new economy. European Business Journal, 14, 174-185. Wei, J., Zhao, J., & Li, Y. (2013). Pricing decisions for complementary products with firms’ different market powers. European Journal of Operational Research, 224(3), 507-519. zh_TW
