Publications-學位論文
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
Google ScholarTM
NCCU Library
Citation Infomation
Related Publications in TAIR
題名 市場列寧主義政權下的非官方媒體—越南的案例
Non-state media in market-Leninist regimes: The case of Vietnam作者 鄭友龍
Trinh, Huu Long貢獻者 魏玫娟
Wei Mei-Chuan
鄭友龍
Huu Long Trinh關鍵詞 非官方媒體
私人媒體
獨立媒體
流亡媒體
現代化
人類賦權
non-state media
private media
independent media
exiled media
modernization
human empowerment日期 2024 上傳時間 4-Sep-2024 15:19:12 (UTC+8) 摘要 越南不僅是威權國家，更具體地說，它是一個市場列寧主義國家。這樣的脈絡為非官方媒體的建立和發展帶來了矛盾的條件。一方面，它擁抱市場經濟，使社會現代化，並為想要成為出版者的人提供行動資源；另一方面，它維持列寧主義制度，這樣的制度取締非國家行為者，特別是非官方媒體。本文從現代化理論的角度看非官方媒體，並針對他們的讀者和出版者進行探討。
Vietnam is not only an authoritarian state but more specifically a market-Leninist state, which creates conflicting conditions for the establishment and development of non-state media. On one hand, it embraces a market economy that modernizes society and provides resources for aspiring publishers; on the other hand, it maintains a Leninist system that outlaws non-state actors in general and non-state media in particular. This thesis views non-state media through the lens of modernization theory, highlighting both the audience and publishers.參考文獻 Aerolyne Reed. (2022, October 27). The Abysmal State of Vietnam’s Internet Freedom in 2022. The Vietnamese Magazine. https://www.thevietnamese.org/2022/10/the-abysmal-state-of-vietnams-internet-freedom-in-2022/ Amnesty International. (2020). Viet Nam: Let us breathe! Censorship and criminalization of online expression in Viet Nam. https://www.amnesty.be/IMG/pdf/20211130_vietnam_rapport.pdf Anh Quân. (2024). Hộ nghèo được hỗ trợ để phổ cập smartphone. https://thanhnien.vn/ho-ngheo-duoc-ho-tro-de-pho-cap-smartphone-18524031118511859.htm Anh Vũ. (2016). Lao động Trung Quốc ở Formosa—Vũng Áng hiện nay. Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/chinese-worker-in-formosa-av-06042016074303.html A.Phương. (2006). Bắt tạm giam nguyên thứ trưởng Nguyễn Việt Tiến. Báo Người Lao Động Online. https://nld.com.vn/phap-luat/bat-tam-giam-nguyen-thu-truong-nguyen-viet-tien-147081.htm Ba Sàm. (2014, July 3). 2734. Tuyên bố thành lập Hội Nhà báo độc lập Việt Nam. BA SÀM. https://anhbasam.wordpress.com/2014/07/04/2734-tuyen-bo-thanh-lap-hoi-nha-bao-doc-lap-viet-nam/ BBC. (2008). BBCVietnamese.com | Việt Nam | Trang Talawas đóng cửa sau 7 năm. https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/vietnam/story/2008/11/printable/081104_talawas_closure BBC. (2018, June 11). Vietnam detains 100 after anti-China economic zone protests turn violent. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44436019 BBC News. (2012, January 15). Vietnam profile—Timeline. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16568035 Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (Ninth edition). Pearson. Bui, H. T. (2015). Civil society and governance in Vietnam’s one party system [PhD Thesis, School of Political Science and International Studies, The University of Queensland]. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2015.646 Bui, N. S. (2013). Vietnam’s new Constitution: A Charter for Comprehensive Renovation? ConstitutionNet. http://constitutionnet.org/news/vietnams-new-constitution-charter-comprehensive-renovation Bui, N. T. (2017). Managing anti-China nationalism in Vietnam: Evidence from the media during the 2014 oil rig crisis. The Pacific Review, 30(2), 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1201132 Bui, T. (2023). Vietnamese Geoeconomics in a Polarized Global Economy: Understanding Bamboo Diplomacy and Its Viability. In V. K. Aggarwal & M. A. T. Kenney (Eds.), Great Power Competition and Middle Power Strategies: Economic Statecraft in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp. 165–183). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38024-2_8 Cheng, T.-J. (1989). Democratizing the Quasi-Leninist Regime in Taiwan. World Politics, 41(4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010527 Chí Hạnh. (2021, October 26). Xét xử Trương Châu Hữu Danh cùng thành viên nhóm ‘Báo Sạch.’ TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://tuoitre.vn/xet-xu-truong-chau-huu-danh-cung-thanh-vien-nhom-bao-sach-20211026082813075.htm Chỉ thị số 33-CT/TW ngày 18/3/2019 của Ban Bí thư về tăng cường xây dựng tổ chức đảng trong các đơn vị kinh tế tư nhân | Hệ thống văn bản. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2024, from https://tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn/he-thong-van-ban/van-ban-cua-dang/chi-thi-so-33-cttw-ngay-1832019-cua-ban-bi-thu-ve-tang-cuong-xay-dung-to-chuc-dang-trong-cac-don-vi-kinh-te-tu-5313 CIA Factbook: Vietnam. (2024). In The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/#government Cotillon, H. (2017). Territorial Disputes and Nationalism: A Comparative Case Study of China and Vietnam. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 36(1), 51–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341703600103 CPJ. (2023). 2023 prison census: Jailed journalist numbers near record high; Israel imprisonments spike. Committee to Protect Journalists. https://cpj.org/reports/2024/01/2023-prison-census-jailed-journalist-numbers-near-record-high-israel-imprisonments-spike/ Croissant, A. (2022). Vietnam: The Socialist Party State. In A. Croissant (Ed.), Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes (pp. 401–441). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05114-2_12 Cùng Viết Hiến pháp. (2013, April 1). Đề xuất. Cùng Viết Hiến Pháp. https://hienphap.wordpress.com/de-xuat/ Cunningham, S., & Nguyen, T. (1999). Popular Media of the Vietnamese Diaspora. Javnost - The Public, 6(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.1999.11008705 Dân Làm Báo. (2011). Tường thuật trực tiếp diễn biến phiên tòa xử án Ts luật Cù Huy Hà Vũ—Dân Làm Báo. https://danlambaovn.blogspot.com/2011/04/chao-v-tuong-thuat-truc-tiep-phien-toa.html?m=1 Dang, L. N., Nguyen, D. D., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2021). State-Owned Enterprise Reform in Viet Nam: Progress and Challenges. In F. Taghizadeh-Hesary, N. Yoshino, C. J. Kim, & K. Kim (Eds.), Reforming State-Owned Enterprises in Asia (pp. 231–254). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8574-6_12 DataReportal. (2024, February 23). Digital 2024: Vietnam. DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-vietnam Department of Home Affairs Website. (n.d.). Country profile—Vietnam. Department of Home Affairs Website. Retrieved August 27, 2024, from https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au Donorbox. (n.d.). Tài trợ cho Luật Khoa | Legal Initiatives for Vietnam (Powered by Donorbox). Retrieved July 11, 2024, from https://donorbox.org/luatkhoa ĐSKBĐ. (2020, October 18). Báo Cáo Diễn Tiến Dự Án Đại Sự Ký Biển Đông 2018 – 2020. Dự Án Đại Sự Ký Biển Đông. https://dskbd.org/2020/10/18/bao-cao-dien-tien-du-an-dai-su-ky-bien-dong-2018-2020/ Espiritu, Y. L. (2006). Toward a Critical Refugee Study: The Vietnamese Refugee Subject in US Scholarship. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 1(1–2), 410–433. https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.410 Fan, M.-F., Chiu, C.-M., & Mabon, L. (2022). Environmental justice and the politics of pollution: The case of the Formosa Ha Tinh Steel pollution incident in Vietnam. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 5(1), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848620973164 Freedom House. (2023). Vietnam: Freedom on the Net 2023 Country Report. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-net/2023 Ghani, F. (2019). ‘Fear and paranoia’: How Vietnam controls its media. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/5/20/fear-and-paranoia-how-vietnam-controls-its-media Gia Minh. (2014). Hội Nhà báo Độc lập Việt Nam chính thức ra mắt. Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/1-ever-indep-journ-ass-come-act-in-vn-gm-07032014121902.html Giang, N. K., & Luong, D. N. A. (2023). 2023/47 “What Drives Vietnam’s Tightened Public Sphere?” by Nguyen Khac Giang and Dien Nguyen An Luong. 2023, No. 47. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2023-47-what-drives-vietnams-tightened-public-sphere-by-nguyen-khac-giang-and-dien-nguyen-an-luong/ Government of Canada, S. C. (2017, February 8). Census Profile, 2016 Census—Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1 Greenwood, S. (2024, August 6). Vietnamese Americans: A Survey Data Snapshot. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/2024/08/06/vietnamese-americans-a-survey-data-snapshot/ Hai, A. (2021, January 6). Vietnam Jails Blogger and Critic Pham Chi Dung for 15 Years. Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/a/press-freedom_vietnam-jails-blogger-and-critic-pham-chi-dung-15-years/6200365.html Hai, N. M., & O’Donnell, M. (2017). Reforming State-Owned Enterprises in Vietnam: The Contrasting Cases of Vinashin and Viettel. Asian Perspective, 41(2), 215–237. Harms, E., & Labbé, D. (2022). Post-Colonial Urbanization in Vietnam: Urban Order and Unruliness. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. Hayton, B. (2024, May 9). Vietnam’s political turmoil reveals a turn towards China – and away from the West | Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/05/vietnams-political-turmoil-reveals-turn-towards-china-and-away-west Hiep, L. H. (2012). Performance-based Legitimacy: The Case of the Communist Party of Vietnam and “Doi Moi.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 34(2), 145–172. Hiep, L. H. (Ed.). (2016). The Prospects of Democratization in Vietnam and China and Implications for Bilateral Relations. In Living Next to the Giant: The Political Economy of Vietnam’s Relations with China under Doi Moi (pp. 183–209). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/living-next-to-the-giant/prospects-of-democratization-in-vietnam-and-china-and-implications-for-bilateral-relations/F59DD2EE815E81D1B8797F20F8963BB1 Ho, M. (2007). The Rise and Fall of Leninist Control in Taiwan’s Industry. The China Quarterly, 189, 162–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741006000853 Hoàng Nam. (2022, November 19). Việt Nam kết nối Internet tròn 25 năm. Znews.vn. https://znews.vn/znews-post1376590.html Hoang, P. (2019). Domestic Protests and Foreign Policy: An Examination of Anti-China Protests in Vietnam and Vietnamese Policy Towards China Regarding the South China Sea. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 6(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347797019826747 Hung, T. N. (1954). The Role of the Indo-Chinese Communist Party in the Evolution of the Viet-Minh: 1945 to 1951. The Australian Quarterly, 26(3), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/20633465 Hutt, D. (2024). Why Is Vietnam Becoming A Police State? https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/why-is-vietnam-becoming-a-police-state/ Huy Đức. (2012). Bên thắng cuộc, tập II: Quyền bính. OsinBook. Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2009). How Development Leads to Democracy: What We Know About Modernization. Foreign Affairs, 88(2), 33–48. Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2010). Changing Mass Priorities: The Link between Modernization and Democracy. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 551–567. International Monetary Fund. (2018). Working Together: Vietnam and the IMF. IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VNM/vietnam-raising-millions-out-of-poverty Jason, N. (2021, October 31). Vietnamese Vision Of A “Clean Newspaper” And The Government’s Intolerance To Press Freedom. The Vietnamese Magazine. https://www.thevietnamese.org/2021/10/vietnamese-vision-of-a-clean-newspaper-and-the-governments-intolerance-to-press-freedom/ J.B Nguyễn, H. V. (2018). Hạt Ngàn Sâu, Hà Tĩnh tiếp tục biểu tình phản đối Dự luật Đặc khu và Luật An ninh mạng | rfavietnam. https://www.rfavietnam.com/node/4566 Jonathan D. London, & London, J. D. (2009). Viet Nam and the making of market-Leninism. Pacific Review, 22(3), 375–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740903068404 Kerkvliet, B. J. T. (2014). Protests over Land in Vietnam: Rightful Resistance and More. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 9(3), 19–54. https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2014.9.3.19 Khanh, H. K. (1971). The Vietnamese August Revolution Reinterpreted. The Journal of Asian Studies, 30(4), 761–782. https://doi.org/10.2307/2052986 Kristof, N. D. (1993, September 6). China Sees “Market-Leninism” as Way to Future. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/06/world/china-sees-market-leninism-as-way-to-future.html Kvanvig, G. (2022). Human Rights in Contemporary Vietnam. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. Lam, V. T. (2021, September 8). Exercising democratic centralism in the Communist Party of Viet Nam’s current organization and operation—Politics—COMMUNIST REVIEW. https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/english/politics/detail/-/asset_publisher/4Hmoof4LcxcG/content/exercising-democratic-centralism-in-the-communist-party-of-viet-nam-s-current-organization-and-operation Le, L. (2011). Exploring the Function of the Anti-communist Ideology in the Vietnamese American Diasporic Community. Journal of Southeast Asian American Education & Advancement, 6(1), 1–27. Lebowitz, M. A. (2000). Kornai and the vanguard mode of production. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(3), 377–392. Lin, C. (n.d.). Paths to democracy: Taiwan in comparative perspective [Ph.D., Yale University]. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://www.proquest.com/docview/304460022/abstract/315E4DAF91FD4231PQ/1 Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. The American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69–105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731 LIV. (2022, June 22). Báo cáo Thường niên | Annual Report 2021. Legal Initiatives for Vietnam. https://www.liv.ngo/bao-cao-thuong-nien-annual-report-2021/ London, J. (2023). The Communist Party of Vietnam: Consolidating Market Leninism (pp. 21–47). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315762302-3 London, J. D. (2020). China and Vietnam as Instances of Consolidated Market-Leninism. In A. Hansen, J. I. Bekkevold, & K. Nordhaug (Eds.), The Socialist Market Economy in Asia: Development in China, Vietnam and Laos (pp. 69–114). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6248-8_3 Long, T. V., & Tan, P. Q. (2018). Transparency Policy Dilemma Under the Impact of International Integration: A Case of Vietnam. Asian Journal of Law and Economics, 9(1), 547–582. https://doi.org/10.1515/ajle-2017-0025 Luật Khoa tạp chí. (2023a, January 3). Luật Khoa ra mắt nội dung thu phí với gói cước $2/tháng. Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.com/2023/01/luat-khoa-ra-mat-noi-dung-thu-phi-voi-goi-cuoc-2-thang/ Luật Khoa tạp chí. (2023b, August 25). Về Luật Khoa tạp chí. Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.com/gioithieu/ Luong, D. N. A. (2021). 2021/22 “How The Vietnamese State Uses Cyber Troops to Shape Online Discourse” by Dien Nguyen An Luong. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2021-22-how-the-vietnamese-state-uses-cyber-troops-to-shape-online-discourse-by-dien-nguyen-an-luong/ Luong, D. N. A. (2022). 2022/79 “How the Party-State Retains Controls over Vietnam’s Blossoming Media Landscape” by Dien Nguyen An Luong. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2022-79-how-the-party-state-retains-controls-over-vietnams-blossoming-media-landscape-by-dien-nguyen-an-luong/ Mai Chi. (2002, May 2). 30 tháng Tư. https://www.talawas.org/talaDB/showFile.php?res=1162&rb=0401 Malesky, E., McCulloch, N., & Nhat, N. D. (2015). The impact of governance and transparency on firm investment in Vietnam. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12068 Malesky, E., & Schuler, P. (2009). Paint-by-Numbers Democracy: The Stakes, Structure, and Results of the 2007 Vietnamese National Assembly Election. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 4(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2009.4.1.1 Marston, H. (2012). Bauxite Mining in Vietnam’s Central Highlands: An Arena for Expanding Civil Society? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 34(2), 173–196. McKinley, C. (2008). Can a state-owned media effectively monitor corruption? A study of Vietnam’s printed press. Asian Journal of Public Affairs, 12–38. Meaney, C. S. (1989). Market Reform in a Leninist System: Some Trends in the Distribution of Power, Status, and Money in Urban China. Studies in Comparative Communism, 22(2/3), 203–220. Nam Giang. (2014, December 4). Tham nhũng chế độ: Tâm tư “chống lại chính mình” của Chủ tịch nước? Việt Nam Thời Báo. https://vietnamthoibao.org/tham-nhung-che-do-tam-tu-chong-lai-chinh-minh-cua-chu-tich-nuoc/ NCQT. (2024, January 9). Báo cáo Thường niên 2023 và Kêu gọi tài trợ năm 2024. Nghiên Cứu Quốc Tế. https://nghiencuuquocte.org/2024/01/09/bao-cao-thuong-nien-2023-va-keu-goi-tai-tro-nam-2024/ Nguyen, H. H. (2015). Beyond the law: Understanding the political dynamics of grassroots democracy in Vietnam [PhD Thesis, The University of Queensland]. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2015.392 Nguyen, J. (2022, May 20). The 88 Project Report: Vietnam Stepped Up Arrests In 2021. The Vietnamese Magazine. https://www.thevietnamese.org/2022/05/the-88-project-report-vietnam-stepped-up-arrests-2021/ Nguyen, K. G., Nguyen, Q. T., & Nguyen, T. T. (2017). Does Growth in Non-profit Institutions Improve Government Transparency? A Case Study from Vietnam. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 4(2), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.182 Nguyen, P. (2014). Vietnam in the debate on land grabbing: Conversion of agricultural land for urban expansion and hydropower development. Nguyen-Thu, G. (2018). Vietnamese Media Going Social: Connectivism, Collectivism, and Conservatism. The Journal of Asian Studies, 77(4), 895–908. Nhân Dân. (2023, August 17). Mausoleum of President Ho Chi Minh reopens to visitors. Nhan Dan Online. https://en.nhandan.vn/post-128504.html Peycam, P. M. F. (2012). The Birth of Vietnamese Political Journalism: Saigon, 1916-1930. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/peyc15850 Phan, Đ. T., & Trương, T. H. (2017). Lịch sử các chế độ báo chí ở Việt Nam—Tập 1: Trước Cách mạng tháng Tám (1858—1945) (Vol. 1). NXB Tổng hợp TP. Hồ Chí Minh. Phu Trong, N. (2003). Kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa: Quan niệm và giải pháp phát triển—Tạp chí Cộng sản. https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/kinh-te/-/2018/2081/kinh-te-thi-truong-dinh-huong-xa-hoi-chu-nghia---quan-niem-va-giai-phap-phat-trien.aspx Rama, M. (2022). Vietnam’s Extraordinary Economic Journey from Poverty to Prosperity. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. Ramla, K. (2023, December 6). Viet Nam, Technology and the Middle-Income Trap. UNDP. https://www.undp.org/vietnam/blog/viet-nam-technology-and-middle-income-trap Ratcliffe, R., & correspondent, R. R. S. A. (2023, October 17). ‘They challenged the Communist monopoly’: Vietnam regime turns on its climate champions. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/17/they-challenged-the-communist-monopoly-vietnam-regime-turns-on-its-climate-champions Reporters Without Borders. (2008, October 15). Newspaper reporter’s two-year sentence deals severe blow to press freedom | RSF. https://rsf.org/en/newspaper-reporters-two-year-sentence-deals-severe-blow-press-freedom Revilla Diez, J. (2016). Vietnam 30 years after Doi Moi: Achievements and challenges. Zeitschrift Für Wirtschaftsgeographie, 60(3), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2016-0035 Sakata, S. (2020). Has Nguyen Phu Trong’s Leadership Curbed Economic Reform? Economic Reform Trends in Vietnam. Asian Economic Policy Review, 15(2), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12301 Schuler, P. (2022). Political Representation in Contemporary Vietnam. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. Sidel, M. (2023, January 31). Vietnam’s Closing Legal Space for Civil Society. U.S.-Asia Law Institute. https://usali.org/usali-perspectives-blog/vietnams-closing-space-for-civil-society Son, B., & Nicholson, P. (2017). Activism and Popular Constitutionalism in Contemporary Vietnam. Law & Social Inquiry, 42(03), 677–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12236 Steibel, G. L. (1972). Communist Expansion in Indochina: Part One. The First Indochina War and After. Southeast Asian Perspectives, 6, 35–59. Swanton, B., & Altman-Lupu, M. (2024). VIETNAM’S LEADERS DECLARE WAR ON HUMAN RIGHTS AS A MATTER OF OFFICIAL POLICY. Talawas. (n.d.). Chủ trương: Talawas blog. Retrieved June 13, 2024, from https://www.talawas.org/about/ talawas. (n.d.). DONATE. Retrieved July 8, 2024, from https://www.talawas.org/talaDB/donate.html talawas. (2002, May 4). Những lô gÃch của chiáo¿n tranh. https://www.talawas.org/talaDB/showFile.php?res=1163&rb=0401 Talawas. (2010, March 11). Thông báo cuối cùng: Talawas blog. https://www.talawas.org/26951/ Tan, R. (2023, June 20). Facebook helped bring free speech to Vietnam. Now it’s helping stifle it. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/19/facebook-meta-vietnam-government-censorship/ Thanh Niên. (2005, January 5). Đầu năm tìm đến kỷ lục Việt Nam. TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://tuoitre.vn/dau-nam-tim-den-ky-luc-viet-nam-62404.htm Thayer, C. A. (2009). Vietnam and the Challenge of Political Civil Society. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 31(1), 1–27. Thayer, C. A. (2022). The Role of the Military and Public Security in Contemporary Vietnam. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. The Vietnamese Magazine. (2023, May 8). Vietnam is Among the Countries at the Bottom of the RSF 2023 Press Freedom Index. The Vietnamese Magazine. https://www.thevietnamese.org/2023/05/vietnam-is-among-the-countries-at-the-bottom-of-the-rsf-2023-press-freedom-index/ thuvienphapluat.vn. (1997). Nghị định 21-CP Quy chế tạm thời về quản lý, thiết lập, sử dụng mạng INTERNET ở Việt Nam. THƯ VIỆN PHÁP LUẬT. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Cong-nghe-thong-tin/Nghi-dinh-21-CP-Quy-che-tam-thoi-ve-quan-ly-thiet-lap-su-dung-mang-INTERNET-o-Viet-Nam-40434.aspx thuvienphapluat.vn. (2023, September 27). Quy định 101-QĐ/TW 2023 bổ nhiệm miễn nhiệm khen thưởng kỷ luật lãnh đạo cơ quan báo chí. THƯ VIỆN PHÁP LUẬT. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Quy-dinh-101-QD-TW-2023-bo-nhiem-mien-nhiem-khen-thuong-ky-luat-lanh-dao-co-quan-bao-chi-557670.aspx Thủy Tùng. (2023, September 29). Kỳ 3: Đã mang tiền giúp Việt Nam mà còn bị đánh thuế GTGT. Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.com/2023/09/ky-3-da-mang-tien-giup-viet-nam-ma-con-bi-danh-thue-gtgt/ Tien, T. H. P. (2002). Vietnamese Media in Transition: The Boon, Curse and Controversy of Market Economics. In 10. Vietnamese Media in Transition: The Boon, Curse and Controversy of Market Economics (pp. 231–248). ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789812306081-014 Tô Phi. (2014, August 8). (VNTB)-Độc quyền chân lý và những sai lầm—Bài học từ quá khứ. Việt Nam Thời Báo. https://vietnamthoibao.org/vntb-doc-quyen-chan-ly-va-nhung-sai-lam-bai-hoc-tu-qua-khu/ Trâm Anh. (2004, September 5). Gặp “ông trùm.” TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://tuoitre.vn/gap-ong-trum-47004.htm Trần, L. V. (2017, September 15). Anh Ba Sàm: Từ thiếu tá công an đến nhà báo độc lập và tù nhân lương tâm. Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.com/2017/09/anh-ba-sam-tu-thieu-ta-cong-den-nha-bao-doc-lap-va-tu-nhan-luong-tam/ Trịnh, H. L. (2015, November 10). Đóng góp tài chính cho Luật Khoa tạp chí. Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.com/2015/11/dong-gop-tai-chinh-cho-luat-khoa-tap-chi/ Trịnh, H. L. (2024). Foreign Tech Companies in Vietnam: Challenges and Failures in Upholding Human Rights. Legal Initiatives for Vietnam. https://www.liv.ngo/content/files/2024/07/Foreign-Tech-Companies-Vietnam-Human-Rights-01072024.pdf Truong, N. (2024). Vietnam’s leadership upheaval signals regime’s security focus. Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/Vietnam-s-leadership-upheaval-signals-regime-s-security-focus Tuyết Mai. (2021, January 5). Bị cáo Phạm Chí Dũng lãnh 15 năm tù. TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://tuoitre.vn/bi-cao-pham-chi-dung-lanh-15-nam-tu-20210105141726544.htm UK Home Office. (2023). Country policy and information note: Opposition to the state, Vietnam, August 2023 (accessible). GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/vietnam-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-opposition-to-the-state-vietnam-august-2023-accessible van Drunen, M. Z., & Fechner, D. (2023). Safeguarding Editorial Independence in an Automated Media System: The Relationship Between Law and Journalistic Perspectives. Digital Journalism, 11(9), 1723–1750. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2108868 Viện ISEE. (2019). Viện ISEE - [iSEE CHIA SẺ] HIỂU VỀ DIỄN NGÔN - KHÁI NIỆM “HẠN HÁN”... | Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/iseevn/posts/isee-chia-s%E1%BA%BB-hi%E1%BB%83u-v%E1%BB%81-di%E1%BB%85n-ng%C3%B4n-kh%C3%A1i-ni%E1%BB%87m-h%E1%BA%A1n-h%C3%A1n-%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn-t%E1%BB%AB-%C4%91%C3%A2udi%E1%BB%85n-ng%C3%B4n-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c-coi-l%C3%A0/1397995317023355/ Viet Dung, P. (2021). Đảng viên làm kinh tế tư nhân và vấn đề liêm chính kinh doanh của đảng viên trong nền kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa—ĐẤU TRANH PHẢN BÁC LUẬN ĐIỆU SAI TRÁI, THÙ ĐỊCH - Tạp chí Cộng sản. https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/tin-dau-tranh-phan-bac-luan-dieu-sai-trai-thu-dich/-/asset_publisher/s5L7xhQiJeKe/content/dang-vien-lam-kinh-te-tu-nhan-va-van-de-liem-chinh-kinh-doanh-cua-dang-vien-trong-nen-kinh-te-thi-truong-dinh-huong-xa-hoi-chu-nghia Việt Nam thời báo. (2024, July 4). VNTB - Mừng sinh nhật thứ 10 của Hội Nhà Báo Độc Lập Việt Nam. Việt Nam Thời Báo. https://vietnamthoibao.org/vntb-mung-sinh-nhat-thu-10-cua-hoi-nha-bao-doc-lap-viet-nam/ Vietnam: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report. (n.d.-a). Freedom House. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-world/2022 Vietnam: Freedom on the Net 2022 Country Report. (n.d.-b). Freedom House. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-net/2022 Vietnam’s 2013 Constitution. (2013). https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/vie127527.pdf Vo Hai. (2018). Vietnam government wants SEZ bill deferred—VnExpress International. VnExpress International – Latest News, Business, Travel and Analysis from Vietnam. https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/vietnam-government-wants-sez-bill-deferred-3761214.html VOA Vietnamese Service V. T. (2019, July 10). VOICE: 'Chúng tôi đào tạo xã hội dân sự, nhưng bị dán nhãn ‘chống phá’’. Voice of America. https://www.voatiengviet.com/a/voice-xa-hoi-dan-su-nhung-bi-dan-nhan-chong-pha/4994425.html VOICE. (2021). Chương trình Xã hội Dân sự VOICE: Mười năm nhìn lại – VOICE. https://vietnamvoice.org/2021/05/chuong-trinh-xa-hoi-dan-su-voice-muoi-nam-nhin-lai/ Vu, N. A. (2017). Grassroots Environmental Activism in an Authoritarian Context: The Trees Movement in Vietnam. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(3), 1180–1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9829-1 Vu, T. (2014). The Party v. the People: Anti-China Nationalism in Contemporary Vietnam. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 9(4), 33–66. https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2014.9.4.33 Vu-Thanh, T.-A. (2017). Does WTO Accession Help Domestic Reform? The Political Economy of SOE Reform Backsliding in Vietnam. World Trade Review, 16(1), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745616000409 Watt, A. (1967). The Geneva Agreements 1954 in Relation to Vietnam. The Australian Quarterly, 39(2), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/20634125 Wells-Dang, A. (2014). The Political Influence of Civil Society in Vietnam. In J. D. London (Ed.), Politics in Contemporary Vietnam: Party, State, and Authority Relations (pp. 162–183). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347534_8 Wells-Dang, A. (2022). Civil Society and Advocacy Networks in Vietnam. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. Westerman, A. (2019, January 1). To The Dismay Of Free Speech Advocates, Vietnam Rolls Out Controversial Cyber Law. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/01/01/681373274/to-the-dismay-of-free-speech-advocates-vietnam-rolls-out-controversial-cyber-law World Bank. (n.d.-a). World Bank Open Data. GDP per Capita (Constant 2015 US$) - Viet Nam. Retrieved July 10, 2024, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=VN World Bank. (n.d.-b). World Bank Open Data. GDP per Capita, PPP (Constant 2021 International $) - Viet Nam. Retrieved July 10, 2024, from https://data.worldbank.org Xuan-Huong Nguyen, & BAE YOOIL. (2023). Between State Tolerance and Direct Control of Mass Media in Vietnam The Rise and Decline of ‘Quasi-Private’ Press. Journal of International and Area Studies, 30(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.23071/JIAS.2023.30.2.1 Zinoman, P. (2011). Nhân Văn—Giai Phẩm and Vietnamese “Reform Communism” in the 1950s: A Revisionist Interpretation. Journal of Cold War Studies, 13(1), 60–100. https://doi.org/10.1162/JCWS_a_00071 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
107926015資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107926015 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 魏玫娟 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Wei Mei-Chuan en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄭友龍 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Huu Long Trinh en_US dc.creator (作者) 鄭友龍 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Trinh, Huu Long en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Sep-2024 15:19:12 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Sep-2024 15:19:12 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Sep-2024 15:19:12 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0107926015 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153461 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 107926015 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 越南不僅是威權國家，更具體地說，它是一個市場列寧主義國家。這樣的脈絡為非官方媒體的建立和發展帶來了矛盾的條件。一方面，它擁抱市場經濟，使社會現代化，並為想要成為出版者的人提供行動資源；另一方面，它維持列寧主義制度，這樣的制度取締非國家行為者，特別是非官方媒體。本文從現代化理論的角度看非官方媒體，並針對他們的讀者和出版者進行探討。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Vietnam is not only an authoritarian state but more specifically a market-Leninist state, which creates conflicting conditions for the establishment and development of non-state media. On one hand, it embraces a market economy that modernizes society and provides resources for aspiring publishers; on the other hand, it maintains a Leninist system that outlaws non-state actors in general and non-state media in particular. This thesis views non-state media through the lens of modernization theory, highlighting both the audience and publishers. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT 3 LIST OF TABLES 5 LIST OF FIGURES 7 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 8 1. Research background 8 2. Research motivation 9 3. Research purpose 10 4. Research questions 10 5. Chapters structure 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 13 1. Market-Leninism 13 2. Modernization theory 20 3. A definition of non-state media in market-Leninist context 25 4. Research method 33 5. Analytical framework 35 CHAPTER THREE: VIETNAM’S LENINIST SYSTEM AND THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 38 1. The Leninist system 39 a) The state 39 b) The market 41 c) The civil society 43 d) The media 44 2. The 21st century civil society movement 48 a) Pre-Đổi Mới era 48 b) The Đổi Mới era and the rise of political civil society 49 c) Shrinking movement since 2016 52 CHAPTER FOUR: THE EMERGENCE OF NON-STATE MEDIA 55 1. A brief history of non-state media in Vietnam in the 21st century 55 2. Case study 1: Talawas 57 3. Case study 2: The Independent Journalists Association of Vietnam 62 4. Case study 3: Báo Sạch 65 CHAPTER FIVE: WHY NON-STATE MEDIA HAS EMERGED 67 1. A new audience is born 67 a) A wealthier audience 67 b) A more connected audience 70 c) A more concerned audience 73 2. A new generation of publishers 83 a) Wealthier publishers 83 b) Online publishers 84 c) More politically active publishers 86 d) A generation of publishers who is strongly supported by diaspora communities 87 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION 90 REFERENCES 92 ANNEX 1: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES 110 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1481436 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107926015 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非官方媒體 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 私人媒體 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 獨立媒體 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 流亡媒體 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 現代化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人類賦權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) non-state media en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) private media en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) independent media en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) exiled media en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) modernization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) human empowerment en_US dc.title (題名) 市場列寧主義政權下的非官方媒體—越南的案例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Non-state media in market-Leninist regimes: The case of Vietnam en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aerolyne Reed. (2022, October 27). The Abysmal State of Vietnam’s Internet Freedom in 2022. The Vietnamese Magazine. https://www.thevietnamese.org/2022/10/the-abysmal-state-of-vietnams-internet-freedom-in-2022/ Amnesty International. (2020). Viet Nam: Let us breathe! Censorship and criminalization of online expression in Viet Nam. https://www.amnesty.be/IMG/pdf/20211130_vietnam_rapport.pdf Anh Quân. (2024). Hộ nghèo được hỗ trợ để phổ cập smartphone. https://thanhnien.vn/ho-ngheo-duoc-ho-tro-de-pho-cap-smartphone-18524031118511859.htm Anh Vũ. (2016). Lao động Trung Quốc ở Formosa—Vũng Áng hiện nay. Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/chinese-worker-in-formosa-av-06042016074303.html A.Phương. (2006). Bắt tạm giam nguyên thứ trưởng Nguyễn Việt Tiến. Báo Người Lao Động Online. https://nld.com.vn/phap-luat/bat-tam-giam-nguyen-thu-truong-nguyen-viet-tien-147081.htm Ba Sàm. (2014, July 3). 2734. Tuyên bố thành lập Hội Nhà báo độc lập Việt Nam. BA SÀM. https://anhbasam.wordpress.com/2014/07/04/2734-tuyen-bo-thanh-lap-hoi-nha-bao-doc-lap-viet-nam/ BBC. (2008). BBCVietnamese.com | Việt Nam | Trang Talawas đóng cửa sau 7 năm. https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/vietnam/story/2008/11/printable/081104_talawas_closure BBC. (2018, June 11). Vietnam detains 100 after anti-China economic zone protests turn violent. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44436019 BBC News. (2012, January 15). Vietnam profile—Timeline. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16568035 Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (Ninth edition). Pearson. Bui, H. T. (2015). Civil society and governance in Vietnam’s one party system [PhD Thesis, School of Political Science and International Studies, The University of Queensland]. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2015.646 Bui, N. S. (2013). Vietnam’s new Constitution: A Charter for Comprehensive Renovation? ConstitutionNet. http://constitutionnet.org/news/vietnams-new-constitution-charter-comprehensive-renovation Bui, N. T. (2017). Managing anti-China nationalism in Vietnam: Evidence from the media during the 2014 oil rig crisis. The Pacific Review, 30(2), 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1201132 Bui, T. (2023). Vietnamese Geoeconomics in a Polarized Global Economy: Understanding Bamboo Diplomacy and Its Viability. In V. K. Aggarwal & M. A. T. Kenney (Eds.), Great Power Competition and Middle Power Strategies: Economic Statecraft in the Asia-Pacific Region (pp. 165–183). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38024-2_8 Cheng, T.-J. (1989). Democratizing the Quasi-Leninist Regime in Taiwan. World Politics, 41(4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010527 Chí Hạnh. (2021, October 26). Xét xử Trương Châu Hữu Danh cùng thành viên nhóm ‘Báo Sạch.’ TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://tuoitre.vn/xet-xu-truong-chau-huu-danh-cung-thanh-vien-nhom-bao-sach-20211026082813075.htm Chỉ thị số 33-CT/TW ngày 18/3/2019 của Ban Bí thư về tăng cường xây dựng tổ chức đảng trong các đơn vị kinh tế tư nhân | Hệ thống văn bản. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2024, from https://tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn/he-thong-van-ban/van-ban-cua-dang/chi-thi-so-33-cttw-ngay-1832019-cua-ban-bi-thu-ve-tang-cuong-xay-dung-to-chuc-dang-trong-cac-don-vi-kinh-te-tu-5313 CIA Factbook: Vietnam. (2024). In The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/#government Cotillon, H. (2017). Territorial Disputes and Nationalism: A Comparative Case Study of China and Vietnam. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 36(1), 51–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341703600103 CPJ. (2023). 2023 prison census: Jailed journalist numbers near record high; Israel imprisonments spike. Committee to Protect Journalists. https://cpj.org/reports/2024/01/2023-prison-census-jailed-journalist-numbers-near-record-high-israel-imprisonments-spike/ Croissant, A. (2022). Vietnam: The Socialist Party State. In A. Croissant (Ed.), Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes (pp. 401–441). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05114-2_12 Cùng Viết Hiến pháp. (2013, April 1). Đề xuất. Cùng Viết Hiến Pháp. https://hienphap.wordpress.com/de-xuat/ Cunningham, S., & Nguyen, T. (1999). Popular Media of the Vietnamese Diaspora. Javnost - The Public, 6(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.1999.11008705 Dân Làm Báo. (2011). Tường thuật trực tiếp diễn biến phiên tòa xử án Ts luật Cù Huy Hà Vũ—Dân Làm Báo. https://danlambaovn.blogspot.com/2011/04/chao-v-tuong-thuat-truc-tiep-phien-toa.html?m=1 Dang, L. N., Nguyen, D. D., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2021). State-Owned Enterprise Reform in Viet Nam: Progress and Challenges. In F. Taghizadeh-Hesary, N. Yoshino, C. J. Kim, & K. Kim (Eds.), Reforming State-Owned Enterprises in Asia (pp. 231–254). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8574-6_12 DataReportal. (2024, February 23). Digital 2024: Vietnam. DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-vietnam Department of Home Affairs Website. (n.d.). Country profile—Vietnam. Department of Home Affairs Website. Retrieved August 27, 2024, from https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au Donorbox. (n.d.). Tài trợ cho Luật Khoa | Legal Initiatives for Vietnam (Powered by Donorbox). Retrieved July 11, 2024, from https://donorbox.org/luatkhoa ĐSKBĐ. (2020, October 18). Báo Cáo Diễn Tiến Dự Án Đại Sự Ký Biển Đông 2018 – 2020. Dự Án Đại Sự Ký Biển Đông. https://dskbd.org/2020/10/18/bao-cao-dien-tien-du-an-dai-su-ky-bien-dong-2018-2020/ Espiritu, Y. L. (2006). Toward a Critical Refugee Study: The Vietnamese Refugee Subject in US Scholarship. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 1(1–2), 410–433. https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.410 Fan, M.-F., Chiu, C.-M., & Mabon, L. (2022). Environmental justice and the politics of pollution: The case of the Formosa Ha Tinh Steel pollution incident in Vietnam. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 5(1), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848620973164 Freedom House. (2023). Vietnam: Freedom on the Net 2023 Country Report. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-net/2023 Ghani, F. (2019). ‘Fear and paranoia’: How Vietnam controls its media. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/5/20/fear-and-paranoia-how-vietnam-controls-its-media Gia Minh. (2014). Hội Nhà báo Độc lập Việt Nam chính thức ra mắt. Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/1-ever-indep-journ-ass-come-act-in-vn-gm-07032014121902.html Giang, N. K., & Luong, D. N. A. (2023). 2023/47 “What Drives Vietnam’s Tightened Public Sphere?” by Nguyen Khac Giang and Dien Nguyen An Luong. 2023, No. 47. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2023-47-what-drives-vietnams-tightened-public-sphere-by-nguyen-khac-giang-and-dien-nguyen-an-luong/ Government of Canada, S. C. (2017, February 8). Census Profile, 2016 Census—Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1 Greenwood, S. (2024, August 6). Vietnamese Americans: A Survey Data Snapshot. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/2024/08/06/vietnamese-americans-a-survey-data-snapshot/ Hai, A. (2021, January 6). Vietnam Jails Blogger and Critic Pham Chi Dung for 15 Years. Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/a/press-freedom_vietnam-jails-blogger-and-critic-pham-chi-dung-15-years/6200365.html Hai, N. M., & O’Donnell, M. (2017). Reforming State-Owned Enterprises in Vietnam: The Contrasting Cases of Vinashin and Viettel. Asian Perspective, 41(2), 215–237. Harms, E., & Labbé, D. (2022). Post-Colonial Urbanization in Vietnam: Urban Order and Unruliness. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. Hayton, B. (2024, May 9). Vietnam’s political turmoil reveals a turn towards China – and away from the West | Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/05/vietnams-political-turmoil-reveals-turn-towards-china-and-away-west Hiep, L. H. (2012). Performance-based Legitimacy: The Case of the Communist Party of Vietnam and “Doi Moi.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 34(2), 145–172. Hiep, L. H. (Ed.). (2016). The Prospects of Democratization in Vietnam and China and Implications for Bilateral Relations. In Living Next to the Giant: The Political Economy of Vietnam’s Relations with China under Doi Moi (pp. 183–209). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/living-next-to-the-giant/prospects-of-democratization-in-vietnam-and-china-and-implications-for-bilateral-relations/F59DD2EE815E81D1B8797F20F8963BB1 Ho, M. (2007). The Rise and Fall of Leninist Control in Taiwan’s Industry. The China Quarterly, 189, 162–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741006000853 Hoàng Nam. (2022, November 19). Việt Nam kết nối Internet tròn 25 năm. Znews.vn. https://znews.vn/znews-post1376590.html Hoang, P. (2019). Domestic Protests and Foreign Policy: An Examination of Anti-China Protests in Vietnam and Vietnamese Policy Towards China Regarding the South China Sea. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 6(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347797019826747 Hung, T. N. (1954). The Role of the Indo-Chinese Communist Party in the Evolution of the Viet-Minh: 1945 to 1951. The Australian Quarterly, 26(3), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/20633465 Hutt, D. (2024). Why Is Vietnam Becoming A Police State? https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/why-is-vietnam-becoming-a-police-state/ Huy Đức. (2012). Bên thắng cuộc, tập II: Quyền bính. OsinBook. Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2009). How Development Leads to Democracy: What We Know About Modernization. Foreign Affairs, 88(2), 33–48. Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2010). Changing Mass Priorities: The Link between Modernization and Democracy. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 551–567. International Monetary Fund. (2018). Working Together: Vietnam and the IMF. IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VNM/vietnam-raising-millions-out-of-poverty Jason, N. (2021, October 31). Vietnamese Vision Of A “Clean Newspaper” And The Government’s Intolerance To Press Freedom. The Vietnamese Magazine. https://www.thevietnamese.org/2021/10/vietnamese-vision-of-a-clean-newspaper-and-the-governments-intolerance-to-press-freedom/ J.B Nguyễn, H. V. (2018). Hạt Ngàn Sâu, Hà Tĩnh tiếp tục biểu tình phản đối Dự luật Đặc khu và Luật An ninh mạng | rfavietnam. https://www.rfavietnam.com/node/4566 Jonathan D. London, & London, J. D. (2009). Viet Nam and the making of market-Leninism. Pacific Review, 22(3), 375–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740903068404 Kerkvliet, B. J. T. (2014). Protests over Land in Vietnam: Rightful Resistance and More. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 9(3), 19–54. https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2014.9.3.19 Khanh, H. K. (1971). The Vietnamese August Revolution Reinterpreted. The Journal of Asian Studies, 30(4), 761–782. https://doi.org/10.2307/2052986 Kristof, N. D. (1993, September 6). China Sees “Market-Leninism” as Way to Future. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/06/world/china-sees-market-leninism-as-way-to-future.html Kvanvig, G. (2022). Human Rights in Contemporary Vietnam. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. Lam, V. T. (2021, September 8). Exercising democratic centralism in the Communist Party of Viet Nam’s current organization and operation—Politics—COMMUNIST REVIEW. https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/english/politics/detail/-/asset_publisher/4Hmoof4LcxcG/content/exercising-democratic-centralism-in-the-communist-party-of-viet-nam-s-current-organization-and-operation Le, L. (2011). Exploring the Function of the Anti-communist Ideology in the Vietnamese American Diasporic Community. Journal of Southeast Asian American Education & Advancement, 6(1), 1–27. Lebowitz, M. A. (2000). Kornai and the vanguard mode of production. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(3), 377–392. Lin, C. (n.d.). Paths to democracy: Taiwan in comparative perspective [Ph.D., Yale University]. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://www.proquest.com/docview/304460022/abstract/315E4DAF91FD4231PQ/1 Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. The American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69–105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731 LIV. (2022, June 22). Báo cáo Thường niên | Annual Report 2021. Legal Initiatives for Vietnam. https://www.liv.ngo/bao-cao-thuong-nien-annual-report-2021/ London, J. (2023). The Communist Party of Vietnam: Consolidating Market Leninism (pp. 21–47). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315762302-3 London, J. D. (2020). China and Vietnam as Instances of Consolidated Market-Leninism. In A. Hansen, J. I. Bekkevold, & K. Nordhaug (Eds.), The Socialist Market Economy in Asia: Development in China, Vietnam and Laos (pp. 69–114). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6248-8_3 Long, T. V., & Tan, P. Q. (2018). Transparency Policy Dilemma Under the Impact of International Integration: A Case of Vietnam. Asian Journal of Law and Economics, 9(1), 547–582. https://doi.org/10.1515/ajle-2017-0025 Luật Khoa tạp chí. (2023a, January 3). Luật Khoa ra mắt nội dung thu phí với gói cước $2/tháng. Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.com/2023/01/luat-khoa-ra-mat-noi-dung-thu-phi-voi-goi-cuoc-2-thang/ Luật Khoa tạp chí. (2023b, August 25). Về Luật Khoa tạp chí. Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.com/gioithieu/ Luong, D. N. A. (2021). 2021/22 “How The Vietnamese State Uses Cyber Troops to Shape Online Discourse” by Dien Nguyen An Luong. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2021-22-how-the-vietnamese-state-uses-cyber-troops-to-shape-online-discourse-by-dien-nguyen-an-luong/ Luong, D. N. A. (2022). 2022/79 “How the Party-State Retains Controls over Vietnam’s Blossoming Media Landscape” by Dien Nguyen An Luong. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2022-79-how-the-party-state-retains-controls-over-vietnams-blossoming-media-landscape-by-dien-nguyen-an-luong/ Mai Chi. (2002, May 2). 30 tháng Tư. https://www.talawas.org/talaDB/showFile.php?res=1162&rb=0401 Malesky, E., McCulloch, N., & Nhat, N. D. (2015). The impact of governance and transparency on firm investment in Vietnam. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12068 Malesky, E., & Schuler, P. (2009). Paint-by-Numbers Democracy: The Stakes, Structure, and Results of the 2007 Vietnamese National Assembly Election. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 4(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2009.4.1.1 Marston, H. (2012). Bauxite Mining in Vietnam’s Central Highlands: An Arena for Expanding Civil Society? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 34(2), 173–196. McKinley, C. (2008). Can a state-owned media effectively monitor corruption? A study of Vietnam’s printed press. Asian Journal of Public Affairs, 12–38. Meaney, C. S. (1989). Market Reform in a Leninist System: Some Trends in the Distribution of Power, Status, and Money in Urban China. Studies in Comparative Communism, 22(2/3), 203–220. Nam Giang. (2014, December 4). Tham nhũng chế độ: Tâm tư “chống lại chính mình” của Chủ tịch nước? Việt Nam Thời Báo. https://vietnamthoibao.org/tham-nhung-che-do-tam-tu-chong-lai-chinh-minh-cua-chu-tich-nuoc/ NCQT. (2024, January 9). Báo cáo Thường niên 2023 và Kêu gọi tài trợ năm 2024. Nghiên Cứu Quốc Tế. https://nghiencuuquocte.org/2024/01/09/bao-cao-thuong-nien-2023-va-keu-goi-tai-tro-nam-2024/ Nguyen, H. H. (2015). Beyond the law: Understanding the political dynamics of grassroots democracy in Vietnam [PhD Thesis, The University of Queensland]. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2015.392 Nguyen, J. (2022, May 20). The 88 Project Report: Vietnam Stepped Up Arrests In 2021. The Vietnamese Magazine. https://www.thevietnamese.org/2022/05/the-88-project-report-vietnam-stepped-up-arrests-2021/ Nguyen, K. G., Nguyen, Q. T., & Nguyen, T. T. (2017). Does Growth in Non-profit Institutions Improve Government Transparency? A Case Study from Vietnam. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 4(2), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.182 Nguyen, P. (2014). Vietnam in the debate on land grabbing: Conversion of agricultural land for urban expansion and hydropower development. Nguyen-Thu, G. (2018). Vietnamese Media Going Social: Connectivism, Collectivism, and Conservatism. The Journal of Asian Studies, 77(4), 895–908. Nhân Dân. (2023, August 17). Mausoleum of President Ho Chi Minh reopens to visitors. Nhan Dan Online. https://en.nhandan.vn/post-128504.html Peycam, P. M. F. (2012). The Birth of Vietnamese Political Journalism: Saigon, 1916-1930. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/peyc15850 Phan, Đ. T., & Trương, T. H. (2017). Lịch sử các chế độ báo chí ở Việt Nam—Tập 1: Trước Cách mạng tháng Tám (1858—1945) (Vol. 1). NXB Tổng hợp TP. Hồ Chí Minh. Phu Trong, N. (2003). Kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa: Quan niệm và giải pháp phát triển—Tạp chí Cộng sản. https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/kinh-te/-/2018/2081/kinh-te-thi-truong-dinh-huong-xa-hoi-chu-nghia---quan-niem-va-giai-phap-phat-trien.aspx Rama, M. (2022). Vietnam’s Extraordinary Economic Journey from Poverty to Prosperity. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. Ramla, K. (2023, December 6). Viet Nam, Technology and the Middle-Income Trap. UNDP. https://www.undp.org/vietnam/blog/viet-nam-technology-and-middle-income-trap Ratcliffe, R., & correspondent, R. R. S. A. (2023, October 17). ‘They challenged the Communist monopoly’: Vietnam regime turns on its climate champions. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/17/they-challenged-the-communist-monopoly-vietnam-regime-turns-on-its-climate-champions Reporters Without Borders. (2008, October 15). Newspaper reporter’s two-year sentence deals severe blow to press freedom | RSF. https://rsf.org/en/newspaper-reporters-two-year-sentence-deals-severe-blow-press-freedom Revilla Diez, J. (2016). Vietnam 30 years after Doi Moi: Achievements and challenges. Zeitschrift Für Wirtschaftsgeographie, 60(3), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2016-0035 Sakata, S. (2020). Has Nguyen Phu Trong’s Leadership Curbed Economic Reform? Economic Reform Trends in Vietnam. Asian Economic Policy Review, 15(2), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12301 Schuler, P. (2022). Political Representation in Contemporary Vietnam. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. Sidel, M. (2023, January 31). Vietnam’s Closing Legal Space for Civil Society. U.S.-Asia Law Institute. https://usali.org/usali-perspectives-blog/vietnams-closing-space-for-civil-society Son, B., & Nicholson, P. (2017). Activism and Popular Constitutionalism in Contemporary Vietnam. Law & Social Inquiry, 42(03), 677–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12236 Steibel, G. L. (1972). Communist Expansion in Indochina: Part One. The First Indochina War and After. Southeast Asian Perspectives, 6, 35–59. Swanton, B., & Altman-Lupu, M. (2024). VIETNAM’S LEADERS DECLARE WAR ON HUMAN RIGHTS AS A MATTER OF OFFICIAL POLICY. Talawas. (n.d.). Chủ trương: Talawas blog. Retrieved June 13, 2024, from https://www.talawas.org/about/ talawas. (n.d.). DONATE. Retrieved July 8, 2024, from https://www.talawas.org/talaDB/donate.html talawas. (2002, May 4). Những lô gÃch của chiáo¿n tranh. https://www.talawas.org/talaDB/showFile.php?res=1163&rb=0401 Talawas. (2010, March 11). Thông báo cuối cùng: Talawas blog. https://www.talawas.org/26951/ Tan, R. (2023, June 20). Facebook helped bring free speech to Vietnam. Now it’s helping stifle it. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/19/facebook-meta-vietnam-government-censorship/ Thanh Niên. (2005, January 5). Đầu năm tìm đến kỷ lục Việt Nam. TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://tuoitre.vn/dau-nam-tim-den-ky-luc-viet-nam-62404.htm Thayer, C. A. (2009). Vietnam and the Challenge of Political Civil Society. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 31(1), 1–27. Thayer, C. A. (2022). The Role of the Military and Public Security in Contemporary Vietnam. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. The Vietnamese Magazine. (2023, May 8). Vietnam is Among the Countries at the Bottom of the RSF 2023 Press Freedom Index. The Vietnamese Magazine. https://www.thevietnamese.org/2023/05/vietnam-is-among-the-countries-at-the-bottom-of-the-rsf-2023-press-freedom-index/ thuvienphapluat.vn. (1997). Nghị định 21-CP Quy chế tạm thời về quản lý, thiết lập, sử dụng mạng INTERNET ở Việt Nam. THƯ VIỆN PHÁP LUẬT. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Cong-nghe-thong-tin/Nghi-dinh-21-CP-Quy-che-tam-thoi-ve-quan-ly-thiet-lap-su-dung-mang-INTERNET-o-Viet-Nam-40434.aspx thuvienphapluat.vn. (2023, September 27). Quy định 101-QĐ/TW 2023 bổ nhiệm miễn nhiệm khen thưởng kỷ luật lãnh đạo cơ quan báo chí. THƯ VIỆN PHÁP LUẬT. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Quy-dinh-101-QD-TW-2023-bo-nhiem-mien-nhiem-khen-thuong-ky-luat-lanh-dao-co-quan-bao-chi-557670.aspx Thủy Tùng. (2023, September 29). Kỳ 3: Đã mang tiền giúp Việt Nam mà còn bị đánh thuế GTGT. Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.com/2023/09/ky-3-da-mang-tien-giup-viet-nam-ma-con-bi-danh-thue-gtgt/ Tien, T. H. P. (2002). Vietnamese Media in Transition: The Boon, Curse and Controversy of Market Economics. In 10. Vietnamese Media in Transition: The Boon, Curse and Controversy of Market Economics (pp. 231–248). ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789812306081-014 Tô Phi. (2014, August 8). (VNTB)-Độc quyền chân lý và những sai lầm—Bài học từ quá khứ. Việt Nam Thời Báo. https://vietnamthoibao.org/vntb-doc-quyen-chan-ly-va-nhung-sai-lam-bai-hoc-tu-qua-khu/ Trâm Anh. (2004, September 5). Gặp “ông trùm.” TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://tuoitre.vn/gap-ong-trum-47004.htm Trần, L. V. (2017, September 15). Anh Ba Sàm: Từ thiếu tá công an đến nhà báo độc lập và tù nhân lương tâm. Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.com/2017/09/anh-ba-sam-tu-thieu-ta-cong-den-nha-bao-doc-lap-va-tu-nhan-luong-tam/ Trịnh, H. L. (2015, November 10). Đóng góp tài chính cho Luật Khoa tạp chí. Luật Khoa Tạp Chí. https://www.luatkhoa.com/2015/11/dong-gop-tai-chinh-cho-luat-khoa-tap-chi/ Trịnh, H. L. (2024). Foreign Tech Companies in Vietnam: Challenges and Failures in Upholding Human Rights. Legal Initiatives for Vietnam. https://www.liv.ngo/content/files/2024/07/Foreign-Tech-Companies-Vietnam-Human-Rights-01072024.pdf Truong, N. (2024). Vietnam’s leadership upheaval signals regime’s security focus. Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/Vietnam-s-leadership-upheaval-signals-regime-s-security-focus Tuyết Mai. (2021, January 5). Bị cáo Phạm Chí Dũng lãnh 15 năm tù. TUOI TRE ONLINE. https://tuoitre.vn/bi-cao-pham-chi-dung-lanh-15-nam-tu-20210105141726544.htm UK Home Office. (2023). Country policy and information note: Opposition to the state, Vietnam, August 2023 (accessible). GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/vietnam-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-opposition-to-the-state-vietnam-august-2023-accessible van Drunen, M. Z., & Fechner, D. (2023). Safeguarding Editorial Independence in an Automated Media System: The Relationship Between Law and Journalistic Perspectives. Digital Journalism, 11(9), 1723–1750. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2108868 Viện ISEE. (2019). Viện ISEE - [iSEE CHIA SẺ] HIỂU VỀ DIỄN NGÔN - KHÁI NIỆM “HẠN HÁN”... | Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/iseevn/posts/isee-chia-s%E1%BA%BB-hi%E1%BB%83u-v%E1%BB%81-di%E1%BB%85n-ng%C3%B4n-kh%C3%A1i-ni%E1%BB%87m-h%E1%BA%A1n-h%C3%A1n-%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn-t%E1%BB%AB-%C4%91%C3%A2udi%E1%BB%85n-ng%C3%B4n-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c-coi-l%C3%A0/1397995317023355/ Viet Dung, P. (2021). Đảng viên làm kinh tế tư nhân và vấn đề liêm chính kinh doanh của đảng viên trong nền kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa—ĐẤU TRANH PHẢN BÁC LUẬN ĐIỆU SAI TRÁI, THÙ ĐỊCH - Tạp chí Cộng sản. https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/tin-dau-tranh-phan-bac-luan-dieu-sai-trai-thu-dich/-/asset_publisher/s5L7xhQiJeKe/content/dang-vien-lam-kinh-te-tu-nhan-va-van-de-liem-chinh-kinh-doanh-cua-dang-vien-trong-nen-kinh-te-thi-truong-dinh-huong-xa-hoi-chu-nghia Việt Nam thời báo. (2024, July 4). VNTB - Mừng sinh nhật thứ 10 của Hội Nhà Báo Độc Lập Việt Nam. Việt Nam Thời Báo. https://vietnamthoibao.org/vntb-mung-sinh-nhat-thu-10-cua-hoi-nha-bao-doc-lap-viet-nam/ Vietnam: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report. (n.d.-a). Freedom House. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-world/2022 Vietnam: Freedom on the Net 2022 Country Report. (n.d.-b). Freedom House. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-net/2022 Vietnam’s 2013 Constitution. (2013). https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/vie127527.pdf Vo Hai. (2018). Vietnam government wants SEZ bill deferred—VnExpress International. VnExpress International – Latest News, Business, Travel and Analysis from Vietnam. https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/vietnam-government-wants-sez-bill-deferred-3761214.html VOA Vietnamese Service V. T. (2019, July 10). VOICE: 'Chúng tôi đào tạo xã hội dân sự, nhưng bị dán nhãn ‘chống phá’’. Voice of America. https://www.voatiengviet.com/a/voice-xa-hoi-dan-su-nhung-bi-dan-nhan-chong-pha/4994425.html VOICE. (2021). Chương trình Xã hội Dân sự VOICE: Mười năm nhìn lại – VOICE. https://vietnamvoice.org/2021/05/chuong-trinh-xa-hoi-dan-su-voice-muoi-nam-nhin-lai/ Vu, N. A. (2017). Grassroots Environmental Activism in an Authoritarian Context: The Trees Movement in Vietnam. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(3), 1180–1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9829-1 Vu, T. (2014). The Party v. the People: Anti-China Nationalism in Contemporary Vietnam. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 9(4), 33–66. https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2014.9.4.33 Vu-Thanh, T.-A. (2017). Does WTO Accession Help Domestic Reform? The Political Economy of SOE Reform Backsliding in Vietnam. World Trade Review, 16(1), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745616000409 Watt, A. (1967). The Geneva Agreements 1954 in Relation to Vietnam. The Australian Quarterly, 39(2), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/20634125 Wells-Dang, A. (2014). The Political Influence of Civil Society in Vietnam. In J. D. London (Ed.), Politics in Contemporary Vietnam: Party, State, and Authority Relations (pp. 162–183). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347534_8 Wells-Dang, A. (2022). Civil Society and Advocacy Networks in Vietnam. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam. Routledge. Westerman, A. (2019, January 1). To The Dismay Of Free Speech Advocates, Vietnam Rolls Out Controversial Cyber Law. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/01/01/681373274/to-the-dismay-of-free-speech-advocates-vietnam-rolls-out-controversial-cyber-law World Bank. (n.d.-a). World Bank Open Data. GDP per Capita (Constant 2015 US$) - Viet Nam. Retrieved July 10, 2024, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=VN World Bank. (n.d.-b). World Bank Open Data. GDP per Capita, PPP (Constant 2021 International $) - Viet Nam. Retrieved July 10, 2024, from https://data.worldbank.org Xuan-Huong Nguyen, & BAE YOOIL. (2023). Between State Tolerance and Direct Control of Mass Media in Vietnam The Rise and Decline of ‘Quasi-Private’ Press. Journal of International and Area Studies, 30(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.23071/JIAS.2023.30.2.1 Zinoman, P. (2011). Nhân Văn—Giai Phẩm and Vietnamese “Reform Communism” in the 1950s: A Revisionist Interpretation. Journal of Cold War Studies, 13(1), 60–100. https://doi.org/10.1162/JCWS_a_00071 zh_TW
