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題名 再訪新文化運動：1912-1916年中國留美學生月報齟齬
New Culture Movement Revisited: Discord and Disagreements Inside the Chinese Students' Monthly, 1912-1916作者 張宓風
Fletes, Stephen Ramon貢獻者 周一滕
Eaton, William Joseph
張宓風
Fletes, Stephen Ramon關鍵詞 中國學生組織
中國留美學生月報
國教
儒教
君主制
共和主義
袁世凱
新青年
Chinese Students' Alliance
Chinese Students' Monthly
CSM
CSA
State Religion
Confucianism
Monarchy
Republicanism
Yuan Shih-k'ai
New Youth日期 2024 上傳時間 4-九月-2024 15:20:02 (UTC+8) 摘要 關於新文化運動的研究大多專注於探討其運動在中國大陸的源起，同時期出版的《新青年》雜誌也是研究的重點之一。本論文以《中國留美學生月報》（CSM）為對象，試圖拓展進文化運動的研究視野，探討其跨國性的起源與發展。透過深入分析1912至1916年間《中國留美學生月報》的文本，本研究發現，留美學生在文化議題上的爭論，與同時期中國大陸的思想潮流有著驚人的相似性。這表明，新文化運動的萌芽可能早於《新青年》的出現，且具有更廣泛的社會基礎。留學生對於袁世凱的統治、君主制與共和制的辯論、對日本侵華的態度以及對儒家傳統的重新評估議題，都展現出複雜且多元的觀點。這些發現表明，社會、文化與政治的變革始終是現代中國的核心議題，而留學生作為一個特殊的社會群體，在其中扮演了積極的角色。本研究建議，未來可進一步探討《中國留美學生月報》在袁世凱時代前後的思想演變，以及該雜誌及其所代表的留學生社群對中國整體文化發展的影響。
Research related to the New Culture Movement generally emphasizes the origin of the movement to have begun inside Mainland China, under the influence of an independent journal called New Youth. This thesis investigates a Chinese student magazine, Chinese Students’ Monthly (CSM), in an attempt to transnationalize the scope and understanding of the movement’s true beginnings. With access to issues of the CSM magazine, this thesis analyzes primary text during the Yuan Shih-k’ai era of the Republic of China (1912-1916) to pinpoint cultural contention among Chinese individuals that resemble similar talking points inside China to demonstrate similarities in thought prior to New Youth, written in English. A thorough review of the text reveals the nuance in attitudes students felt about President Yuan during the political back-and-forth over monarchy or republicanism, about Japan’s actions in China and what they—as citizens—should do to show solidarity, and a battle of morals when confronted with an amendment to make Confucianism the ROC’s State Religion. These findings demonstrate the battle over societal, cultural, and political changes that would continue to be at the forefront of modern China, only happening years earlier in a foreign nation, publicized for all to see. Future research could explore debates within the organization prior to the Yuan era and post- Yuan to gain a thorough understanding of the magazine and it’s parent organization’s influence on the broader Chinese culture inside and outside China.參考文獻 BOOKS AND BOOK CHAPTERS Bieler, Stacey. ‘Patriots’ or ‘Traitors’: A History of American-Educated Chinese Students. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004. Bloom, Allan. The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today’s Students. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987. Ch’ien, Chung-Shu. Fortress Besieged. Translated by Nathan K. Mao and Jeanne Kelly. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979. Chi, Madeleine. China Diplomacy, 1914-1918. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 1970. Chinese Students’ Alliance in the United States of America. “A Short History of the Chinese Students’ Alliance in the United States.” In Directory of the Chinese Students in the United States of America, 1911-1912 (self-pub, 1912). ———————. The Fourth Annual Conference. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois, 1913. Chou, Min-Chin. Hu Shih and the Intellectual Choice in Modern China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984. Chow, Tse-Tsung. "The Anti-Confucian Movement in Early Republican China.” In The Confucian Persuasion, edited by A. Wright, 288-312. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960. ————— The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967. Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Cole, Stephanie, Kimberley Breuer, Scott W. Palmer, et. al. How History is Made: A Student’s Guide to Reading, Writing, and Thinking in the Discipline. Arlington: Mavs Open Press, 2022. Craft, Stephen G. V. K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 2004. Dai, Lianbin. “From Philology to Philosophy: Zhu Xi (1130 – 1200) as a Reader-Annotator.” In Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices: A Global Comparative Approach, 136-63, eds. Anthony Grafton and Glenn W. Most. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Dickinson, Emily. “Much Madness is Divinest Sense.” In The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson, edited by Thomas H. Johnson. New Delhi: Kalyani Press, 1960. Gimpel, Denise. Chen Hengzhe: A Life Between Orthodoxies. New York: Lexington Books, 2015. —————- Lost Voices of Modernity: A Chinese Popular Fiction Magazine in Context. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2001. Harrell, Paula. Sowing the Seeds of Change: Chinese Students, Japanese Teachers, 1895-1905. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992. Hester, Ryan. Historical Research: Theory and Methods. Essex: Ed-Tech Press, 2018. Howard, Dick. The Primacy of the Political: A History of Political Thought from The Greeks to the French & American Revolutions. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. Hsu, Immanuel C.Y. The Rise of Modern China. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. Hu, Shih, and Boyan Cao. Hu Shih Ri Ji Quan Ji. 10 vols. Taipei: Linking Publishing, Co., 2004. Huang, Philip C. Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972. Jansen, Marius B. Sun Yat-Sen and the Japanese. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954. Li, Hongshan. U.S.-China Educational Exchange: State, Society, and Intercultural Relations, 1905-1950. Newark: Routgers University Press, 2015. Pomerantz-Zhang, Linda. Wu Tingfang (1842-1922): Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1992. Pomfret, John. The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2016. Pugach, Noel. "Embarrassed Monarchist: Frank J. Goodnow and Constitutional Development in China, 1913–1915.” In The Pacific Historical Review 42, no. 4 (1973): 499–517. doi:10.2307/3638135. Qing, Nian. Chinese Students Encounter America. Translated by T. K. Chu. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2002. Reinsch, Paul Samuel. Colonial Government: An Introduction to the Study of Colonial Institutions. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1905. —————- An American Diplomat in China. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1922. Rhoads, Edward J.M. Stepping Forth Into the World: The Chinese Educational Mission to the United States, 1872-81. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2011. Rueben, Julia A. The Making of the Modern University: Intellectual Transformation and the Marginalization of Morality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Scruton, Roger. The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought, edited by Roger Scruton. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Seagrave, Sterling. The Soong Dynasty. New York: Harper Perennial, 1986. Shan, Patrick Fuling. Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2018. Spence, Jonathan D. God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996. Sun, Anna Xiao Dong. “The Fate of Confucianism as a Religion in Socialist China: Controversies and Paradoxes.” In State, Market, and Religion in Chinese Societies, ed. Fenggang Yang and Joseph Tamney, 229-253. Leiden: Brill, 2005. The China Weekly Review. Who’s Who in China: Biographies of Chinese Leaders. Shanghai: The China Weekly Review, 1936. Twain, Mark. “To the Person Sitting in Darkness.” In Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, & Essays 1891-1910. New York: Library Classic of the United States, Inc., 1992. ————— “The United States of Lyncherdom.” In Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, & Essays 1891-1910. New York: Library Classic of the United States, Inc., 1992. Van Norden, Bryan W, “Kongzi and Confucianism.” In Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co, 2011. Wagner, Rudolf G., ed. Joining the Global Public: Word, Image, and City in Early Chinese Newspapers. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. Wang, Chi-Ming. Transpacific Articulations: Student Migration and the Remaking of Asian America. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2013. Wang, Y. C. Chinese Intellectuals and the West, 1872-1949. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966. Williams, Fredrick Wells. “Appendix I: The so-called Burlingame Treaty of July 28, 1868.” In Anson Burlingame and the First Chinese Mission to Foreign Powers. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1912. Wright, Mary C. The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T’ung-Chih Restoration. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957. Xi, Lian. Blood Letters: The Untold Story of Lin Zhao, A Martyr in Mao’s China. New York: Basic Books, 2014. Xu, Guoqi. “Anson Burlingame: China’s First Messenger to the World.” In Chinese and Americans: A History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018. ————- “Frank Goodnow: An American Advisor in China.” In Chinese and Americans, 139-203. ————- “The Chinese Education Mission: Chinese Schoolboys in Nineteenth-Century China.” In Chinese and Americans, 74-104. Ye, Weili. Seeking Modernity in China’s Name. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. Yeung, Wah Yat. Chung Wing Kwong: Legendary Educator in China’s New Learning. Translated by Sui Ming Lee and Emily M. Hill. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press, 2011. Yung, Wing. My Life in China and America. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1909. Zhang, Hao. Chinese Intellectuals in Crisis: Search for Order and Meaning, 1890-1911. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS Anonymous. “Chinese Students in America.” The Dragon Student I, no. 1 (March 1905). ————- “Japan and China.” In The Outlook (February 24, 1915). ————- “The Japanese Political Situation.” In The Outlook (February 24, 1915). Bays, Daniel H. “Chinese Government Policies Toward the Revolutionary Students in Japan After 1900: Reassessment and Implications.” Journal of Asian History 7, no. 2 (1973). Chang, F. “Confucianism and State Religion.” Chinese Students’ Monthly IX, no. 3 (1914). ———. “Contributed Articles: The Monarchy Question: Thoughts on China’s Government.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly XI, no. 3 (January 1916). Chang, Y. “More Thoughts on the Monarchy Question: A Reply to Messrs. F. Chang and F. H. Huang.” Chinese Students’ Monthly XI, no. 4 (February 1916). Chisolm, Lawrence W. “Lu Hsun and Revolution in Modern China.” Yale French Studies 39 (1967). Chiu, C. Y. “The Proper Meaning of the Chinese Students Alliance.” In Chinese Students Monthly VIII, no. 8 (June 1913). Chung, W.K. “Korea or Belgium?” Translated by P.C. Chang. Chinese Students’ Monthly X, no. 6 (March 1915). Dirlik, Afif. “The New Culture Movement Revisited: Anarchism and the Idea of Social Revolution in New Culture Thinking.” Modern China 11, no. 3 (July 1985): 251-300. Dubois, Daniel. “Happy For John Hay that He is Dead: Chinese Students in America and the U.S. Recognition Policy for the Republic of China, 1909-1913.” Pacific Historical Review 86, no. 2 (May 2017): 228-257. Draper, John William. “The Great Conflict.” Popular Science Monthly 6 (December 1874): 227-232. Dunn, T.I. “A Reply to ‘Dr. Chen’s New Confucianism.” Chinese Students’ Monthly IX, no. 4 (February 1914). ———— “Communications: To the Editor of the Monthly.” Chinese Students’ Monthly IX, no. 6 (April 1914). Forster, Elisabeth. “The Buzzword “New Culture” Movement: Intellectual Marketing Strategies in China in the 1910s and 1920s.” Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 5 (2017): 1253-1282. Guo, Zhonghua. “The Emergence of the Citizen Concept in Modern China: 1899-1919.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 19 (2014). Hu, Suh. “A Plea For Patriotic Sanity: An Open Letter to All Chinese Students.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly X, no. 7 (April 1915). ———- “Students Reply to Previous Editorial: Yuan Shih-kai—A traitor.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly VII, no. 4 (February 1912). ———- “A Philosopher of Chinese Reactionism.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly XI, no. 1 (November 1915). ———-“Book Review: Classical Confucianism.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly XI, no. 7 (May 1916). Huang, F.H. “Contributing Articles: The Monarchy Question: Thoughts on China’s Government.” Chinese Students’ Monthly XI, no. 3 (January 1916). Hunt, Michael H. “The American Remission of the Boxer Indemnity: A Reappraisal.” The Journal of Asian Studies 31, no. 3 (May 1972). Johnston, Robert D. “Re-Democratizing the Progressive Era: The Politics of Progressive Era Political Historiography.” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 1, no.1 (January 2002). Koo, V.K. Wellington. “The Task Before Chinese Students Today.” Chinese Students’ Monthly IV, no. 5 (March 1909): 321-324. Kwong, Hsu Kun. “Our Duty.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly X, no. 6 (March 1915). ———- “Contributing Articles: China Shall Not Be Japanned.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly X, no. 6 (March 1915). ———- “What is Patriotic Sanity? A Reply to Suh Hu.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly X, no. 7 (April 1915). ———- “Alliance Raps Monarchical Movement.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly XI, no. 2 (December 1915). Kwong, Luke S. K. “The T’i—Yung Dichotomy and the Search for Talent in Late-Ch’ing China.” In Modern Asian Studies 27, no. 2 (1993): 253–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00011483. Le Fargue, Thomas E. “Chinese Educational Mission to the United States: A Government Experiment in Western Education.” In Far Eastern Quarterly 1, no. 1 (November 1941). Loh, Tachuan S.K. “Communications: To the Editor in Chief.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly IX, no. 4 (February 1914). Rankin, Mary Backus. “State and Society in Early Republican Politics, 1912-1918. In The China Quarterly 150 (June 1997). Sendur, Kristen A., et. al. “Historical contextualization in students’ writing.” In Journal of the Learning Sciences 30, no. 4-5 (2021). Soong, T. V. “Editorials: Republic or Monarchy.” In Chinese Students’ Monthly XI, no. 1 (November 1915). Throntveit, Trygve. “The Fable of the Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson and National Self-Determination.” Diplomatic History 35, no. 3 (2011): 445–81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24916429. Tong, Y. L. “The Muddle of Alliance Cablegram Explained.” Chinese Students’ Monthly X, no. 9 (June 1915). Wang, Y. C. “The Influence of Yen Fu and Liang Ch’i-ch’ao on the San Min Chu I.” In Pacific Historical Review 34, no. 2 (May 1965). Wu, Ting-Fang. “The Religion of the Chinese.” Chinese Students’ Monthly XI, no. 5 (March 1916): 331-336. Yeh, T. S. “Is Our Duty to Study Only?” Chinese Students’ Monthly X, no. 8 (May 1915). Zee, Z.T. “C.E.M.E. Reunion—East and West.” Chinese Students’ Monthly VII, no. 1 (November 1911). ———— “Dr. Chen’s New Confucianism.” Chinese Students’ Monthly IX, no. 2 (December 1913). ———— “Dr. Chen’s New Confucianism Again: A Rejoinder.” Chinese Students’ Monthly IX, no. 4 (February 1914). THESES, DISSERTATIONS Cameron, Meribeth E. “The Reform Movement in China, 1898-1912.” PhD diss., Stanford University Press, 1931. Litten, Joshua A. “American-educated Chinese Students and Their Impact on U. S.-China Relations.” Undergraduate honor’s thesis, College of William and Mary, 2009. WEBSITES International Churchill Society. “The Worst Form of Government.” Quotes. Updated February 25, 2016. https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotes/the-worst-form-of-government/. Realfonzo, Ugo. “Today in History: The Rape of Belgium.” The Brussels Times. Updated August 4, 2023. https://www.brusselstimes.com/629825/today-in-history-the-rape-of-belgium. Scott, Sir Walter. “Breathes There the Man.” Scottish Poetry Library. Accessed August 18, 2024. https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poem/breathes-there-man/ Weinstein, Jack Russel. “Adam Smith on Education: Schooling.” Adam Smith Works. Accessed July 01, 2024. https://www.adamsmithworks.org/documents/adam-smith-on-education-schooling. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS Foreign Relations of the United States, 1901, Appendix, Affairs in China, Reports of William W. Rockwell, Late Commissioner to China, with Accompanying Documents (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2018), 538. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Address of the President to Congress, December 7, 1915, “Relations between China and Japan; “Twenty One Demands” on China made by Japan; attitude of the United States (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2018), 66-156. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
110926049資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110926049 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 周一滕 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Eaton, William Joseph en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 張宓風 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Fletes, Stephen Ramon en_US dc.creator (作者) 張宓風 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Fletes, Stephen Ramon en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-九月-2024 15:20:02 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-九月-2024 15:20:02 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-九月-2024 15:20:02 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0110926049 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153466 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110926049 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 關於新文化運動的研究大多專注於探討其運動在中國大陸的源起，同時期出版的《新青年》雜誌也是研究的重點之一。本論文以《中國留美學生月報》（CSM）為對象，試圖拓展進文化運動的研究視野，探討其跨國性的起源與發展。透過深入分析1912至1916年間《中國留美學生月報》的文本，本研究發現，留美學生在文化議題上的爭論，與同時期中國大陸的思想潮流有著驚人的相似性。這表明，新文化運動的萌芽可能早於《新青年》的出現，且具有更廣泛的社會基礎。留學生對於袁世凱的統治、君主制與共和制的辯論、對日本侵華的態度以及對儒家傳統的重新評估議題，都展現出複雜且多元的觀點。這些發現表明，社會、文化與政治的變革始終是現代中國的核心議題，而留學生作為一個特殊的社會群體，在其中扮演了積極的角色。本研究建議，未來可進一步探討《中國留美學生月報》在袁世凱時代前後的思想演變，以及該雜誌及其所代表的留學生社群對中國整體文化發展的影響。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Research related to the New Culture Movement generally emphasizes the origin of the movement to have begun inside Mainland China, under the influence of an independent journal called New Youth. This thesis investigates a Chinese student magazine, Chinese Students’ Monthly (CSM), in an attempt to transnationalize the scope and understanding of the movement’s true beginnings. With access to issues of the CSM magazine, this thesis analyzes primary text during the Yuan Shih-k’ai era of the Republic of China (1912-1916) to pinpoint cultural contention among Chinese individuals that resemble similar talking points inside China to demonstrate similarities in thought prior to New Youth, written in English. A thorough review of the text reveals the nuance in attitudes students felt about President Yuan during the political back-and-forth over monarchy or republicanism, about Japan’s actions in China and what they—as citizens—should do to show solidarity, and a battle of morals when confronted with an amendment to make Confucianism the ROC’s State Religion. These findings demonstrate the battle over societal, cultural, and political changes that would continue to be at the forefront of modern China, only happening years earlier in a foreign nation, publicized for all to see. Future research could explore debates within the organization prior to the Yuan era and post- Yuan to gain a thorough understanding of the magazine and it’s parent organization’s influence on the broader Chinese culture inside and outside China. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents Introduction: Revisiting ‘New Culture’ 1 - Research Motivation 9 - Research Objectives 9 - Sources 10 - Methodology 10 - Theoretical Framework 11 - Historical Background 13 - Chinese Education Mission 14 - Students in Japan 19 - Boxer Indemnity Fund 22 Literature Review: Transnationalization of ‘New’ Thought 27 - Who are the ‘Second Wave’? 27 - A Definition of -isms 28 - University Education 31 - Chinese Students’ Alliance 34 - Chinese Students’ Monthly 37 Chapter Three: Confucian Confusion 43 - Introduction 45 - The Motion 47 - The Reply 52 - The Rejoinder 56 - The Reply to the Rejoinder 60 - Analysis 61 Chapter Four: Patriotic (In)Sanity 65 - Introduction 67 - The Motion 69 - The Critique 74 - The Rejoinder 78 - The Second Rejoinder 81 - Analysis 82 Chapter Five: Republic or Monarchy 85 - Introduction 87 - First Critique 89 - Second Critique 92 - Official Protest from Alliance 94 - In Defense of Monarchy 95 - Rejoinder 101 - Analysis 104 Chapter Six 107 - Conclusion 107 Appendix A 113 Appendix B 132 Appendix C 150 Bibliography 183 zh_TW dc.format.extent 17820376 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110926049 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國學生組織 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國留美學生月報 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國教 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 儒教 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 君主制 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 共和主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 袁世凱 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新青年 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese Students' Alliance en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese Students' Monthly en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) CSM en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) CSA en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) State Religion en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Confucianism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Monarchy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Republicanism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Yuan Shih-k'ai en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) New Youth en_US dc.title (題名) 再訪新文化運動：1912-1916年中國留美學生月報齟齬 zh_TW dc.title (題名) New Culture Movement Revisited: Discord and Disagreements Inside the Chinese Students' Monthly, 1912-1916 en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) BOOKS AND BOOK CHAPTERS Bieler, Stacey. ‘Patriots’ or ‘Traitors’: A History of American-Educated Chinese Students. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004. Bloom, Allan. The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today’s Students. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987. Ch’ien, Chung-Shu. Fortress Besieged. Translated by Nathan K. Mao and Jeanne Kelly. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979. Chi, Madeleine. China Diplomacy, 1914-1918. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 1970. Chinese Students’ Alliance in the United States of America. “A Short History of the Chinese Students’ Alliance in the United States.” In Directory of the Chinese Students in the United States of America, 1911-1912 (self-pub, 1912). ———————. The Fourth Annual Conference. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois, 1913. Chou, Min-Chin. Hu Shih and the Intellectual Choice in Modern China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984. Chow, Tse-Tsung. "The Anti-Confucian Movement in Early Republican China.” In The Confucian Persuasion, edited by A. Wright, 288-312. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960. ————— The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967. Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Cole, Stephanie, Kimberley Breuer, Scott W. Palmer, et. al. How History is Made: A Student’s Guide to Reading, Writing, and Thinking in the Discipline. Arlington: Mavs Open Press, 2022. Craft, Stephen G. V. K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 2004. Dai, Lianbin. “From Philology to Philosophy: Zhu Xi (1130 – 1200) as a Reader-Annotator.” In Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices: A Global Comparative Approach, 136-63, eds. Anthony Grafton and Glenn W. Most. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Dickinson, Emily. “Much Madness is Divinest Sense.” In The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson, edited by Thomas H. Johnson. New Delhi: Kalyani Press, 1960. Gimpel, Denise. Chen Hengzhe: A Life Between Orthodoxies. New York: Lexington Books, 2015. —————- Lost Voices of Modernity: A Chinese Popular Fiction Magazine in Context. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2001. Harrell, Paula. Sowing the Seeds of Change: Chinese Students, Japanese Teachers, 1895-1905. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992. Hester, Ryan. Historical Research: Theory and Methods. Essex: Ed-Tech Press, 2018. Howard, Dick. The Primacy of the Political: A History of Political Thought from The Greeks to the French & American Revolutions. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. Hsu, Immanuel C.Y. The Rise of Modern China. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. Hu, Shih, and Boyan Cao. Hu Shih Ri Ji Quan Ji. 10 vols. Taipei: Linking Publishing, Co., 2004. Huang, Philip C. Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972. Jansen, Marius B. Sun Yat-Sen and the Japanese. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954. 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Throntveit, Trygve. “The Fable of the Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson and National Self-Determination.” Diplomatic History 35, no. 3 (2011): 445–81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24916429. Tong, Y. L. “The Muddle of Alliance Cablegram Explained.” Chinese Students’ Monthly X, no. 9 (June 1915). Wang, Y. C. “The Influence of Yen Fu and Liang Ch’i-ch’ao on the San Min Chu I.” In Pacific Historical Review 34, no. 2 (May 1965). Wu, Ting-Fang. “The Religion of the Chinese.” Chinese Students’ Monthly XI, no. 5 (March 1916): 331-336. Yeh, T. S. “Is Our Duty to Study Only?” Chinese Students’ Monthly X, no. 8 (May 1915). Zee, Z.T. “C.E.M.E. Reunion—East and West.” Chinese Students’ Monthly VII, no. 1 (November 1911). ———— “Dr. Chen’s New Confucianism.” Chinese Students’ Monthly IX, no. 2 (December 1913). ———— “Dr. Chen’s New Confucianism Again: A Rejoinder.” Chinese Students’ Monthly IX, no. 4 (February 1914). THESES, DISSERTATIONS Cameron, Meribeth E. “The Reform Movement in China, 1898-1912.” PhD diss., Stanford University Press, 1931. Litten, Joshua A. “American-educated Chinese Students and Their Impact on U. S.-China Relations.” Undergraduate honor’s thesis, College of William and Mary, 2009. WEBSITES International Churchill Society. “The Worst Form of Government.” Quotes. Updated February 25, 2016. https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotes/the-worst-form-of-government/. Realfonzo, Ugo. “Today in History: The Rape of Belgium.” The Brussels Times. Updated August 4, 2023. https://www.brusselstimes.com/629825/today-in-history-the-rape-of-belgium. Scott, Sir Walter. “Breathes There the Man.” Scottish Poetry Library. Accessed August 18, 2024. https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poem/breathes-there-man/ Weinstein, Jack Russel. “Adam Smith on Education: Schooling.” Adam Smith Works. Accessed July 01, 2024. https://www.adamsmithworks.org/documents/adam-smith-on-education-schooling. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS Foreign Relations of the United States, 1901, Appendix, Affairs in China, Reports of William W. Rockwell, Late Commissioner to China, with Accompanying Documents (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2018), 538. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Address of the President to Congress, December 7, 1915, “Relations between China and Japan; “Twenty One Demands” on China made by Japan; attitude of the United States (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2018), 66-156. zh_TW
