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題名 爭辯中的正義戰爭理論：以俄烏戰爭為例
Conflicting Just War Theories? Russia-Ukraine War as the Case Study作者 張育瑄
CHANG, YU-HSUAN貢獻者 葉浩
Yeh, Hao
張育瑄
CHANG, YU-HSUAN關鍵詞 Michael Walzer
Cecile Fabre
Jeff McMahan
David Rodin
正義戰爭理論
俄烏戰爭
Michael Walzer
Cecile Fabre
Jeff McMahan
David Rodin
Just War Theory
Russia-Ukraine War日期 2024 上傳時間 4-九月-2024 15:58:05 (UTC+8) 摘要 本文以當代義戰論正統派與修正派的爭論，以及兩派各自的學者代表──華瑟（Michael Walzer）、麥克馬漢（Jeff McMahan）、費柏（Cecile Fabre）與羅丹（David Rodin）的義戰論應用在俄羅斯與烏克蘭戰爭的適用性判斷為研究主題，本文的問題意識為：1.正統派與修正派兩者之間的爭辯與差異為何？2.四個學者中誰的理論最適用於使得論者「理解、評價與判斷」俄烏戰爭？本文以出戰正義（jus ad bellum）與戰時正義（jus in bello）8個原則，再加上四個學者的政治理論與核心關懷做為他們的義戰論框架。 本文第一部分的研究發現是：正統派與修正派理論第一個核心理論差異在於「理解戰爭的視角」，華瑟採取集體主義與個體主義混合的作法，將出戰視為是國家的行動，惟戰爭時的戰鬥則是由隸屬於特定軍隊的軍人所進行；修正派普遍將戰爭理解為每個「個人」在自我防衛與他者防衛中的殺戮與傷害行動。第二個顯著差異是關於「戰爭」是否是種日常生活行動，以及是否同樣受管理「日常生活行動的道德原則」管理之爭辯。修正派學者主張戰爭作為一種人類行動，在戰爭中與公民社會脈絡皆由相同的道德標準約束。據此為了正義目的而戰的正義軍人正如同國內社會中為了保護受害者而對歹徒使用武力的警察一般，而為了不正義目的或缺少正義目的戰鬥的不義軍人，則是如造成警察與受害者錯誤傷害威脅的歹徒，由此推論只有正義軍人有戰鬥權利。惟，華瑟則主張戰爭是種受到國際社會共享的「戰爭慣習（war convention）、法律與傳統型塑的特殊行動」，軍人是受國家徵召出戰，因此無論渠被要求參與的戰爭有無正義目的，雙方軍人都具有平等的戰鬥權利，同時華瑟也主張出戰正義與戰時正義邏輯獨立。 第二部分的研究發現，作者透過「烏克蘭防衛戰爭出戰正義目的、烏克蘭戰爭比例性及俄羅斯侵略戰爭區別原則」來比較與評價哪位學者的義戰論較具有「適用性」，可協助論者更好判斷、評價與理解（make sense）俄烏戰爭。作者主張華瑟的義戰論因為納入了「社群自救原則」判准以及「國際社會」的要素，提供論者理解烏克蘭人民捍衛社群獨立與維護國際社會不侵略規則更全面的圖像。關於俄羅斯武裝部隊的戰鬥權利判斷，華瑟的理論承襲了國際法與國際社會對戰爭的傳統，也可適用於理解俄國軍人與烏克蘭軍人具有相同戰鬥權利。修正派三位學者的理論所做的判斷──俄國軍人單純因為參與侵略戰爭在道德上犯下錯誤──其理論適用性是只有當國際或國內已經具有完備的強制性措施如良心拒戰時才有實踐的可能，否則當前也只是在提供論者一個道德指引方向。此外，羅丹對於「政治侵略」與「屠殺侵略」的戰爭類型的細緻區分適用於提供論者判斷不同種類的侵略，而麥克馬漢在比例性的判斷上納入了受影響群體的「數量」則是提供論者具體的指標，可以適用於判斷烏克蘭因為受侵略威脅人數顯著而在比例性上提升其主權價值，亦即修正派學者的理論也有其適用性。整體而言本文主張如果我們期望發展一套可以全面的理解俄烏戰爭，乃至各種不同類型的戰爭，未來可以展望的是整合修正派與正統派的義戰論，以期提供論者更完整的理解與判斷框架。 本文的貢獻在於：第一，建構華瑟、麥克馬漢、費柏與羅丹以出戰正義與戰時正義為核心的正義戰爭理論，補足國內外學界文獻對這四個學者義戰論全面分析與比較的缺口，同時提供臺灣的公共政策界在爭辯與論證戰爭正義的語言與論述。第二，透過與古典義戰思想家奧古斯丁與阿奎納的比較，指出無論是哪派學者，皆是延續著「出戰正義與戰時正義」此一有兩千多年歷史的原則與框架進行對話、辯論與修正，本文確立了義戰論本身具有持續與時俱進的彈性。第三，本文具體指陳正統派與修正派各自的理論適用性，並且指出華瑟以國家社群與國際社會傳統為基礎的義戰論比較適用於理解與判斷當前的侵略與防衛戰爭，修正派學者的理論則適用於提供未來戰爭法改革道德指引。本文也透過俄烏戰爭的案例，指出即使正統派受到修正派的攻擊，其理論主張仍然具有高度適用性。例如透過應用華瑟的義戰論於俄烏戰爭上，本文指出華瑟之社群自救原則提供了台灣這種中小型國家在面對強權的威脅時重要的行動指引。
This dissertation examines the theoretical debates between orthodox and revisionist just war theorists—Michael Walzer, Jeff McMahan, Cecile Fabre, and David Rodin—and assesses the applicability of their theories to the Russia-Ukraine War. The central research questions are: 1) What are the core differences and debates between the orthodox and revisionist schools? 2) Whose just war theory best helps us understand, evaluate, and judge the Russia-Ukraine War? The dissertation employs the eight principles of jus ad bellum (justice before war) and jus in bello (justice during war), along with each scholar's political theories, as the framework for their just war analysis. The first major finding is the fundamental difference in how the two schools conceptualize war. Walzer adopts a mixed approach, combining collectivism and individualism: he views jus ad bellum as a state action and jus in bello as actions undertaken by individual soldiers. In contrast, revisionists reduce war to individual acts of self-defense or defense of others. Another key difference lies in their views on whether war is a daily activity governed by the same moral principles as ordinary life. Revisionists argue that combatants with a just cause are like police officers in civil society, with the exclusive right to fight, while unjust combatants do not. Walzer, however, sees war as a special activity shaped by international conventions and norms, where soldiers, regardless of their side's cause, share equal rights to fight. The second part of the dissertation applies these theories to the Russia-Ukraine War. The author argues that Walzer's inclusion of the "community self-help principle" and the element of "international society" offers a more comprehensive understanding of Ukraine's defense of its independence and the international norm of non-aggression. Regarding the right of Russian soldiers to fight, Walzer's theory aligns with international law, recognizing equal combatant rights for soldiers on both sides, while revisionist scholars deny such rights to Russian soldiers due to the unjust nature of their war. The dissertation concludes that while revisionist theories provide moral guidance for future war law reforms, Walzer's just war theory is more applicable for evaluating the Russia-Ukraine War. The author suggests that integrating elements of both orthodox and revisionist theories could lead to a more comprehensive framework for understanding and judging wars. The contributions of this dissertation are threefold: 1) It constructs, analyzes, and compares the just war theories of four prominent contemporary scholars, filling a gap in the literature and offering a more holistic view of just war theory. 2) By comparing these modern theories with those of classical just war thinkers like Augustine and Aquinas, the dissertation highlights the enduring relevance and flexibility of the just war tradition. 3) The application of these theories to the Russia-Ukraine War demonstrates the particular strengths and applicability of each scholar's theory, with Walzer's "community self-help principle" offering crucial guidance for small to medium-sized nations like Taiwan in facing threats from more powerful states.參考文獻 中文文獻 專書、期刊文章 Aqunias, T. 著，劉俊餘、陳家華、高旭東、周克勤、胡安德、王守身譯，2008，《神學大全》，臺北：中華道明會與碧岳學社。 Plokhy, S. 著，曾毅、蔡耀緯譯，2022，《烏克蘭：從帝國邊疆到獨立民族，追尋自我的荊棘之路》，新北：聯經出版公司。譯自The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. New York: Basic Books. 2021. Plokhy, Serhii. 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Center for Civil Liberties. 2022. “RIA NOVOSTI Has Clarified Russia’s Plans vis-à-vis Ukraine and the Rest of the Free World in a Program Like Article: What Russia Should Do with Ukraine?” in https://ccl.org.ua/en/news/ria-novosti-has-clarified-russias-plans-vis-a-vis-ukraine-and-the-rest-of-the-free-world-in-a-program-like-article-what-russia-should-do-with-ukraine-2/. Latest update 4 April 2022. Cohen, P. 2023. “Russia’s Economy Is Increasingly Structured around Its War in Ukraine.” in https://www.proquest.com/docview/2874145511?pq-origsite=primo&parentSessionId=mLhpf5gK2fRXVDc2ePaLGVEbu05rZki5aBuLKdG4LIA%3D&sourcetype=Blogs,%20Podcasts,%20&%20Websites. Latest update 9 October 2023. Denber, R. 2022. “New Language Requirement Raises Concerns in Ukraine.” in https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/19/new-language-requirement-raises-concerns-ukraine. Latest update 19 January 2022. Deni J. R. 2021. “What’s Russia Doing In Ukraine? Its Latest Military Drills Provide Critical Clues.” in https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/whats-russia-doing-in-ukraine-its-latest-military-drills-provide-critical-clues/. Latest update 23 November 2021. Deutsch, A. & T. Sterling. 2022. “Ukraine Rejects Russia’s Genocide Claim, Asks U.N. Court to Halt Invasion.” in https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-lodges-case-against-russia-world-court-zelensky-2022-02-27/. Latest update 28 February 2022. Deutsche Welle. 2011. “DW-Trend: Большинство украинцев - против вступления в НАТО.” in https://www.dw.com/ru/dw-trend-большинство-украинцев-против-вступления-в-нато/a-15097919. Latest update 24 May 2011. Dickinson, P. 2021. “How Modern Ukraine Was Made on Maidan.” in https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/how-modern-ukraine-was-made-on-maidan/. Latest update August 21 2021. Duggal, H. and A. Marium. 2023. “Mapping Major Battles of the Ukraine War, One Year on.” in https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/2/21/mapping-the-major-battles-of-the-ukraine-war. Latest update 21 February 2023. Euronews. 2023. “Ukraine War: Russia Intensifies Bombing in Worst Attack of the Year.” in https://www.euronews.com/2023/11/01/ukraine-war-russia-intensifies-bombing-in-worst-attack-of-the-year. Latest update 11 January 2023. Faulconbridge, G. 2023. “Ukraine War, Already with Up to 354,000 Casualties, Likely to Last Past 2023 - U.S. Documents.” in https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-war-already-with-up-354000-casualties-likely-drag-us-documents-2023-04-12/. Latest update 13 April 2023. Falk, T. 2022. “Phosphorus Bombs: What You Should Know about Russia’s Alleged Use.” in https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/5/phosphorus-bombs-explainer. Latest update 5 July 2022. 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Latest update 27 February 2022. Gunter, J. and Y. Lukov. 2022. “Ukrainian City of Mariupol ‘Near to Humanitarian Catastrophe’ After Bombardment.” in https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60585603. Latest update 2 March 2022. Hall, S. 2015. “Ukraine War: How the West’s Weak Reaction to Crimea’s Referendum Paved the Way for a Wider Invasion.” in https://theconversation.com/ukraine-war-how-the-wests-weak-reaction-to-crimeas-referendum-paved-the-way-for-a-wider-invasion-201269. Latest update 15 March 2015. Haran, Olexiy & P. Burkovskyi. 2022. “The EU and Ukraine’s Public Opinion: Changing Dynamic.” in https://www.jointproject.eu/2022/12/07/the-eu-and-ukraines-public-opinion-changing-dynamic/. Latest update December 2022. Human Rights Watch. 2022. “Russia Criminalizes Independent War Reporting, Anti-War Protests.” in https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/07/russia-criminalizes-independent-war-reporting-anti-war-protests. Latest update 7 March 2022. Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation. 2022. “No to Russia’s Aggression: The Public Opinion of Ukrainians in February 2022.” in https://dif.org.ua/en/article/no-to-russias-aggression-the-public-opinion-of-ukrainians-in-february-2022. Latest update 22 February 2022. International Committee of the Red Cross. 1977. “Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.” in https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977?activeTab=undefined. Latest update 10 March 2024. International Criminal Court. “Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation: 32 States intervening).” in https://www.icj-cij.org/case/182. Access date 3 August 2024. International Criminal Court. 2023. “Statement by Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC on the Issuance of Arrest Warrants Against President Vladimir Putin and Ms Maria Lvova-Belova.” in https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-issuance-arrest-warrants-against-president-vladimir-putin. Latest update 17 March 2023. Kotoulas, I. E. & W. Pustazi. 2022. “Geopolitics of the War in Ukraine.” in https://www.aies.at/download/2022/Geopolitics-of-the-War-in-Ukraine-FINAL.pdf. Latest update June 2022. Kinetz, E. 2023. “How Many Russians Have Died in Ukraine? Data Shows What Moscow Hides.” in https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-military-deaths-facd75c2311ed7be660342698cf6a409. Latest update 10 July 2023. Laff, M. 2023. “Russia’s Top Talent Fleeing to Other Countries.” in https://share.america.gov/russias-top-talent-fleeing-to-other-countries/. Latest update 3 August 2023. Lazar, Seth. 2020. “The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.” https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/war/. Latest update March 21, 2021 Lt. Col. J. Q. Bolton. 2023. “The More Things Change … Russia’s War in Ukraine Mirrors the Past as Much as It Shows the Future.” in https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2023-OLE/The-More-Things-Change/. Latest update July 2023. McKernan, B. 2022. “Rape as a Weapon: Huge Scale of Sexual Violence Inflicted in Ukraine Emerges.” in https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/03/all-wars-are-like-this-used-as-a-weapon-of-war-in-ukraine. Latest update 4 April 2022. Mearsheimer, J. 2022. “John Mearsheimer on Why the West Is Principally Responsible for the Ukrainian Crisis.” in https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2022/03/11/john-mearsheimer-on-why-the-west-is-principally-responsible-for-the-ukrainian-crisis?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous. Latest update 9 March 2022. Meduza. 2023. “Bring Out Your Dead.” in https://meduza.io/en/feature/2023/07/10/bring-out-your-dead. Latest update 10 July 2023. Minakov, M. 2018. “The Significance of Euromaidan for Ukraine and Europe November.” in https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-significance-euromaidan-for-ukraine-and-europe. Latest update 21 March 2018. Mission of Ukraine to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2020. “NATO – Ukraine Cooperation in the Military Sphere.” in https://nato.mfa.gov.ua/en/ukraine-and-nato/nato-ukraine-cooperation-military-sphere. Latest update 8 October 2020. Motyl, A. J. 2022. “The Language of Russia’s War on Ukraine.” in https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/13/putin-ukraine-russia-war-language-shibboleth-palyanitsya/. Latest update 13 March 2022. Nikoladze, M. & K. Donovan. 2023. “Russia Sanctions Database.” in https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/econographics/russia-sanctions-database/. Latest update 17 April 2023. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2022. “NATO-Russia: Setting the Record Straight.” in https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/115204.htm. Lastest update 21 September 2022. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2023. “NATO’s Military Presence in the East of the Alliance.” in https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm. Latest update 8 December 2023. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2023. “Ukraine: Civilian Casualties - 24 February 2022 to 30 June 2023.” in https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2023/07/ukraine-civilian-casualties-24-february-2022-30-june-2023. Latest update 7 July 2023. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2022. “UN Human Rights in Ukraine.” in https://www.ohchr.org/en/countries/ukraine/our-presence. Latest update December 2022. Organization for Security and Co-operation. 2015. “OSCE Response to the Crisis in and around Ukraine.” in https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/a/3/125575.pdf. Latest update 1 June 2015. Pifer, S. & H. Thoburn. 2012. “What Ukraine’s New Language Law Means for National Unity.” in https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-ukraines-new-language-law-means-for-national-unity/. Latest update 21 August 2012. Pifer, S. 2020. “Crimea: Six Years After Illegal Annexation.” in https://www.brookings.edu/articles/crimea-six-years-after-illegal-annexation/. Latest update 17 March 2020. President of Russia. 2024. “Security Council Structure.” in http://www.en.kremlin.ru/structure/security-council/members. Latest update 15 January 2024. President of the Russia Federation. 2021. “Article by Vladimir Putin ‘on the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians’.” in http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181. Latest update 12 July 2021. President of the Russia Federation. 2022. “Address by the President of the Russian Federation.” in http://www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/67843. Latest update 24 February 2022. President of Ukraine. 2022. “President Signed a Decree on the Imposition of Martial Law in Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada Approved It.” in https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/prezident-pidpisav-ukaz-pro-zaprovadzhennya-voyennogo-stanu-73109. Latest update 24 February 2022. Radio Free Russia. 2022. “Russia Toughens Penalty for Voluntary Surrender, Refusal to Fight.” in https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-penalty-desertion-surrender/32049445.html. Latest update 24 September 2022. Reevell, P. 2021. “Russia Makes Sweeping Demands for Security Guarantees from US Amid Ukraine Tensions.” in https://abcnews.go.com/International/russia-makes-sweeping-demands-security-guarantees-us-amid/story?id=81821816. Latest update 18 December 2021. Reliefweb. 2022. “Joint I/NGO Statement on Recent Events in Ukraine.” in https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/joint-ingo-statement-recent-events-ukraine. Latest update 18 Feb 2022. 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國立政治大學
政治學系
104252504資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104252504 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 葉浩 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yeh, Hao en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 張育瑄 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) CHANG, YU-HSUAN en_US dc.creator (作者) 張育瑄 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) CHANG, YU-HSUAN en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-九月-2024 15:58:05 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-九月-2024 15:58:05 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-九月-2024 15:58:05 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0104252504 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153528 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 政治學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 104252504 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文以當代義戰論正統派與修正派的爭論，以及兩派各自的學者代表──華瑟（Michael Walzer）、麥克馬漢（Jeff McMahan）、費柏（Cecile Fabre）與羅丹（David Rodin）的義戰論應用在俄羅斯與烏克蘭戰爭的適用性判斷為研究主題，本文的問題意識為：1.正統派與修正派兩者之間的爭辯與差異為何？2.四個學者中誰的理論最適用於使得論者「理解、評價與判斷」俄烏戰爭？本文以出戰正義（jus ad bellum）與戰時正義（jus in bello）8個原則，再加上四個學者的政治理論與核心關懷做為他們的義戰論框架。 本文第一部分的研究發現是：正統派與修正派理論第一個核心理論差異在於「理解戰爭的視角」，華瑟採取集體主義與個體主義混合的作法，將出戰視為是國家的行動，惟戰爭時的戰鬥則是由隸屬於特定軍隊的軍人所進行；修正派普遍將戰爭理解為每個「個人」在自我防衛與他者防衛中的殺戮與傷害行動。第二個顯著差異是關於「戰爭」是否是種日常生活行動，以及是否同樣受管理「日常生活行動的道德原則」管理之爭辯。修正派學者主張戰爭作為一種人類行動，在戰爭中與公民社會脈絡皆由相同的道德標準約束。據此為了正義目的而戰的正義軍人正如同國內社會中為了保護受害者而對歹徒使用武力的警察一般，而為了不正義目的或缺少正義目的戰鬥的不義軍人，則是如造成警察與受害者錯誤傷害威脅的歹徒，由此推論只有正義軍人有戰鬥權利。惟，華瑟則主張戰爭是種受到國際社會共享的「戰爭慣習（war convention）、法律與傳統型塑的特殊行動」，軍人是受國家徵召出戰，因此無論渠被要求參與的戰爭有無正義目的，雙方軍人都具有平等的戰鬥權利，同時華瑟也主張出戰正義與戰時正義邏輯獨立。 第二部分的研究發現，作者透過「烏克蘭防衛戰爭出戰正義目的、烏克蘭戰爭比例性及俄羅斯侵略戰爭區別原則」來比較與評價哪位學者的義戰論較具有「適用性」，可協助論者更好判斷、評價與理解（make sense）俄烏戰爭。作者主張華瑟的義戰論因為納入了「社群自救原則」判准以及「國際社會」的要素，提供論者理解烏克蘭人民捍衛社群獨立與維護國際社會不侵略規則更全面的圖像。關於俄羅斯武裝部隊的戰鬥權利判斷，華瑟的理論承襲了國際法與國際社會對戰爭的傳統，也可適用於理解俄國軍人與烏克蘭軍人具有相同戰鬥權利。修正派三位學者的理論所做的判斷──俄國軍人單純因為參與侵略戰爭在道德上犯下錯誤──其理論適用性是只有當國際或國內已經具有完備的強制性措施如良心拒戰時才有實踐的可能，否則當前也只是在提供論者一個道德指引方向。此外，羅丹對於「政治侵略」與「屠殺侵略」的戰爭類型的細緻區分適用於提供論者判斷不同種類的侵略，而麥克馬漢在比例性的判斷上納入了受影響群體的「數量」則是提供論者具體的指標，可以適用於判斷烏克蘭因為受侵略威脅人數顯著而在比例性上提升其主權價值，亦即修正派學者的理論也有其適用性。整體而言本文主張如果我們期望發展一套可以全面的理解俄烏戰爭，乃至各種不同類型的戰爭，未來可以展望的是整合修正派與正統派的義戰論，以期提供論者更完整的理解與判斷框架。 本文的貢獻在於：第一，建構華瑟、麥克馬漢、費柏與羅丹以出戰正義與戰時正義為核心的正義戰爭理論，補足國內外學界文獻對這四個學者義戰論全面分析與比較的缺口，同時提供臺灣的公共政策界在爭辯與論證戰爭正義的語言與論述。第二，透過與古典義戰思想家奧古斯丁與阿奎納的比較，指出無論是哪派學者，皆是延續著「出戰正義與戰時正義」此一有兩千多年歷史的原則與框架進行對話、辯論與修正，本文確立了義戰論本身具有持續與時俱進的彈性。第三，本文具體指陳正統派與修正派各自的理論適用性，並且指出華瑟以國家社群與國際社會傳統為基礎的義戰論比較適用於理解與判斷當前的侵略與防衛戰爭，修正派學者的理論則適用於提供未來戰爭法改革道德指引。本文也透過俄烏戰爭的案例，指出即使正統派受到修正派的攻擊，其理論主張仍然具有高度適用性。例如透過應用華瑟的義戰論於俄烏戰爭上，本文指出華瑟之社群自救原則提供了台灣這種中小型國家在面對強權的威脅時重要的行動指引。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This dissertation examines the theoretical debates between orthodox and revisionist just war theorists—Michael Walzer, Jeff McMahan, Cecile Fabre, and David Rodin—and assesses the applicability of their theories to the Russia-Ukraine War. The central research questions are: 1) What are the core differences and debates between the orthodox and revisionist schools? 2) Whose just war theory best helps us understand, evaluate, and judge the Russia-Ukraine War? The dissertation employs the eight principles of jus ad bellum (justice before war) and jus in bello (justice during war), along with each scholar's political theories, as the framework for their just war analysis. The first major finding is the fundamental difference in how the two schools conceptualize war. Walzer adopts a mixed approach, combining collectivism and individualism: he views jus ad bellum as a state action and jus in bello as actions undertaken by individual soldiers. In contrast, revisionists reduce war to individual acts of self-defense or defense of others. Another key difference lies in their views on whether war is a daily activity governed by the same moral principles as ordinary life. Revisionists argue that combatants with a just cause are like police officers in civil society, with the exclusive right to fight, while unjust combatants do not. Walzer, however, sees war as a special activity shaped by international conventions and norms, where soldiers, regardless of their side's cause, share equal rights to fight. The second part of the dissertation applies these theories to the Russia-Ukraine War. The author argues that Walzer's inclusion of the "community self-help principle" and the element of "international society" offers a more comprehensive understanding of Ukraine's defense of its independence and the international norm of non-aggression. Regarding the right of Russian soldiers to fight, Walzer's theory aligns with international law, recognizing equal combatant rights for soldiers on both sides, while revisionist scholars deny such rights to Russian soldiers due to the unjust nature of their war. The dissertation concludes that while revisionist theories provide moral guidance for future war law reforms, Walzer's just war theory is more applicable for evaluating the Russia-Ukraine War. The author suggests that integrating elements of both orthodox and revisionist theories could lead to a more comprehensive framework for understanding and judging wars. The contributions of this dissertation are threefold: 1) It constructs, analyzes, and compares the just war theories of four prominent contemporary scholars, filling a gap in the literature and offering a more holistic view of just war theory. 2) By comparing these modern theories with those of classical just war thinkers like Augustine and Aquinas, the dissertation highlights the enduring relevance and flexibility of the just war tradition. 3) The application of these theories to the Russia-Ukraine War demonstrates the particular strengths and applicability of each scholar's theory, with Walzer's "community self-help principle" offering crucial guidance for small to medium-sized nations like Taiwan in facing threats from more powerful states. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節、研究背景及目的 1 第二節、研究方法與研究框架 4 第三節、文獻回顧 7 第四節、章節安排 9 第二章 俄羅斯－烏克蘭戰爭 11 第一節 前言 11 第二節 烏克蘭與俄羅斯關係：歷史與當代 11 第三節 2022年俄國侵烏戰爭（Russia-Ukraine War） 18 第四節 俄烏戰爭期間：交戰情況、平民處境與戰爭罪檢視 28 第五節 結論 33 第三章 古典與當代義戰論──奧古斯丁、阿奎那與華瑟的義戰思想 34 第一節、前言 34 第二節、古典義戰論：奧古斯丁與阿奎納的義戰思想 34 第三節、Michael Walzer的義戰論 42 第四節、奧古斯丁、阿奎那與華瑟的義戰思想修正與比較 57 第四章 義戰論修正派──麥克馬漢、費柏與羅丹的義戰論 61 第一節、前言 61 第二節、麥克馬漢的義戰論 61 第三節、費柏的大同主義義戰論 72 第四節、羅丹的義戰論 84 第五節、比較與結論 99 第五章 華瑟、麥克馬漢、費柏、羅丹的義戰論與俄烏戰爭應用 104 第一節、前言 104 第二節、華瑟的義戰論與俄烏戰爭 104 第三節、麥克馬漢的義戰論與俄烏戰爭 112 第四節、費柏的義戰論與俄烏戰爭 121 第五節、羅丹的義戰論與俄烏戰爭 128 第六節、華瑟、麥克馬漢、羅丹、費柏的義戰論與俄烏戰爭綜合比較與評述 137 第六章 結論 174 參考書目 178 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2527862 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104252504 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Michael Walzer zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cecile Fabre zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Jeff McMahan zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) David Rodin zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 正義戰爭理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 俄烏戰爭 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Michael Walzer en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cecile Fabre en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Jeff McMahan en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) David Rodin en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Just War Theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Russia-Ukraine War en_US dc.title (題名) 爭辯中的正義戰爭理論：以俄烏戰爭為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Conflicting Just War Theories? 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